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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

siddhant COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(2th Shift Diploma)
P/L Sudumbare Tal-Mavel Dist - pune

Micro Project
Academic Year (2022-23)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Program code and name: CO22520
Subject: Advance Computer Networking
Semester: Fifth

A Micro Project on
"SETUP STATIC & DYNAMIC DHCP SERVER"
Sr. Roll No. Student Name Enrollment No. Seat No.
1 Om Gole 2016240027
2 Yash Botre 2016240019

Under Guidance of
Prof. Mrs.: Rupali Kalokhe
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Om Gole Roll No Fifth Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute, Siddhant college of
Engineering (Code:1624) has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Course Advance Computer Networking
(code:22520) for the academic year 2021 – 2022 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrollment No: 2016240027

Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Yash Botre Roll No Fifth Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering of Institute, Siddhant College of
Engineering (Code: 1624) has completed the Practical Activities (PA)
satisfactorily in Advance Computer Networking (code:22520
) for the academic year 2021 – 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Sudumbare Enrollment No: 2016240019

Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principle

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great pleasure by getting the opportunity to
highlight this. A fraction of knowledge I acquired during our
technical education through this project.

This would not have been possible without guidance and

can express only page where we can express our emotions
and gratitude from the core of our heart to them. This project
would not have been such, less the without enlightened ideas,
timely suggestions and interest of our most respected guide Of
Mrs. Rupali Kalokhe without her best guidance; this would
have been an impossible task to complete.

I would like to thank Mrs. Rupali Kalokhe Head of our

department for providing the necessary facility using the
working on this project work. I would also like to thank our
Principal Mrs. Nanda Kulkarni who encouraged us and
created a healthy environment for all of us to learn in the best
possible way.

Finally, I would pay my respect and love to my pa, family

members, and as friends for their love and encouragement
throughout this Micro Project.
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Index
Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Abstract 6

2 Introduction 7

3 Rationale 8

4 Literature Review 8

5 PROS and Cons of DHCP 9

6 Actual Methodology 11

7 Steps 13

8 Benefits of Micro Project 17

9 Application of Micro Project 17

10 Conclusion 19

11 Reference 20
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Abstract
The command line is your
direct access to a computer.
It's where you ask software
to
perform hardware actions
that point-and-click graphical
user interfaces (GUIs)
simply can't
ask. Command lines are
available on many operating
systems—proprietary or open
source. But
it’s usually associated with
Linux, because both
7|Page

command lines and open-

source software,
together, give users
unrestricted access to their
computer.
The command line is your
direct access to a computer.
It's where you ask software
to
perform hardware actions
that point-and-click graphical
user interfaces (GUIs)
simply can't
ask. Command lines are
available on many operating
8|Page

systems—proprietary or open
source. But
it’s usually associated with
Linux, because both
command lines and open-
source software,
together, give users
unrestricted access to their
computer.
The command line is your
direct access to a computer.
It's where you ask software
to
perform hardware actions
that point-and-click graphical
9|Page

user interfaces (GUIs)

simply can't
ask. Command lines are
available on many operating
systems—proprietary or open
source. But
it’s usually associated with
Linux, because both
command lines and open-
source software,
together, give users
unrestricted access to their
computer.
The command line is your
direct access to a computer.
10 | P a g e

It's where you ask software

to
perform hardware actions
that point-and-click graphical
user interfaces (GUIs)
simply can't
ask. Command lines are
available on many operating
systems—proprietary or open
source. But
it’s usually associated with
Linux, because both
command lines and open-
source software,
11 | P a g e

together, give users

unrestricted access to their
computer.
A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides
and assigns IP addresses, default gateways and other network
parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard protocol
known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to
respond to broadcast queries by clients.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server

protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP)
host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.
RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP as an Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) standard based on Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), a protocol with which DHCP shares many
implementation details. DHCP allows hosts to obtain required
TCP/IP configuration information from a DHCP server.

Windows Server 2016 includes DHCP Server, which is an

optional networking server role that you can deploy on your
network to lease IP addresses and other information to DHCP
clients. All Windows-based client operating systems include the
DHCP client as part of TCP/IP, and DHCP client is enabled by
default.
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The command line is

your direct access to a
computer. It's where you
ask software to
perform hardware actions
that point-and-click
graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) simply can't
ask. Command lines are
available on many operating
systems—proprietary or
open source. But
it’s usually associated
with Linux, because both
command lines and open-
source software,
13 | P a g e

together, give users

unrestricted access to their
computer.

