ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, DHAULA KUAN
XII
PSYCHOLOGY
REVISION QUESTIONS
CHAPTER-4 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
1. Physicians usually make their diagnosis of a person’s physical health by looking at a person’s physical
symptoms. As a learner of psychology, explain how the psychological disorders can be diagnosed? (2)
2. An individual survived the tragic experience tsunami which hit the area where he was living with his
family. He witnessed his entire family and home being lost to the disaster. Unable to carry on with his
life further, he feels extremely miserable and now needs intervention. Which psychological disorder is
the person suffering from? Explain the symptoms. (2)
3. Aman exhibits paralysis without anything gone medically wrong with his legs- as the reports suggest.
Explain the condition and its symptoms from which Aman is suffering. (2)
4. Evaluate the substance related and addictive disorders by explaining the physical and psychological
effects of alcohol and cocaine. (3)
5. Explain the symptoms of ADHD in detail that can facilitate the diagnosis of the disorder in any
individual. (3)
6. Sakshi is constantly occupied with the thought of not locking her main door before leaving for her office.
She leaves her house but repeatedly goes back from her way to check her main door.
(a) What is the condition that Sakshi is suffering from? (1)
(b) What are the major symptoms that characterize this condition? (2)
7. ‘Anxiety is normal to experience but high levels of anxiety can be debilitating’. Explain different types
of anxiety disorders to support the argument given. (4)
8. A wide variety of approaches explain the development of psychological disorders as stemming from a
variety of reasons. Explain the psychological model of development of psychological abnormality. (4)
9. ‘A disruption of personal, social and occupational functioning occurs in the incapacitating condition of
schizophrenia.’ Evaluate the statement by explaining what positive and negative symptoms of
schizophrenia are and explain them in detail. (4)
ANSWERS (ONLY POINTERS HAVE BEEN GIVEN. PLEASE EXPLAIN
AND ELABORATE FOR WRITING THE ANSWERS)
1. Physicians usually make their diagnosis of a person’s physical health by looking at a person’s physical
symptoms. As a learner of psychology, explain how the psychological disorders can be diagnosed? (2)
EXPLAIN 4 D’S
IF SAME QUESTION IS ASKED FOR 6 MARKS, PLEASE DESCRIBE 4 D’s, TWO
APPROACHES: DEVIATION FROM CULTURAL NORMS AND MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS
PLUS, EXPLANATION OF TWO OFFICIAL MANUALS PUBLISHED BY APA AND WHO,
WHICH STATE SYMPTOMS AND HELP PRACTITIONERS TO ARRIVE AT DIAGNOSES)
2. An individual survived the tragic experience tsunami which hit the area where he was living with his
family. He witnessed his entire family and home being lost to the disaster. Unable to carry on with his
life further, he feels extremely miserable and now needs intervention. Which psychological disorder is
the person suffering from? Explain the symptoms. (2)
PTSD: POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (that falls under trauma and stressor related
disorders)
AND SYMPTOMS LIKE FLASHBACKS, NIGHTMARES, RECURRENT DREAMS, IMPAIRED
CONCENTRATION, EMOTIONAL NUMBING
3. Aman exhibits paralysis without anything gone medically wrong with his legs- as the reports suggest.
Explain the condition and its symptoms from which Aman is suffering. (2)
CONVERSION DISORDER
SUDDEN LOSS OF PART OR ENTIRE BODILY FUNCTION AFTER A STRESS EXPERIENCE
CONDITIONS LIKE PARALYSIS, BLINDNESS, DEAFNESS ETC.
4. Evaluate the substance related and addictive disorders by explaining the physical and psychological
effects of alcohol and cocaine. (3)
ALCOHOL: TOLERANCE DEVELOPS, DEPRESSES NERVOUS SYSTEM, MOTOR
DIFFICULTIES.
AFFECTS JUDMENT, MEMORY, EMOTIONAL CHANGES. DEPRESSION, ANXIETY,
PHOBIAS IN CHILDREN
COCAINE: INTOXICATION, AFFECTED SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, MEMORY AND
ATTENTION PROBLEMS, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE, SLEEP PROBLEMS, IRRITABILITY,
ANXIETY.
5. Explain the symptoms of ADHD in detail that can facilitate the diagnosis of the disorder in any
individual. (3)
INATTENTION,
IMPULSIVITY
HYPERACTIVITY
6. Sakshi is constantly occupied with the thought of not locking her main door before leaving for her office.
She leaves her house but repeatedly goes back from her way to check her main door.
