Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General

Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor are one of the electrical drives that are continually gaining
popularity in motion control applications due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and
low maintenance. The use of the general type dc motor has its own long history. This type of motor
has been used in the industries for many years as they provide precise way of control and high
efficiency. DC motors also have a high starting torque versus falling speed characteristics which
helps to gain high starting torque and helps to prevent sudden load rise. The new design concept
of permanent magnet brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is gaining grounds in the industries
especially in the areas of appliances production, HVAC industry, medical, electric traction, road
vehicles, aircrafts, military equipment, hard disk drive, aeronautics, medicine, consumer and
industrial automations and so on.

In a conventional (brushed) DC-motor, the brushes make mechanical contact with a set of electrical
contacts on the rotor (called the commutator), forming an electrical circuit between the DC
electrical source and the armature coil-windings. As the armature rotates on axis, the stationary
brushes come into contact with different sections of the rotating commutator. The commutator and
brush-system form a set of electrical switches, each firing in sequence, such that electrical power
always flows through the armature-coil closest to the stationary stator.

In a BLDC motor, the electromagnets do not move; instead, the permanent magnets rotate and the
armature remains static. This gets around the problem of how to transfer current to a moving
armature. In order to do this, the commutator assembly is replaced by an intelligent electronic
controller. The controller performs the same power-distribution found in a brushed DC-motor, but
using a solid-state circuit rather than a commutator.

Modern controlling techniques has come into the picture like neural network, fuzzy logic, adaptive
controller. To control the speed, industries still use conventional control because the structure is
simple and easy to implement. The conventional control is not recommended for nonlinear

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conditions and load changes. Conventional control is less effective applied to BLDC motor. Using
empirical rules can increase its effectiveness.

Fuzzy logic has rapidly become one of the most successful of today's technology for developing
sophisticated control system. With its aid, complex requirement may be implemented in amazingly
simple, easily minted and inexpensive controllers. The past few years have witnessed a rapid
growth in number and variety of application of fuzzy logic. The application ranges from consumer
products such as cameras, cam-recorder, washing machines and microwave ovens to industrial
process control, medical instrumentation and decision support system. Many decision-making and
problem-solving tasks are too complex to be understood quantitatively. However, people succeed
by using knowledge that is imprecise rather than precise. Fuzzy logic is all about the relative
importance of precision. Fuzzy logic has two different definitions: in a narrow sense, fuzzy logic
is a multi-valued logical system which is an extension of two valued logic. In wider sense fuzzy
logic is synonymous with the theory of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy set theory is originally introduced by
Lotfi Zadeh in the 1960's resembles approximate reasoning in which it uses approximate
information and uncertainty to generate decisions.

Several studies show, both in simulations and experimental results, the Fuzzy Logic Control yields
superior results with respect to those obtained by conventional control algorithms. Thus, in
industrial electronics the FLC control has become an attractive solution in controlling the drives
with large parameter variations like machine tools and robots. However, the FL Controllers design
and tuning process is often complex because several quantities, such as membership functions,
control rules, input and output gains, etc. must be adjusted. The design process of a FLC can be
simplified if some of the mentioned quantities are obtained from the parameters of a given
Proportional-Integral controller (PIC) for the same application.

Fuzzy logic controller overcomes the weaknesses of conventional control. Fuzzy logic controller
designed with 2 inputs and 1 output parameter. The first input parameter is error value. Error
derived from subtracting current speed value with the reference value. The second input parameter
is delta error which derived from subtracting the current error value with the previous error. The
output will produce PWM value. By using fuzzy logic controller, the BLDC motor can set
adaptively and make the system more responsive than conventional control.

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1.2 Literature Survey

• Vishal Verma and Sunita Chauhan National Institute of Technology et al described the paper
“Adaptive PID-Fuzzy Logic Controller for Brushless DC Motor” and have detailed about the
mathematical model of BLDCM to find out its transfer function. An adaptive PID-fuzzy controller
has been proposed to control the speed of BLDCM more precisely. To make speed controlling
more precise and robust an adaptive PID fuzzy controller has been design. Dynamic changes in
speed if required can be controller precisely. It is evident that during dynamic variation in speed
of motor controller works very effectively as motor soon attend the new varied speed.[1]

