This is to certify that Mayank
Chaudhary student of Class XII Sci.
Roll no.____________ has successfully
completely the research on the project
“D.N.A Fingerprinting” under the
guidance of Biology teacher Mr. Y.K
Saxena during year 2022-23.
Teacher’s Signature Principal Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
(Mr. Y.K Sexana) as well as
our principal sir (Mr. Ashutosh
Mishra) who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (DNA
FINGERPRINTING), which also
helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know
about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and brother
who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited
time frame.
Index
S. no. Topic
1 Introduction to DNA fingerprinting
2 Polymorphism
3 Technique of DNA fingerprinting
5 PROCESS OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
6 SCHEMATIC
REPRESENTATION OF
DNA FINGERPRINTING
7 APPLICATION OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
8 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
9 ECONOMIC VALUE
10 FAMOUS CASES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
11 Uses
Introduction
•
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory techniques used to
establish the link between biological evidence and a
suspect in a criminal investigation .
A DNA sample taken from A Crime Scene as
compared with a DNA sample from a suspect.
DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by
Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys.
DNA fingerprinting Involves the identification of
differences and repetitive DNA repeated DNA is a
specific region in DNA in which a small stretch of
DNA is repeated many times .
Through density gradient centrifugation
these repetitive DNA are disconnected from
the bulk mix centrifugation and The Other
small piece are known as Satellite DNA.
These sequence do not code for any
proteins normally but they constitute a large
portion of Human Genome the Satellite DNA
is classified into many categories such as
microsatellite minisatellite effect on the
basis of length of segment number of
respective units the base of composition
(A:t or G:C rich), etc.
The Satellite DNA sequence also shows a
high degree of polymorphism and form the
basis of DNA fingerprinting.
Polymorphism
It is the variation in individual and genetic level.
Polymorphism arises due to mutation. It plays an
important role in evolution and speciation. In a
population, if an inheritable mutation is observed
at high frequency it is referred to as DNA
polymorphism. There are different types of
polymorphism, from single nucleotide change to
large scale changes.
In an individual DNA from every tissue (example
blood, hair follicle, skin, bone, saliva etc)shows
the same degree of polymorphism they become a
very essential identification tool in forensic
application. As polymorphism is inherited from
parents to children. so it is useful in paternity
testing.
• . Alec Jeffreys initially developed DNA fingerprinting,
also known as DNA typing
•
for DNA profiling, to
find out markers for
inherited diseases .He used a
Satellite DNA as a top that
shows very high degree of polymorphism and called it
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats(VNTRs) the
technique involved Southern blot hybridization using radio
labeled VNTR as probe.
Collect blood sample
DNA is extracted from blood
cells
DNA is cut into fragments by
restriction enzyme
The fragments are separated
into bands during
electrophoresis in a Agarose
gel
The DNA bands pattern in the gel is
transferred to a nylon membrane
by a technique known as Southern
blotting.
The radioactive DNA probe is
prepared.
The DNA probe binds to
specific DNA sequences on the
membrane
access DNA probe is washed
off
At this stage the radioactive
probe is Bond to the DNA pattern
on the membrane.
X ray film is placed next to the
membrane to detect the
radioactive pattern.
Schematic
representation of DNA
fingerprinting
Few Systematic representation chromosomes
have been shown to contain different copy
numbers of VNTR .For the sake of
understanding different color schemes have
been used to trace the origin each band in
the gel. The two alleles (paternal and
maternal) of a chromosome also contain
different copy of VNTR. It is clear that the
binding pattern of DNA from the Crime Scene
matches with the individual B not with A.
Application of DNA
fingerprinting:-
Used as tool in forensic investigation.
To settle paternity disputes.
To study evolution by determining the
Genetic diversity is among populations.
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
It is an easy and The sample of DNA can easily
painless method for the be ruined during the process of
subject being tested it is the DNA fingerprinting, causing
less invasive then taking the samples to become
a blood sample. completely useless for testing.
it is an affordable and The process itself is complex
reliable technique. and Tedious, and can give result
that may be hard to interpret
it can be conduct in a
relative Less short The test needs to be run on
multiple samples, numerous
amount of time.
times for ideal accuracy.
anyone at any age can Commonly, abs runs each test
be tested with this wise with four samples.
method without any Privacy issues could occur if the
major concerns. information isn't kept secure at
there is a large variety the lab. Personal information
of uses such as in legal legally can only be released
claims, Missing persons with the return order. This
cases, identification for personal information, if leaked,
the military and could potentially complicate
paternity and prenatal insurance processes, health
testing. care and job prospects for an
individual.
Economic values
Develop cures- DNA fingerprinting can be used to develop
cures, by studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives who have
the same disorder, or comparing groups of people, DNA
patterns of the disease can be detected. this is the first step to
developing cures for harmful diseases.
Evidence in crime- DNA fingerprinting is used by the FBI
and the police to solve crime at the molecular level. Since 1987,
more than 150 cases have been solved with the help of DNA
fingerprinting.
Diagnose inherited disease- DNA fingerprinting can be
used to detect early diseases in order to
prepare treatment against the disease.
Personal identification- Every cell in one human contains
the exact same DNA fingerprint, now that technology has
become advanced people have started to collect samples to
identify missing people on casualties.
DNA fingerprinting has many Practical uses and is extremely
beneficial to our society. It can be used for learning and
preventing diseases, it plays a big role in Genetics, It helps in
knowing a person's identity, and it can be used as evidence in
criminal cases.
Uses
Since it was invented in 1984, DNA fingerprinting
most often has been used in court cases and legal
matters. it can:
Physically connect a piece of evidence to a person
or rule out someone as a suspect.
Show who your parents, siblings, and other
relatives may be.
Identify a body that is too old or damaged to be
recognizable.
DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate. Most
countries now keep DNA records on file in much the
same way police keep copies of actual fingerprints.
It also has medical uses. it can:
Match tissue of organ Donor with those of people
who need transplants.
Identify the diseases that are passed down through
your family.
Help find a cure for those diseases, called
hereditary conditions.
Famous Cases of
DNA
Fingerprinting
Colin Pitchfork
was the first
criminal based on
DNA fingerprinting
evidence. He was
arrested in 1986.
for the rape and murder of the two girls and
what sentence in 1988.
Simpson was cleared of double murder
charge in 1994 which relied heavily on DNA
evidence. This case highlighted lab
difficulties.
Conclusion
It was an amazing experience doing
this project. I gained a lot of
information about DNA
fingerprinting. It helped me to clear
many of my doubts. It is a really
interesting topic. In today's world
DNA fingerprinting is playing a very
important role.
Use of DNA fingerprinting has
nowadays increased as DNA analysis
is a key to linking suspects to
Biological evidence and to identifying
individuals in crime and disasters.
Another important use is the
establishment of paternity in custody
and child support litigation.
N.C.E.R.T (National Council of
Educational and Research
Training) Biology book.
MTG NCERT at your Fingertips
biology.
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