Back Table 5.

Gender Inequality Index

Gender Inequality Index

Value Rank
HDI rank Country

2021 2021
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 0.018 3
2 Norway 0.016 2
3 Iceland 0.043 8
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. ..
5 Australia 0.073 19
6 Denmark 0.013 1
7 Sweden 0.023 4
8 Ireland 0.074 21
9 Germany 0.073 19
10 Netherlands 0.025 5
11 Finland 0.033 6
12 Singapore 0.040 7
13 Belgium 0.048 10
13 New Zealand 0.088 25
15 Canada 0.069 17
16 Liechtenstein .. ..
17 Luxembourg 0.044 9
18 United Kingdom 0.098 27
19 Japan 0.083 22
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.067 15
21 United States 0.179 44
22 Israel 0.083 22
23 Malta 0.167 42
23 Slovenia 0.071 18
25 Austria 0.053 12
26 United Arab Emirates 0.049 11
27 Spain 0.057 14
28 France 0.083 22
29 Cyprus 0.123 35
30 Italy 0.056 13
31 Estonia 0.100 28
32 Czechia 0.120 34
33 Greece 0.119 32
34 Poland 0.109 31
35 Bahrain 0.181 46
35 Lithuania 0.105 30
35 Saudi Arabia 0.247 59
38 Portugal 0.067 15
 SDG3.1 SDG3.7 SDG5.5 SDG4.4
Maternal mortality Adolescent birth Share of seats in Population with at least some se
ratio rate parliament education
(% ages 25 and older)
(deaths per 100,000 live (births per 1,000 women
(% held by women)
births) ages 15–19) Female

2017 2021 2021 2021

5 2.2 39.8 96.9

2 2.3 45.0 99.1
4 5.4 47.6 99.8
.. 1.6 .. 77.1
6 8.1 37.9 94.6
4 1.9 39.7 95.1
4 3.3 47.0 91.8
5 5.9 27.3 88.1
7 7.5 34.8 96.1
5 2.8 39.1 89.8
3 4.2 46.0 99.0
8 2.6 29.8 80.5
5 5.3 42.9 87.2
9 12.6 49.2 82.0
10 7.0 34.4 100.0
.. 3.0 28.0 ..
5 4.3 35.0 100.0
7 10.5 31.1 99.8
5 2.9 14.2 95.9
11 2.2 19.0 83.1
19 16.0 27.0 96.5
3 7.6 28.3 91.6
6 11.5 13.4 82.2
7 4.5 21.5 97.6
5 5.5 39.3 100.0
3 3.1 50.0 82.0
4 6.3 42.3 78.5
8 9.5 37.8 83.5
6 6.8 14.3 81.1
2 4.0 35.3 78.6
9 8.8 25.7 97.6
3 9.7 22.1 99.8
3 8.5 21.7 69.9
2 9.7 27.5 86.5
14 8.7 18.8 79.9
8 10.4 27.7 95.5
17 11.9 19.9 71.3
8 7.4 40.0 59.7
 SDG4.4
on with at least some secondary
Labour force participation rate a
education
(% ages 25 and older) (% ages 15 and older)