• Ms. Vaishali Rajendra Walekar and Prof. S. V. Murkute Dept. of Electr. Engg P.E.S College
of Engg et al described “Speed Control of BLDC Motor using PI & Fuzzy Approach: A
Comparative Study” and have detailed about the speed control response on BLDC motor. A fuzzy
logic controller has been modeled and performance analysis is done in this work. The fuzzy logic
controller improves the performance of BLDC motor drive. The simulation results obtained from
the developed model suggests implementing fuzzy controller. Most of the industrial applications
uses conventional PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor but it gives poor outcome for
non-linear condition as well as varying condition. Thus, to overcome this cumbersome behavior a
Fuzzy Logic controlled approach is used and a comparative analysis has been depicted. It is clearly
evident that proposed comparative study predicts the superiority of FL controller.[2]

• Fahrizal Auliansyah and Sutedjo Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya et al described in

the paper “Controlling Speed of Brushless DC Motor by Using Fuzzy Logic Controller”, a
comprehensive review of speed control through simulation model of the BLDC motor using
software MATLAB/Simulink. This system designed by using fuzzy logic controller to control the
speed so that the speed of the BLDC motor can change according to the user desired. This paper
uses the PWM method to control the output of a 3-phase inverter. The fuzzy logic controller is
implemented in this system. The fuzzy logic controller designed consists of 2 inputs and 1 output
parameter. By implementing the fuzzy logic controller that has been designed, the speed response
of the BLDC motor can rotate in accordance with the specified setpoint value and stable. And also
implementing the fuzzy logic controller the BLDC motor can rotate remain stable and reach a
steady state faster under load and no-load conditions.[3]

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• Pranoti K. Khanke Department of Electrical Engg. ZES Dnyanganga College of Engg. el at

described in the paper “Comparative Analysis of Speed Control of BLDC Motor Using PI, Simple
FLC and Fuzzy – PI Controller” and have detailed about the analysis of the main problems that
occur in controlling the BLDC motor is on their characteristic. In the proposed system Fuzzy
controller is tuned with conventional PI controller by using only 21 Mamdani linguistic rules. The
proposed system improves the performance of motor and other operating condition such as rise
time, settling time, percentage of overshoot and stability phenomenon etc. The response of the
system can be observed from the above controllers with the help of MATLAB / SIMULINK. The
proposed system is improving the operating characteristic such as its percentage overshoot rise
time and settling time.[4]

• Ashwini M. Welekar and A. A. Apte Electrical, A.I.S.S.M.S.C.O.E., Pune, India, el at

described “Development of Brushless DC Motor Drive”. In this paper, MATLAB/SIMULINK
model and hardware of inverter for three phase Bldc motor was developed. The main part of the
work was involved in the development of six-step inverter and its interaction with the motor.
BLDC Motors have advantages over brushed DC Motors and IM. They have better speed verses
torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency, long operating life, noiseless
operation, higher speed ranges, and rugged construction. Also, torque delivered to motor size is
higher, making it useful in application where space and weight are critical factors. With these
advantages BLDC motors find wide spread application in automotive appliance, aerospace
medical, and instrumentation and automation industries. The aim was to make a model that would
be simple, accurate, easy to modify.[5]

• B. Mahesh Kumar Pondicherry Engg. College et al described a simple way to control the
BLDC motor for electrical applications. To control this machine, it is generally required to
measure the speed and position of the rotor by using the sensor, because the inverter phases acting
at any time must be commutated depending on the rotor position. Encoders and resolvers have
been used for sensing the rotor position with respect to the stator. This method proposes a back-
EMF observer based on fuzzy function approximation and the system state equation of the BLDC
motor and describes a fuzzy logic approach to design a Hybrid Controller (HC) for variable speeds
of a BLDC motor.[6]

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1.3 Objectives
The speed control of DC motor is very crucial in applications where precision and protection are
of essence. Purpose of a motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the required speed
and to drive a motor at that speed. Microcontrollers can provide easy control of DC motor.

• To obtain the motor speed by using IR sensors at any running time.

• Display the speed of the motor for monitoring.
• Realization of the basic fuzzy rules using Simulink.
• Application of fuzzy logic for speed control of BLDC motor.

1.4 Organization of the project report

Chapter 1 gives the general introduction to BLDC motors, fuzzy logic, literature survey and
objectives of the project work.
Chapter 2 elucidates the methodology for the Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor
using Fuzzy Logic.
Chapter 3 discusses and analyzes the results obtained from the model.

Chapter 4 gives an overall conclusion of work done and suggestions for future works.