(a) What is the condition that Sakshi is suffering from? (1)
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
(b) What are the major symptoms that characterize this condition? (2)
OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOR
COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR DESCRIBE BOTH IN DETAIL
7. ‘Anxiety is normal to experience but high levels of anxiety can be debilitating’. Explain different types
of anxiety disorders to support the argument given. (4)
• GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER,
• PANIC DISORDER,
• PHOBIAS (SPECIFIC, SOCIAL, AGORAPHOBIA),
• SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER
8. A wide variety of approaches explain the development of psychological disorders as stemming from a
variety of reasons. Explain the psychological model of development of psychological abnormality. (4)
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING MODELS IN DETAIL
• PSYCHODYAMIC,
• BEHAVIORAL
• COGNITIVE
• HUMANISTIC EXISTENTIAL
9. ‘A disruption of personal, social and occupational functioning occurs in the incapacitating condition of
schizophrenia.’ Evaluate the statement by explaining what positive and negative symptoms of
schizophrenia are and explain them in detail. (4)
POSITIVE: PATHOLOGICAL ADDITIONS TO BEHAVIORS
HALLUCINATIONS- AUDITORY, VISUAL, TACTILE, SOMATIC, GUSTATORY, OLFACTORY
DELUSIONS-PERSECUTION, REFERENCE, GRANDEUR, CONTROL
FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER- MUDDLED UP THINKING, LOOSENING OF
ASSOCIATIONS, NEOLOGISMS, INAPT REPETITION OF SAME THOUGHTS
(PERSEVERATION)
INAPPROPRIATE AFFECT
NEGATIVE: PATHOLOGIOCAL DEFICITS
POVERTY OF SPEECH (ALOGIA),
BLUNTED AND FLAT AFFECT,
LOSS OF VOLITION (AVOLITION)
SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL
CHAPTER-5 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
Following are five questions, with weightage stated along.
1. Rishabh, a 21-year-old college student, exhibits an intense fear of fireworks, gunshots, popping
balloons etc. Suggest the most appropriate therapy that could be used to help Rishabh overcome his
fear. (4)
2. Nishant feels very strongly that everyone should love him and he should be selected to represent the
school for all competitions. When this does not happen, he feels miserable and is unable to concentrate.
Which form of therapy would be the most suitable for him to overcome this problem? Explain any one
type of this therapeutic model. (4)
3. Manas was appointed on a reputed role in an esteemed company. However, four years after joining it,
Manas feels a sense of hollowness and alienation within him. He feels that his job role is meaningless
and is not supporting his career growth too. What kind of therapeutic intervention can help Manas regain
a meaning in his life and career? Explain the approach. (6)
4. Due to her academic performance lower than all her friends throughout her school life, Anwesha was
humiliated by her friends and family members. She carries the same part of her personality to her college
where she feels herself as an incapable student. This also impedes her from taking part in different
activities organized in her college. Which therapy would be the most useful for Anwesha? Delineate
important features of this therapy. (4)
5. What are alternative forms of therapy? Explain different ways in which alternative therapies can enable
treatment of psychological disorders. (4)
ANSWERS (ONLY POINTERS HAVE BEEN GIVEN. PLEASE EXPLAIN
AND ELABORATE FOR WRITING THE ANSWERS)
1. Rishabh, a 21-year-old college student, exhibits an intense fear of fireworks, gunshots, popping balloons
etc. Suggest the most appropriate therapy that could be used to help Rishabh overcome his fear. (4)
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION: technique to treat phobias
FEAR HIERARCHIES created in joint action/ collaboration with the client
PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR RELAXATION
PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCAL INHIBITION applicable where stronger force inhibits the weaker
force.
2. Nishant feels very strongly that everyone should love him and he should be selected to represent the
school for all competitions. When this does not happen, he feels miserable and is unable to concentrate.
Which form of therapy would be the most suitable for him to overcome this problem? Explain the
therapeutic model. (6)
Since the problem/ source of distress lies in the irrational beliefs and thoughts, the therapeutic model
should be COGNITIVE THERAPY.