Male Female Male

b
2021 b
2021 2021

97.5 61.7 72.7

99.3 60.3 72.0
99.7 61.7 70.5
83.4 53.5 65.8
94.4 61.1 70.5
95.2 57.7 66.7
92.2 61.7 68.0
c
86.0 c
56.5 68.6
c
96.5 c
56.8 66.0
92.7 62.4 71.3
98.5 56.5 64.0
85.9 59.4 76.8
89.7 49.8 58.8
81.8 65.1 75.3
d
100.0 d
60.8 69.7
.. .. ..
e
100.0 e
58.5 65.5
99.8 58.0 67.1
92.7 53.3 71.0
c
93.1 c
53.4 72.4
96.4 55.2 66.4
c
93.7 c
58.5 66.1
88.1 53.1 71.4
98.7 53.8 62.2
d
100.0 d
55.5 66.3
85.6 46.5 88.0
83.2 52.7 62.4
87.9 51.9 59.7
84.8 56.6 68.8
86.1 39.9 57.6
98.1 57.5 70.2
99.8 51.7 68.1
77.8 43.3 58.1
90.7 49.2 65.5
83.1 42.4 83.5
97.9 57.3 67.9
80.9 30.9 80.1
61.9 54.0 62.2
39 Latvia 0.151 40
40 Andorra .. ..
40 Croatia 0.093 26
42 Chile 0.187 47
42 Qatar 0.220 54
44 San Marino .. ..
45 Slovakia 0.180 45
46 Hungary 0.221 55
47 Argentina 0.287 69
48 Türkiye 0.272 65
49 Montenegro 0.119 32
50 Kuwait 0.305 74
51 Brunei Darussalam 0.259 61
52 Russian Federation 0.203 50
53 Romania 0.282 67
54 Oman 0.300 72
55 Bahamas 0.329 78
56 Kazakhstan 0.161 41
57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.344 81
58 Costa Rica 0.256 60
58 Uruguay 0.235 58
60 Belarus 0.104 29
61 Panama 0.392 96
62 Malaysia 0.228 57
63 Georgia 0.280 66
63 Mauritius 0.347 82
63 Serbia 0.131 36
66 Thailand 0.333 79
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
67 Albania 0.144 39
68 Bulgaria 0.210 52
68 Grenada .. ..
70 Barbados 0.268 64
71 Antigua and Barbuda .. ..
72 Seychelles .. ..
73 Sri Lanka 0.383 92
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.136 38
75 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. ..
76 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.459 115
77 Ukraine 0.200 49
78 North Macedonia 0.134 37
79 China 0.192 48
80 Dominican Republic 0.429 106
80 Moldova (Republic of) 0.205 51
80 Palau .. ..
83 Cuba 0.303 73
19 11.2 29.0 99.7
.. 5.9 46.4 70.7
8 8.6 31.1 97.0
13 24.1 32.7 80.3
9 7.1 4.4 79.8
.. 3.8 33.3 81.8
5 26.3 22.7 98.9
12 22.1 13.1 97.6
39 39.1 44.4 71.0
17 16.9 17.3 56.3
6 10.4 24.7 92.3
12 5.6 1.5 60.9
31 10.0 9.1 70.4
17 15.0 16.5 92.8
19 36.4 18.5 88.8
19 9.9 9.9 96.6
70 25.7 20.0 87.0
10 21.9 24.5 99.8
67 38.1 32.4 84.8
27 37.1 45.6 56.2
17 36.2 26.2 59.6
2 11.9 34.7 97.5
52 69.9 22.5 70.2
29 9.3 14.9 75.0
25 31.7 19.3 97.1
61 24.6 20.0 64.4
12 14.9 39.2 88.6
37 32.7 13.9 47.6

15 14.5 35.7 95.4

10 38.6 23.8 94.9
25 32.7 32.1 ..
27 42.3 29.4 95.4
42 33.1 31.4 ..
53 53.4 22.9 ..
36 15.7 5.4 84.0
10 9.9 24.6 82.7
.. 38.2 25.0 ..
16 30.2 5.6 71.6
19 15.6 20.8 96.2
7 16.4 41.7 61.9
29 11.0 24.9 78.3
95 65.6 25.7 77.4
19 27.8 39.6 96.1
.. 42.5 6.9 96.9
36 48.8 53.4 89.5
c
99.3 c
54.5 66.8
c
72.4 c
.. ..
c
100.0 c
45.9 58.8
c
83.5 c
44.2 65.5
c
69.6 c
57.2 95.5
84.3 .. ..
99.2 54.7 66.4
98.8 52.1 67.2
f
71.4 f
50.0 71.6
75.9 31.8 69.4
c
99.2 c
47.8 62.0
c
55.2 c
47.4 83.8
71.2 54.1 72.3
e
95.9 e
54.5 69.7
93.7 42.8 62.3
99.9 28.7 85.0
c
89.9 c
65.6 71.5
c
100.0 c
63.3 75.5
d
80.6 d
46.7 68.0
54.5 47.5 71.1
55.5 54.8 69.3
99.0 57.3 71.4
68.7 50.4 72.6
78.4 51.2 77.6
98.3 51.0 68.0
c
70.8 c
43.4 70.4
95.3 46.6 62.3
51.7 59.0 75.0