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Chapter 2
Methodology

2.1 BLDC Motor

Brushless DC motors also known as electronically commutated motors are synchronous electric
motors powered by direct-current electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather
than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed
relationships of BLDC motors are linear.

BLDC motors may be described as stepper motors, with fixed permanent magnets and possibly
more poles on the rotor than the stator, or reluctance motors. The latter may be without permanent
magnets, just poles that are induced on the rotor then pulled into alignment by timed stator
windings. However, the term stepper motor tends to be used for motors that are designed
specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined
angular position; this page describes more general BLDC motor principles, though there is overlap.

2.1.1 Brushless Versus Brushed Motor

Limitations of brushed DC motors overcome by BLDC motors include lower efficiency and
susceptibility of the commutator assembly to mechanical wear and consequent need for servicing,
at the cost of potentially less rugged and more complex and expensive control electronics. BLDC
motors develop maximum torque when stationary and have linearly decreasing torque with
increasing speed as shown in the adjacent figure.

A BLDC motor has permanent magnets which rotate and a fixed armature, eliminating the
problems of connecting current to the moving armature. An electronic controller replaces the
brush/commutator assembly of the brushed DC motor, which continually switches the phase to the
windings to keep the motor turning. The controller performs similar timed power distribution by
using a solid-state circuit rather than the brush/commutator system.
BLDC motors offer several advantages over brushed DC motors, including more torque per weight
and efficiency, reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime (no brush and commutator erosion),
elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, more power, and overall reduction of
electromagnetic interference (EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to

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centrifugal forces, and because the windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by
conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the motor's
internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter.

The maximum power that can be applied to a BLDC motor is exceptionally high, limited almost
exclusively by heat, which can weaken the magnets. (Magnets demagnetize at high temperatures,
the Curie point, and for neodymium-iron-boron magnets this temperature is lower than for other
types.) A BLDC motor's main disadvantage is higher cost, which arises from two issues. First,
BLDC motors require complex electronic speed controllers to run. Brushed DC motors can be
regulated by a comparatively simple controller, such as a rheostat (variable resistor). However,
this reduces efficiency because power is wasted in the rheostat. Second, some practical uses have
not been well developed in the commercial sector. For example, in the Radio Control (RC) hobby,
even commercial brushless motors are often hand-wound while brushed motors use armature coils
which can be inexpensively machine-wound.

In general, manufacturers use brush-type DC motors when low system cost is a priority but
brushless motors to fulfill requirements such as maintenance-free operation, high speeds, and
operation in explosive environments where sparking could be hazardous.

2.2 Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or
false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.

The idea of fuzzy logic was first advanced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of the University of California at
Berkeley in the 1960s.Dr. Zadeh was working on the problem of computer understanding of natural
language. Natural language (like most other activities in life and indeed the universe) is not easily
translated into the absolute terms of 0 and 1. Whether everything is ultimately describable in binary
terms is a philosophical question worth pursuing, but in practice much data we might want to feed
a computer is in some state in between and so, frequently, are the results of computing. It may help
to see fuzzy logic as the way reasoning really works and binary or Boolean logic is simply a special
case of it.

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2.3 System Specifications

2.3.1 Voltage Regulator 7805

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the
TO220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided,
they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,
these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Fig: 2.1 Voltage Regulator 7805

Table: 2. 2 Absolute Maximum Ratings of Voltage Regulator

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2.3.2 Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known as
rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as
detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier.
It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in
negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias
only.

Fig: 2.3 Rectifier

2.3.3 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore, a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for
cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This
filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be
relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.

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Fig: 2.4 Capacitive filter

2.3.4 Microcontroller AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-
system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-
volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
insystem programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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2.3.4.1 Features

• Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag
• Fast Programming Time
• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

Fig: 2.5 PIN Diagram OF AT89S52

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2.3.4.2 Pin Description

VCC:
Supply voltage.

GND:
Ground

Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0
can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code
bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External
pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured
to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input
(P1.1/T2EX).

Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte
during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that
use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @
RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

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Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.

RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO
bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit
DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming.
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during
each access to external data memory.

PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52
is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC
for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

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XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

Oscillator Characteristics:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic
resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left
unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2. There are no requirements on the
duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through
a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications
must be observed.

Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode
is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers
remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or
by a hardware reset.

Power down Mode

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is
the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values
until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset.
Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated
before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow
the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

2.3.5 LCD Display

This is the example for the Parallel Port. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found
on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the
use of the Status Port as an input for a 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel Port.
These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the
logic required running them is on board.