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL
• RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY BY ALBERT ELLIS
➢ IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
➢ A-B-C ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF INTERVIEW WHERE THERAPIST ANALYSES:
ANTECEDENT EVENTS, IRRATIONAL BELIEFS, CONSEQUENCES- (negative emotional/
behavioral consequences)
➢ NON DIRECTIVE QUESTIONING TO CHALLENGE THE IRRATIONAL BELIEFS SUCH THAT
CLIENT STARTS THINKING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
➢ REDUCTION IN DISTRESS AND REPLACEMENT OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS BY RATIONAL
ONES
• COGNITIVE THERAPY BY AARON BECK
➢ CORE SCHEMAS
➢ CRITICAL INCIDENT
➢ NEGATIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS AND COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS.
➢ DYSFUNCTIONAL COGNITIVE STRUCTURES
3. Manas was appointed on a reputed role in an esteemed company. However, four years after joining it,
Manas feels a sense of hollowness and alienation within. He feels that his job role is meaningless and is
not supporting his career growth too. What kind of therapeutic intervention can help Manas regain a
meaning in his life and career? Explain the approach. (6)
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL
MEANINGLESSNESS--→ HUMANISTIC- EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS THWARTED BY SOCIETY, WHICH CAUSES PROBLEMS FOR
EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION AND TO ACHIEVE SELF ACTUALISATION. THERAPY
ALLOWS FREE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION TO ACHIEVE COMPLEXITY, BALANCE AND
INTEGRATION.
LOGOTHERAPY BY VIKTOR FRANKL (TREATMENT FOR SOUL)
VICTOR FRANKL
FINDING MEANING EVEN IN LIFE THREATENING CIRCUMSTANCES
SPIRITUAL UNCONSCIOUS
EXISTENTIAL ANXIETY
MEANING MAKING
TRANSFERENCE DISCOURAGED
THERAPIST ALSO SHARED HER/HIS JOURNEY AND EXPERIENCES
HERE AND NOW- PRESENT
CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY
EMPATHY, UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD, WARMTH, NON JUDGMENTAL
ATTITUDE
THERAPIST SEEKS CLARIFICATIONS, REPHRASING THE STATEMENTS OF THE CLIENT
GESTALT THERAPY
➢ BY FREIDERICK (FRITZ) PERLS AND LAURA PERLS
➢ USED FOR SELF AWARENESS AND SELF ACCEPTANCE
➢ BODILY PROCESSES AND EMOTIONS ARE RECOGNIZED AND ACCEPTED
➢ DONE THROUGH ACTING OUT FANTASIES ABOUT CONFLICTS AND FEELINGS
(IF QUESTION SPECIFICALLY STATES EXPLAIN USING EXISTENTIAL THERAPY, THEN
ONLY STATE EXISTENTIAL THERAPY OR LOGOTHERAPY; NOT CLIENT CENTERED OR
GESTALT THERAPIES)
4. Due to her academic performance lower than all her friends throughout her school life, Anwesha was
humiliated by her friends and family members. She carries the same part of her personality to her college
where she feels herself as an incapable student. This also impedes her from taking part in different
activities organized in her college. Which therapy would be the most useful for Anwesha? Delineate
important features of this therapy. (4)
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING IN DETAIL
MEANINGLESSNESS--→ HUMANISTIC- EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS THWARTED BY SOCIETY, WHICH CAUSES PROBLEMS FOR
EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION AND TO ACHIEVE SELF ACTUALISATION. THERAPY ALLOWS
FREE EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION TO ACHIEVE COMPLEXITY, BALANCE AND INTEGRATION.
REGARD AND ACCEPTANCE ONLY UNDER CERTAIN CONITIONS LEAD TO THIS
CONDITION
HUMANTISTIC THERAPY/ CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY
FREEDOM AND CHOICE
WARMTH
EMPATHETIC ATMOSPHERE
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
THERAPIST REPHRASES AND SEEKS SIMPLE CLARIFICATIONS AND ENHANCES
MEANING OF CLIENT’S STATEMENTS
CLIENT BECOMES MORE INTEGRATED , MORE SELF ADJUSTED, REAL SELF
5. What are alternative forms of therapy? Explain different ways in which alternative therapies can enable
treatment of psychological disorders. (4)
• ASHTANGA YOGA IN PATANJALI’S YOGA SUTRAS:
WELL BEING, ATTENTION, FOCUS, STRESS TOLERANCE, INSOMNIA
• VIPASANA MEDITATION
MINDFULNESS BASED MEDITATION, BETTER PROCESSING OF EMOTIONS AND THEIR
REGULATION
• SUDARSHAN KRIYA YOGA (SKY) THAT CREATES HYPERVENTILATION
DEPRESSION, STRESS, AND STRESS RELATED ILLNESSES, PTSD, ANXIETY, SUBSTANCE
ABUSE,
• KUNDALINI YOGA
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
CHAPTER-6 ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
1. Anand holds a negative attitude towards hurting the elderly people emotionally and hence, he ensures that his
actions are respectful and kind. He does not like when others behave insensitively towards the older people.