Introduction
WHAT IS A DHCP SERVER CLIENT?

A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP

addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It
relies on the standard protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or
DHCP to respond to broadcast queries by clients.

A DHCP server automatically sends the required network parameters for clients
to properly communicate on the network. Without it, the network administrator
has to manually set up every client that joins the network, which can be
cumbersome, especially in large networks. DHCP servers usually assign each
client with a unique dynamic IP address, which changes when the client’s lease
for that IP address has expired.

❖ STATIC DHCP SERVER:

A static IP address is an address that is permanently assigned to your network

devices by your ISP, and does not change even if your device reboots. Static IP
addresses typically have two versions: IPv4 and IPv6. Static routing is a
common function for today’s network switches. Many of FS 10gbe switches
feature static routing, such as FS S5900-24S switch which supports both IPV4
and IPV6. A static IP address is usually assigned to a server hosting websites,
and provides email, VPN and FTP services. In static IP addressing, each device
on the network has its own address with no overlap and you’ll have to configure
the static IP addresses manually. When new devices are connected to a
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network, you would have to select the "manual" configuration option and input
the IP address, the subnet mask, the default gateway and the DNS server.

❖ DYNAMIC DHCP SERVER:

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management

protocol used on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns
an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a
network so they can communicate with other IP networks. A DHCP server
enables computers to request IP addresses and networking parameters
automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for a
network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses.

Rationale:
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol
used to dynamically assign an IP address to any new node entering the network.
DHCP permits a node to be configured automatically, thereby avoiding the
necessity of involvement by a network administrator.
It manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network
Maintains the unique IP address of the host using a DHCP server
Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node, which is configured
to work with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by
providing an IP address to the client/node.

Literature Review:
A DHCP server is used to issue unique IP addresses and automatically configure
other network information. In most homes and small businesses, the router acts
as the DHCP server. In large networks, a single computer might act as the
DHCP server.

In short, the process goes like this: A device (the client) requests an IP address
from a router (the host), after which the host assigns an available IP address to
allow the client to communicate on the network. A bit more detail below...

Once a device is turned on and connected to a network that has a DHCP server,
it will send a request to the server, called a DHCPDISCOVER request.
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After the DISCOVER packet reaches the DHCP server, the server attempts to
hold on to an IP address that the device can use, and then offers the client the
address with a DHCPOFFER packet.

Once the offer has been made for the chosen IP address, the device responds to
the DHCP server with a DHCPREQUEST packet to accept it, after which the
server sends an ACK that's used to confirm that the device has that specific IP
address and to define the amount of time that the device can use the address
before getting a new one.

If the server decides that the device cannot have the IP address, it will send a
NACK.

All of this, of course, happens very quickly and you don't need to know any of the
technical details you just read in order to get an IP address from a DHCP server

PROS AND CONS OF USING DHCP:

A computer, or any other device that connects to a network (local or internet),
must be properly configured to communicate on that network. Since DHCP
allows that configuration to happen automatically, it's used in almost every
device that connects to a network including computers, switches, smartphones,
gaming consoles, etc.

Because of this dynamic IP address assignment, there's less of a chance that

two devices will have the same IP address, which is very easy to run into when
using manually-assigned, static IP addresses.

Using DHCP also makes a network much easier to manage. From an

administrative point of view, every device on the network can get an IP address
with nothing more than their default network settings, which is set up to obtain an
address automatically. The only other alternative is to manually assign
addresses to each and every device on the network.

Because these devices can get an IP address automatically, they can move
freely from one network to another (given that they're all set up with DHCP) and
receive an IP address automatically, which is super helpful with mobile devices.

In most cases, when a device has an IP address assigned by a DHCP server,

that IP address will change each time the device joins the network. If IP
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addresses are assigned manually, it means administration must not only give out
a specific address to each new client, but existing addresses that are already
assigned must be manually unassigned for any other device to use that same
address. This is not only time-consuming, but manually configuring each device
also increases the chance of running into human-made errors.

Though there are plenty of advantages to using DHCP, there are certainly some
disadvantages as well. Dynamic, changing IP addresses should not be used for
devices that are stationary and need constant access, like printers and file
servers.

Although devices like that exist predominantly in office environments, it's

impractical to assign them with an ever-changing IP address. For example, if a
network printer has an IP address that will change at some point in the future,
then every computer that's connected to that printer will have to regularly update
their settings so their computers will understand how to contact the printer.