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2.3.5.1 LCD Background

Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices
that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an
8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and
20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively.

Fortunately, a very popular standard exists which allows us to communicate with the vast majority
of LCDs regardless of their manufacturer. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers
to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in this case, the 8051) and
communicates directly with the LCD.

The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The
user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit
data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the
data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines
plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

Fig: 2.6 LCD Display

2.3.5.2 PIN Configuration

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the
other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready,
bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this
varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

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The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command
or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data
being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter
"T" on the screen you would set RS high.

Fig: 2.7 PIN Configuration

2.3.6 IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in
the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum
gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations,
it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common
LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us
the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

Features
• Extra high radiant power
• low forward voltage
• suitable for high pulse current operation intensity
• high reliability

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Chip Materials
• Dice Material : GaA1As/GaAs
• Lens Color : Water Clear

There are a couple key differences in the electrical characteristics of infrared LEDs versus visible
light LEDs. Infrared LEDs have a lower forward voltage, and a higher rated current compared to
visible LEDs. This is due to differences in the material properties of the junction. A typical drive
current for an infrared LED can be as high as 50 milliamps, so dropping in a visible LED as a
replacement for an infrared LED could be a problem with some circuit designs.

IR LEDs aren’t rated in millicandelas, since their output isn’t visible (and candelas measure light
in a way weighted to the peak of the visible spectrum). They are usually rated in milliwatts, and
conversions to candelas aren’t especially meaningful.

Fig: 2.8 IR LED

2.3.7 Photodiode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes
except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a
window or optical fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many
diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the
typical PN junction.

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Fig: 2.9 Photodiode

2.3.7.1 Principle of operation

A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the
diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a mobile electron and a positively charged electron
hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from
it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes
move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.

2.3.7.2 Photovoltaic mode

When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent out of the device is
restricted and a voltage builds up. The diode becomes forward biased and "dark current" begins to
flow across the junction in the direction opposite to the photocurrent. This mode is responsible for
the photovoltaic effect, which is the basis for solar cells—in fact, a solar cell is just a large area
photodiode.

2.3.7.3 Photoconductive mode

In this mode the diode is often reverse biased, dramatically reducing the response time at the
expense of increased noise. This increases the width of the depletion layer, which decreases the
junction's capacitance resulting in faster response times. The reverse bias induces only a small
amount of current (known as saturation or back current) along its direction while the photocurrent
remains virtually the same. The photocurrent is linearly proportional to the luminance. Although
this mode is faster, the photoconductive mode tends to exhibit more electronic noise. The leakage
current of a good PIN diode is so low (< 1nA) that the Johnson–Nyquist noise of the load resistance
in a typical circuit often dominates.

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2.3.8 Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC motors (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically commutated motors
(ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity
and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes.
The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of BLDC motors are linear.

BLDC motors may be described as stepper motors, with fixed permanent magnets and possibly
more poles on the rotor than the stator, or reluctance motors. The latter may be without permanent
magnets, just poles that are induced on the rotor then pulled into alignment by timed stator
windings. However, the term stepper motor tends to be used for motors that are designed
specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined
angular position; this page describes more general BLDC motor principles, though there is overlap.

Fig: 2.10 BLDC Motor

2.3.9 BC547

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a
generalpurpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.

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Fig: 2.11 BC 547 Transistor Pinouts

The transistor is a "CURRENT" operated device and that a large current (Ic) flows freely through
the device between the collector and the emitter terminals. However, this only happens when a
small biasing current (Ib) is flowing into the base terminal of the transistor thus allowing the base
to act as a sort of current control input. The ratio of these two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC
Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β). Beta has no units
as it is a ratio. Also, the current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called
Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself. As the emitter current Ie is the product of a
very small base current to a very large collector current the value of this parameter α is very close
to unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999.

2.3.9.1 NPN Transistor Configuration

Fig: 2.12 NPN Transistor Configuration

2.3.10 IN4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.

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Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

Fig: 2.13 IN4007

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are as
follows:
• Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
• Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity

can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of
diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but
IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125 made by company
BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to
4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

2.3.10.1 PN Junction Operation

Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how these materials are joined together to
form a diode, and the function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the operation of the
PN junction. But before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must first consider
current flow in the materials that make up the junction and what happens initially within the
junction when these two materials are joined together.