Which factors must have been responsible for the formation of such attitudes? (4)
(page 110-111: through association, reward & punishment, observation/ modelling, norms of reference or
cultural groups, exposure to information)
2. Which processes may explain the change in attitudes? (6)
EXPLAIN ALL THREE PROCESSES:
CONCEPT OF BALANCE/ P-O-X MODEL (DIAGRAM MANDATORY AS TAUGHT IN CLASS)
CONCEPT OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
TWO STEP CONCEPT
3. With the help of an example, explain how cognitive dissonance leads to attitude change.
Proposed by Leon Festinger. If there are two cognitions which are dissonant or out of sync with each other, we
strive to change one to achieve cognitive consonance.
Cognition I : Pan masala causes mouth cancer which is fatal.
Cognition II : I eat pan masala
OR
Cognition 1: Birthday parties are boring.
Cognition 2: I am going to a birthday party.
Considering these two ideas or cognitions will make any individual feel that something is 'out of tune', or
dissonant. Therefore, one of these ideas will have to be changed, so that consonance can be attained. In the
examples given above, in order to remove or reduce the dissonance;
In example 1: The person may either stop eating pan masala (change Cognition II)- a healthier, logical and
sensible way of reducing dissonance. OR may believe that Pan Masala doesn’t cause cancer. (change in
Cognition-1)
In second example, either cognition 1 can be changed to bring consonance- Birthday parties are very interesting-
that matches or syncs with the second cognition. OR
Cognition 2 can be changed: I am not going to the birthday party, which may sync with cognition 1.
4. Explain "Kernel of Truth" as a source of prejudice.
Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group and which are mostly negative.
Sometimes people continue to hold stereotypes i.e ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group and
they think that, after all, there must be some truth, or ‘kernel of truth’ in what everyone says about the other
group. Even a few examples are sufficient to support the "kernel of truth" idea.
Chapter-7
1. What is group think? How can it be managed? (3)
According to Irving Janis, high level of cohesiveness can interfere with effective leadership and can lead to
disastrous decisions. Groupthink is a tendency of highly cohesive groups in which a group’s unanimity
overrides the motivation to realistically appraise its courses of action. It results in the tendency of decision
makers to make irrational and uncritical decisions. To uphold its cohesiveness, members discourage dissent
and arrive at consensus or unanimous decisions.
Ways to prevent groupthink:
(i) encouraging and rewarding critical thinking and even disagreement among group members,
(ii) encouraging groups to present alternative courses of action,
(iii) inviting outside experts to evaluate the group’s decisions, and
(iv) encouraging members to seek feedback from trusted others.
2. In a series of studies conducted in 1986 by Latane and others, with 48 pairs of undergraduates, the subjects
were instructed to make as much noise as possible by shouting and clapping individually and in pairs. It was
seen that the participants made more noise when they thought they were shouting and clapping alone than
when they thought they were working with a partner. It was seen that when working with others, females
reduced their effort by 5% and males reduced theirs by 11%.
(i) Identify and the phenomenon evident in the situation given above. (1) SOCIAL LOAFING
(ii) What are probable reasons for emergence of this tendency? Explain any two reasons. (1)
STATE ANY TWO OUT OF THE FOLLOWING:
Group members feel less responsible for the overall task being performed and therefore exert less
effort.
• Motivation of members decreases because they realise that their contributions will not be evaluated
on individual basis.
• The performance of the group is not to be compared with other groups.
• There is an improper coordination (or no coordination) among members.
• Belonging to the same group is not important for members. It is only an aggregate of individuals.
(iii) Explain how this tendency can be counteracted? (1)
STATE ANY TWO OUT OF THE FOLLOWING:
• Making the efforts of each person identifiable.
• Increasing the pressure to work hard (making group members committed to successful task
performance).
• Increasing the apparent importance or value of a task.
• Making people feel that their individual contribution is important.
• Strengthening group cohesiveness which increases the motivation for successful group outcome.