This type of setup is extremely unnecessary and can be easily avoided by not
using DHCP for those types of devices, and instead by assigning a static IP
address to them.

The same idea comes into play if you need to have permanent remote access to
a computer in your home network. If DHCP is enabled, that computer will get a
new IP address at some point, which means the one you've recorded as that
computer having, will not be accurate for long. If you're using remote access
software that relies on a IP address-based access, you'll need to use a static IP
address for that device.

More Information On DHCP

A DHCP server defines a scope, or range, of IP addresses that it uses to serve
devices with an address. This pool of addresses is the only way a device can
obtain a valid network connection.

This is another reason DHCP is so useful - because it allows lots of devices to

connect to a network over a period of time without needing a massive pool of
available addresses. For example, even if only 20 addresses are defined by the
DHCP server, 30, 50, or even 200 (or more) devices can connect to the network
so long as no more than 20 are using one of the available IP address
simultaneously.
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Because DHCP assigns IP addresses for a specific period of time (a lease

period), using commands like ipconfig to find your computer's IP address will
yield different results over time.

Though DHCP is used to deliver dynamic IP addresses to its clients, it doesn't

mean static IP addresses can't also be used at the same time. A mixture of
devices that are getting dynamic addresses and devices that have their IP
addresses manually assigned to them, can both exist on the same network.

Even an ISP uses DHCP to assign IP addresses. This can be seen when
identifying your public IP address. It will likely change over time unless your
home network has a static IP address, which is usually only the case for
businesses that have publicly accessible web services.

In Windows, APIPA assigns a special temporary IP address when the DHCP

server fails to deliver a functional one to a device, and uses this address until it
can obtain one that works.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Working Group of the Internet Engineering

Task Force created DHCP.

Actual Methodology Followed :

A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP

addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on
the standard protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to
respond to broadcast queries by clients.

A DHCP server automatically sends the required network parameters for clients to
properly communicate on the network. Without it, the network administrator has to
manually set up every client that joins the network, which can be cumbersome,
especially in large networks.
DHCP servers usually assign each client with a unique dynamic IP address, which
changes when the client’s lease for that IP address has expired

❖ How it work?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that is commonly used in

networks for dynamic IP addressing configuration. Every user’s device needs at least IP
address to join the network and connect to services. When computer first connects to
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local network with cable or WiFi SSID, first thing is to look for IP address, netmask,
default gateway and DNS servers.

❖ How does DHCP work?

Host connecting to network (cable or wireless) sends DHCP discover message to all
hosts in Layer 2 segment (destination address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). Frame with this
DISCOVER message hits the DHCP Server.

DHCP Discover packet

2. After the DHCP Server receives discover message it suggests the IP addressing
offering to the client host by unicast. This OFFER message contains:

proposed IP address for client (here 192.168.1.10)

subnet mask to identify the subnet space (here

255.255.255.0)

IP of default gateway for subnet (here 192.168.1.1)

IP of DNS server for name translations (here 8.8.8.8)

3. Now after the client receives the offer it requests the information officially sending
REQUEST message to server this time by unicast.

4. Server sends ACKNOWLEDGE message confirming the DHCP lease to client. Now
client is allowed to use new IP settings.
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What information getting from DHCP are necessary and which are optional?

In theory, only IP address and mask is needed for device to work. This is true in
scenario that device is within the same subnet with other devices and communicates
with others knowing their IP addresses. In such way there is no need for going beyond
own subnet and that’s why gateway is not needed. Using only IP addresses for
communication also eliminates the need of name translations so DNS is still optional.
However, in real world scenarios most of communication goes beyond the subnet and
relays on Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN).

In addition to necessary DHCP parameters there are DHCP options like popular Option
150 used in IP Telephony to inform IP Phones about the IP address of IP PBX for
proper phone registration – for example Cisco Call Manager or Asterisk PBX. Almost all
DHCP server vendors are able to pass DHCP options.

What if DHCP server is not in the same subnet?

You can ask yourself if there is a need for having DHCP server in the same L2 segment
(VLAN), because DHCP OFFER message relays on broadcast destination address
which is good for the same subnet only. Right trace! But for the sake of DHCP
scalability there is option to have DHCP server outside the subnet. In such solution
DHCP discover packets typically getting to default gateway interface are transformed
into unicast packets (DHCP discover embedded message) with giaddr field that tells
server about logical attachment identification. Packet is sent directly to IP of server
located somewhere in routable IP cloud.
Giaddr helps the DHCP server to find the correct address pool for granting the address.
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STEPS:
• Install the DHCP server role on Windows Server 2008, follow these
steps:

• Choose Start→Administrative Tools→Server Manager.