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2.3.10.2 Current Flow in the N-Type Material

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to conduction in a copper wire. That
is, with voltage applied across the material, electrons will move through the crystal just as current
would flow in a copper wire. This is shown in figure 1-15. The positive potential of the battery
will attract the free electrons in the crystal. These electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the
positive terminal of the battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the negative
terminal of the battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current path. Therefore, the majority
current carriers in the N-type material (electrons) are repelled by the negative side of the battery and
move through the crystal toward the positive side of the battery.

2.3.10.3 Current Flow in the P-Type Material

Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P material is by positive
holes, instead of negative electrons. A hole moves from the positive terminal of the P material to
the negative terminal. Electrons from the external circuit enter the negative terminal of the material
and fill holes in the vicinity of this terminal. At the positive terminal, electrons are removed from
the covalent bonds, thus creating new holes. This process continues as the steady stream of holes
(hole current) moves toward the negative terminal.

Fig: 2.14 PN Junction Operation

2.3.11 LED

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have recently become available that are white and bright, so bright
that they seriously compete with incandescent lamps in lighting applications. They are still pretty

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 Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

expensive as compared to a GOW lamp but draw much less current and project a fairly well
focused beam. The diode in the photo came with a neat little reflector that tends to sharpen the
beam a little but doesn't seem to add much to the overall intensity. When run within their ratings,
they are more reliable than lamps as well. Red LEDs are now being used in automotive and truck
tail lights and in red traffic signal lights. You will be able to detect them because they look like an
array of point sources and they go on and off instantly as compared to conventional incandescent
lamps.

LEDs are monochromatic (one color) devices. The color is determined by the band gap of the
semiconductor used to make them. Red, green, yellow and blue LEDs are fairly common. White
light contains all colors and cannot be directly created by a single LED. The most common form
of "white" LED really isn't white. It is a Gallium Nitride blue LED coated with a phosphor that,
when excited by the blue LED light, emits a broad range spectrum that in addition to the blue
emission, makes a fairly white light. There is a claim that these white LED's have a limited life.
After 1000 hours or so of operation, they tend to yellow and dim to some extent. Running the LEDs
at more than their rated current will certainly accelerate this process.

There are two primary ways of producing high intensity white-light using LED’S. One is to use
individual LED’S that emit three primary colours—red, green, and blue—and then mix all the
colours to form white light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light
from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a fluorescent light
bulb works. Due to metamerism, it is possible to have quite different spectra that appear white.

LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out of silicon.
What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of chemical impurities that are added to
the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride.

Fig: 2.16 Circuit symbol

2.3.11.1 Types of LED’S

LEDs are produced in an array of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package is the most
common, estimated at 80% of world production. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as

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 Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for
infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs in extremely tiny
packages, such as those found on blinkers and on cell phone keypads. The main types of LEDs are
miniature, high power devices and custom designs such as alphanumeric or multi-color.

Fig: 2.17 Types of LED’S

2.3.12 Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by
producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law: V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

Fig: 2.18 Resistors

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other
characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical
resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow,

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 Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design.
Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and
position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically
large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power. A resistor is a two-terminal passive
electronic component which implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is
applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to
that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a
given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are
also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its
resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of
magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the
resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according
to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in
some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power
rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit:
this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes
be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.
The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behaviour to depart from ohms law; this
specification can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller values of
resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an
issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent
on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually
for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete
resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position
of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

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2.3.13 Capacitors

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The
conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric
field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. The properties of capacitors in a circuit may
determine the resonant frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and
operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many
other important aspects.
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a
nonconductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for
blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing
the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and
for many other purposes.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static
electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between
the conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between
large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early
means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while
the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

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Fig: 2.19 Capacitors

2.3.13.1 Operation
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange)
reduces the field and increases the capacitance. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for
electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant
capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In
this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

Fig: 2.20 Operation

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2.4 Circuit Diagram

Fig: 2.21 Circuit Diagram of Speed Monitor and Control of BLDC Motor

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230Vto 12V
and 4 diodes forming a bridge rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an
electrolytic capacitor of about 470µF to 1000µF. The filtered dc being unregulated, IC LM7805 is
used to get 5V DC constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input DC varying from 7V to 15V. The
input dc shall be varying in the event of input ac at 230volts section varies from 160V to 270V in
the ratio of the transformer primary voltage V1 to secondary voltage V2 governed by the formula
V1/V2=N1/N2. As N1/N2 i.e. no. of turns in the primary to the no. of turns in the secondary
remains unchanged V2 is directly proportional to V1.Thus if the transformer delivers 12V at 220V
input it will give 8.72V at 160V.Similarly at 270V it will give 14.72V.Thus the dc voltage at the
input of the regulator changes from about 8V to 15V because of A.C voltage variation from 160V
to 270V the regulator output will remain constant at 5V.
The regulated 5V DC is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10µF for any noise so
generated by the circuit. One LED is connected of this 5V point in series with a current limiting

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resistor of 330Ω to the ground i.e., negative voltage to indicate 5V power supply availability. The
unregulated 12V point is used for other applications as and when required.

2.4.1 Connections

The output of the power supply which is 5v is connected to 20th pin of microcontroller and GND
is connected to its 40th pin. Port 2.0 to 2.7 of micro controller are given to d0-d7 pins of LCD
display. Port 3.5 to 3.7 of microcontroller are given to pin 4-6 of LCD display. Port 3.0 of
microcontroller is given to TSOP1738.

2.5 Block Diagram

AC–DC
Adapter

Fig: 2.22 Block Diagram of Speed Monitor and Control of BLDC Motor

• The 230V AC supply is first stepped down to 12V AC using a step down transformer.
• This is then converted to DC using bridge rectifier.
• The AC ripples is filtered out by using a capacitor and given to the input pin of voltage
regulator 7805.

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• At output pin of this regulator we get a constant 5V DC which is used for MC and other ICs
in this project.

The AC voltage is stepped down to a voltage of 5V. The AC voltage is then converted to DC and
the 5V power supply is connected to 20th pin of microcontroller and GND is connected to its 40th
pin. Port 2.0 to 2.7 of micro controller are given to d0-d7 pins of LCD display. Port 3.5 to 3.7 of
microcontroller are given to pin 4-6 of LCD display. Port 3.0 of microcontroller is given to
TSOP1738.
The project uses IR light reflection principles for sensing revolutions per minute of the motor
speed. A white patch is mounted on the shaft of the motor. One IR LED is forward biased by a
resistor R3 & a photodiode is in reverse biased condition by R4 and an adjustable bias to the
transistor Q1 by RV1. This logic zero happens once on every rotation of the motor. The program
is so written that while executed it takes one pulse duration per every rotation of the motor shaft
as an input. Thus, the counting pulse in a minute gives the speed in RPM. An LCD is connected to
indicate the same.

2.5 Layout Diagram

Fig: 2.23 Layout of Diagram

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2.5.1 Components Specifications

Category Quantity References Value

1 C1 470uF
2 C2,C5 10uF
Capacitors 2 C3 -C4 33p
2 R1,R3 330R
1 R2 10k
3 220
R4-R5,R7
1 R6 1k
Resistors 1 R8 2K2
1 U1 AT89s52
1 U3 MCT2E
Integrated Circuits 1 U4 7805
1 Q1 IRLZ44
1 Q2 BC547BP
1 BC557AP
Transistors Q4
1 RED LED
D1
1 D2 1N4148
1 D3 1N4007
1 D4 IR_RECEIVER
Diodes 1 D5 IR EMITTER
1 +J2 DC FAN
1 BR1 RECTIFIER
1 DC POWER JACK
J2
1 male strip
KEYPAD
1 LCD1 16X2 LCD
1 RV1 10K pot
1 RV2 1K pot
1 SW RESET
Miscellaneous 1 X1 11.0592MHZ

Table: 2.24 Components Specifications

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2.6 Simulation of Fuzzy Logic

Simulation of fuzzy logic involves the modelling of fuzzy controller using the basic fuzzy rule base.
The fuzzy rule base which is used for the practical implementation of the fuzzy ideology for speed
control is simulated and results are obtained. Reference speed is selected as 1500 RPM for simulation
and fuzzy rules are being developed based on the speed control requirements.

Fig: 2.25 Fuzzy Rule Base

The range for the speed control is taken as [0, 3] in terms of kilo rpm and the corresponding voltage
is taken as [0, 0.7] in terms of volts. If speed is low then voltage has to be increased. If speed is
right then voltage is right. If the speed is high then voltage has to be decreased.

2.6.1 Fuzzy model for Speed Control

Fuzzification Defuzzification

RULE
BASE

Fig: 2.26 Fuzzy Model

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Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has four main components.