• The Manage Your Server application appears.

• Click the Roles link and then click Add a Role.

• The Add Roles Wizard appears.

• Click Next to get the wizard started.

• The wizard displays a list of available server roles.

• Select DHCP Server from the list of roles and then click Next.

• The wizard displays an explanation of DHCP.

• Click Next.
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• The wizard displays a list of the server’s network connections that have
static IP addresses, as shown in the following illustration. (In this
example, only one network connection has a static IP address assigned.
Most network servers will have at least two.)

Select the static IP addresses you want to use for the DHCP server. Then click next.

The wizard asks for the DNS configuration information, as shown below.

1. Enter the domain name and DNS servers. To enter a DNS server, type its address in
the IP address text box and then click Add.
You typically have more than one DNS server.

2. Click Next.
The wizard next asks for the WINS configuration information.

3. (Optional) If you want to enable WINS, enter the WINS server configuration and then
click next.
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4. To create a new scope, click the Add Scope button.

5. The wizard asks for a name and description for the new scope, as shown below.

1. Enter the information for the new scope.

You must enter the following information: o Scope Name: The name can be
anything you want. Use a generic name such as Office or your company name
unless you’re creating two or more scopes. Then, the names should indicate the
function of each scope.

o Scope Starting IP Address: This is the lowest IP address that will be issued for
this scope. o Scope Ending IP Address: This is the highest IP address that
will be issued for this scope.

o Subnet Mask: This is the subnet mask issued for IP addresses in this scope.

o Default Gateway: This is the default gateway address that will be used for this
scope.
This is usually the address of your router.

o Subnet type: Choose Wired or Wireless. The difference is how long the IP
address will be valid. For wired networks, the addresses will be valid for six
days. For wireless networks, the addresses will expire in eight hours.

2. Select the Activate This Scope check box and then Click OK.
The scope is created, as shown below.
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1. If you want to create additional scopes, repeat steps 10–12.

You can create as many scopes as you want for your DHCP server.

2. When you finish creating scopes, click Next.

The wizard asks whether you want to enable stateless mode, which is used for IPv6.
Disable this mode unless dealing with IPv6 clients is important to your network.

3. Click Next.
The wizard asks for the credentials to use when creating this DHCP server. The default
is to use your current login credentials.

4. Click Next.
The wizard displays a confirmation screen that summarizes the settings you’ve entered
for the DHCP server.

5. Click Install.
The DHCP server is created. This might take a few minutes. When the server is
finished, a final results page is displayed to confirm that the server was properly
installed.

6. Click Close.
You’re done!

Benefits of the Micro-Project:

• Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors

caused by manual IP address configuration, such as typographical
errors, or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to
more than one computer at the same time.
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• Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following features to

reduce network administration:

• Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration.

• The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location.

• The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values

by means of DHCP options.

• The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be

updated frequently, such as those for portable devices that move to
different locations on a wireless network.

• The forwarding of initial DHCP messages by using a DHCP relay agent,

which eliminates the need for a DHCP server on every subnet.

Application of this Micro-Project:

Efficiency. It's easier than configuring each node/host statically (manually), both
initially and then if/when the LAN topology ever changes ad the host moves
networks (e.g., laptops, phones, etc.).

Simplicity. DHCP provides the ability to assign (and manage) more multiple
parameters (is more than just the host IP address), required parameters such as
the subnet mask, and very helpful (required for most needs) things like the
default gateway, DNS servers (and domain name). Then there are optional
things like TFTP servers and time (NTP) servers, log servers, etc.

Security. DHCP provides an audit trail for who (what MAC and client-ID) had an IP
address at what time. It can also be used in a security context, where a router
may require a host within a subnet to have obtained it's IP via DHCP, else it will
deny/block it.
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CONCLUSION

From This Project We Learnt About Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a
network management protocol used to dynamically assign an IP address to any new
node entering the network. DHCP permits a node to be configured automatically,
thereby avoiding the necessity of involvement by a network administrator.

It Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network
Maintains the unique IP address of the host using a DHCP server
Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node, which is configured to
work with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by providing an IP
address to the client/node.
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REFERENCE

✓ www.redhat.com
✓ www.pcmag.com
✓ www.reasearchgate.com
✓ www.iitk.ac.in
✓ www.geeksforgeek.com