Fig: 2.27 Block Diagram of Fuzzy logic controller

Fuzzification:- This is the first block of the controller, this block converts each piece of input data
4. of degrees of membership in one or several membership function. It also matches the input data
with conditions with rule base. The fuzzification involves following functions: a. Measures the
values of input variables.
b. It performs a scale mapping that transfers the range of input variables into corresponding
universes of discourse.
c. It converts input data into suitable linguistic values.

Rule base:- The collection of rules is called rule base & these rules are in the familiar IF-THEN
format. In this if-side is called condition and then-side is called as conclusion. The rules reflects
the strategy to control signal should be a combination of reference error and change in error. It
comprises of knowledge of application domain. It consists of data base and linguistic control rule
base.
a. The data provides the useful definitions and these definitions are used to define linguistic control
rules and fuzzy data manipulation in FLC.
b. The rule base defines the control goals and the control policy of the domain experts.

Inference Engine: - The fuzzy inference engine is the kernel of a FLC, it has a capability of making
human decisions based on fuzzy concepts or inferring fuzzy control actions employing fuzzy
implantation.

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Defuzzification:- Defuzzification inference means to convert the conclusions of inference

mechanism in real inputs for the process. Defuzzification means all the actions that are activated
combined together and converted into a single non fuzzy output signal.
[System Simulation Data]
Name='fuzzy logic'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=1
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=3
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'

[Input1]
Name='speed'
Range=[0 3000]
NumMFs=3
MF1='slow':'trimf',[0 0 1500]
MF2='right':'trimf',[0 1500 3000]
MF3='high':'trimf',[1500 3000 3000]

[Output1]
Name='voltage'
Range=[0 12]
NumMFs=3
MF1='low':'trimf',[0 0 6]
MF2='right':'trimf',[0 6 12]
MF3='up':'trimf',[6 12 12]

[Rules]
1, 3 (1) : 1
2, 2 (1) : 1
3, 1 (1) : 1

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2.6.2 Graphical Representation for Fuzzy Rule Base

Fig: 2.28 Speed Vs Voltage Representation

The graph provides the required voltage variations required for the motor speed to be at the
reference value. Alternate fuzzy representation is given below.

Fig: 2.29 Speed Vs Voltage Representation for Fuzzy Membership Function

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2.7 Working Algorithm

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 Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

2.7.1 Fuzzy Rule Base

 The speed of the motor is sensed by an IR pair and is displayed on LCD and is also fed to
the MC.

 The required speed is entered using a keypad which is interfaced with MC.

 The motor is interfaced to the MC through a opto-coupler & a MOSFET which drives the
motor.

 PWM pulses are generated from MC according to the entered speed and the motor is adjusted
to that speed and maintained at that speed.

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Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

3.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, the block diagram, simulation, circuit and its working were analyzed.
In this chapter the results of the simulation and the fuzzy logic controller deployed for speed
control of BLDC motor will be discussed.

3.2 Results
The result of the proposed simulation is shown below.

Results of proposed model is discussed below.

In this system, the IR sensor senses the speed of the Bldc motor at any operating time. The sensors
send the signals to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives the signals from the sensors
and calculates the number of RPM of the motor. The RPM thus calculated will be displayed on the
LCD. Thus, the current speed of the motor is monitored at any running time.

Fig : 3.1 Speed monitoring and Control of BLDC motor using Fuzzy logic

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Fig : 3.2 Current Speed display

The above figure shows the current running speed of the motor displayed on LCD. The signals from
the IR sensors are being received by the microcontroller. The calculated speed from the controller
is being displayed on LCD. Thus, the speed of the bldc motor can be monitored at any running time.

Fig : 3.3 Speed Control of BLDC motor

The above figure shows the speed control of bldc motor. The required speed for the bldc motor is
entered as input to the microcontroller. The speed at which the motor to be operated is taken from
the input being provided. The current speed of the motor is being matched with the expected speed,
the current speed of the motor changes based on fuzzy logic. The speed control is due to the change
in supply voltage to the motor. The PWM provided for the motor changes such that the speed of the
motor runs nearer to the expected speed. Here, the expected speed that has been entered is 1785
rpm. The current speed of the motor is adjusted approximately equal to that of the expected rpm.
Thus, the speed of the bldc motor can be controlled to run at a speed around the desired rpm.

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Chapter 4

Conclusion
The speed monitoring and control plays a very important role in industrial applications for
improving the performance of motor and its efficiency. In order to achieve better speed control
response on BLDC motor, a fuzzy logic controller has been modelled and performance analysis is
done in this work. The fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of BLDC motor drive. The
simulation results obtained from the developed model suggests implementing fuzzy controller. The
speed monitoring has been achieved with the use of IR sensors thus provides the current running
speed of the motor. The speed control of the BLDC motor based on fuzzy logic provides for faster
decision making and smoother speed control for industrial drives. Thus, fuzzy logic helps in solving
a problem considering available data and decision making at faster rate.

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Bibliography

[1] Vishal Verma and Sunita Chauhan, “Adaptive PID-Fuzzy Logic Controller for Brushless DC
Motor” Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronics Communication and
Aerospace Technology [ICECA 2019].

[2] Fahrizal Auliansyah , Sutedjo and Ony Asrarul Qudsi, “Controlling Speed Of Brushless DC
Motor By Using Fuzzy Logic Controller” 2020 International Seminar on Application for
Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic).

[3] Ms. Vaishali Rajendra Walekar and Prof. S. V. Murkute, “Speed Control of BLDC Motor using
PI & Fuzzy Approach: A Comparative Study” 2018 International Conference on Information,
Communication, Engineering and Technology (ICICET) Zeal College of Engineering and
Research, Narhe, Pune, India. Aug 29-31, 2018.

[4] Pranoti K. Khanke and Sangeeta D.Jain,“ Comparative Analysis of Speed Control of BLDC
Motor Using PI, Simple FLC and Fuzzy – PI Controller ” International Conference on Energy
Systems and Applications.

[5] Chhith Chhlonh* , Dedet Candra Riawan and Heri Suryoatmojo , “Independent Speed Steering
Control of Rear In-wheel BLDC Motor in EV Based on Fuzzy” 2019 5th International
Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

[6] Rajesh Kannan Megalingam, Senior Member, IEEE, Shree Rajesh Raagul Vadivel, Bhanu Teja
Pula, Sarveswara Reddy Sathi, Member, IEEE, and Uppala Sai Chaitanya Gupta, “Motor
Control Design for Position Measurement and Speed Control” International Conference on
Communication and Signal Processing, April 4-6, 2019, India.

[7] Ashwini M. Welekar, A.A Apte, “Development of brushless DC motor drive”, IOSR Journal of
Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering, e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320- 3331 PP 12-18, 2014

[8] Ashwini M. Welekar, A.A Apte, “Development of brushless DC motor drive”, IOSR Journal of
Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering, e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320- 3331 PP 12-18, 2014

[9] M.Poovizhi, M.Senthil Kumaran, P.Ragul, L.Irene Priyadarshini, R.Logambal: “ Investigation

of mathematical modeling of brushless dc motor(BLDC) drives by using matlab-simulink.

[10] Shivani Mishra, S.S.Thakur, S.P.Phulambrikar: “Speed control of PMBLDC motor with the help
of PI controller”, SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol.
2, issue 10, OCT 2015

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 Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor using Fuzzy Logic

Speed Monitoring and Control of BLDC Motor

using Fuzzy Logic
GUIDE:

Mr. Ranjan N.A. Mrs. S.P. Kruthi

Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan – 573202 Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan – 573202

Sl. Name of the Student Contact address Permanent

(Reg. No., Date of birth & E-mail for communication Photo
No. address
ID) at Hassan

Chikkakadalluru,
Varun C M
Dudda Hobli(P), Chikkakadalluru,
4MC18EE047
1 Hassan Dudda Hobli(P),
09-04-2000
Taluk(D)573118 Hassan
varuncm18@gmail.com Taluk(D)573118
9380972632
S/o Ganesh Murthy
S/o Ganesh
Devu G S BS Alur Taluk,
Murthy BS Alur
4MC18EE019 Kundur(P),
2 Taluk, Kundur(P),
19-05-2001 Bhaktaravalli-
Bhaktaravalli-
devugs01@gmail.com@gmail.com 573218
573218
8073154917
Nagenahalli post
Umme Ayemen ,Belur taluk , Hassan
Nagenahalli post
4MC18EE046 district
3 ,Belur taluk ,
12-12-2000
Hassan district
ayemenali110@gmail.com 94805 67824

Sri Venkateshwara Sri

Gagana M Nilaya 5th main Venkateshwara
4 4MC117EE014 Shanti nagar Nilaya 5th main
30-07-1999 Hassan-573201 Shanti nagar
gaganam61@gmail.com Hassan-573201
81972 13615

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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