f
93.0 d
50.7 66.2
96.5 49.1 62.6
.. .. ..
d
86.0 d
56.1 63.7
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
84.2 30.9 68.5
94.0 32.3 52.4
.. .. ..
c
76.0 c
14.4 68.1
d
95.8 f
48.1 63.6
75.1 42.4 63.4
d
85.4 d
61.6 74.3
c
76.9 c
49.6 75.2
98.0 33.9 43.9
97.3 .. ..
c
91.9 c
40.3 68.5
 84 Peru 0.380 90
85 Armenia 0.216 53
86 Mexico 0.309 75
87 Brazil 0.390 94
88 Colombia 0.424 102
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.390 94
90 Maldives 0.348 83
91 Algeria 0.499 126
91 Azerbaijan 0.294 70
91 Tonga 0.631 160
91 Turkmenistan 0.177 43
95 Ecuador 0.362 85
96 Mongolia 0.313 76
97 Egypt 0.443 109
97 Tunisia 0.259 61
99 Fiji 0.318 77
99 Suriname 0.427 105
101 Uzbekistan 0.227 56
102 Dominica .. ..
102 Jordan 0.471 118
104 Libya 0.259 61
105 Paraguay 0.445 111
106 Palestine, State of .. ..
106 Saint Lucia 0.381 91
108 Guyana 0.454 114
109 South Africa 0.405 97
110 Jamaica 0.335 80
111 Samoa 0.418 99
112 Gabon 0.541 140
112 Lebanon 0.432 108
114 Indonesia 0.444 110
115 Viet Nam 0.296 71
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
116 Philippines 0.419 101
117 Botswana 0.468 117
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.418 99
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.370 87
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.492 123
121 Iraq 0.558 145
122 Tajikistan 0.285 68
123 Belize 0.364 86
123 Morocco 0.425 104
125 El Salvador 0.376 88
126 Nicaragua 0.424 102
127 Bhutan 0.415 98
128 Cabo Verde 0.349 84
129 Bangladesh 0.530 131
88 56.8 40.0 59.3
26 18.5 33.6 96.0
33 54.4 49.8 65.1
60 45.2 14.8 62.4
83 59.0 19.6 58.9
68 47.9 18.2 44.1
53 7.3 4.6 46.4
112 11.7 7.5 46.0
26 40.1 18.2 93.6
52 19.0 0.0 g
93.5
7 21.8 25.0 93.5
59 63.2 39.4 53.0
45 26.7 17.1 79.3
37 44.8 22.9 81.6
43 6.7 26.3 42.9
34 26.8 21.6 90.2
120 56.1 29.4 69.9
29 15.9 28.7 99.9
.. 38.5 34.4 ..
46 25.4 11.8 77.4
72 6.9 16.0 70.5
84 70.3 16.8 52.5
27 43.5 .. 67.9
117 36.9 24.1 49.9
169 66.6 35.7 69.5
119 61.2 46.0 j
68.9
80 32.8 31.0 74.3
43 43.6 7.8 79.1
252 91.2 18.7 67.2
29 20.3 4.7 54.3
177 33.9 21.0 51.0
43 34.6 30.3 61.3

121 48.2 28.0 73.4

144 49.3 10.8 91.3
155 63.8 48.2 60.1
60 34.7 20.5 100.0
125 82.7 22.2 79.8
79 62.2 28.9 42.0
17 45.4 23.4 93.5
36 57.1 19.6 54.5
70 25.9 20.4 30.9
46 55.9 27.4 42.7
98 85.6 50.5 51.2
183 19.0 16.7 23.6
58 55.2 38.9 28.8
173 75.5 20.9 50.6
c
69.9 c
66.1 81.9
97.1 42.7 63.0
66.7 43.8 75.4
c
59.1 c
49.1 68.2
56.5 52.2 78.0
39.6 52.9 74.1
d
41.5 d
34.3 67.5
c
56.9 c
15.7 64.5
97.6 60.4 67.3
d
93.1 d
37.3 55.3
92.2 36.5 55.6
52.0 53.3 76.5
73.0 51.5 66.6
c
76.6 c
15.4 67.1
c
51.8 c
25.5 67.2
d
87.9 d
37.7 75.3
h
70.7 h
43.4 65.1
100.0 44.9 70.9
.. .. ..
84.2 13.5 62.3
i
45.1 i
34.1 61.0
54.0 59.6 84.2
67.6 16.7 66.3
43.8 63.2 73.2
62.2 40.3 64.1
87.7 46.2 59.9
d
66.4 d
56.1 70.0
k
71.6 k
30.7 54.2
l
84.0 l
39.1 57.0
k
55.6 k
20.8 64.3
58.2 53.7 81.7
69.6 69.6 79.4

69.1 43.8 68.3

91.8 56.3 65.1
69.7 68.3 83.8
d
99.8 d
42.1 71.7
d
75.4 d
34.3 67.8
h
52.9 h
11.1 71.8
d
94.6 d
30.2 50.5
49.8 46.9 76.8
37.1 22.0 66.0
51.4 43.6 72.6
49.7 46.8 81.3
32.3 51.6 67.4
m
31.2 m
46.9 61.7
58.5 34.9 78.8
130 Tuvalu .. ..
131 Marshall Islands .. ..
132 India 0.490 122
133 Ghana 0.529 130
134 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. ..
135 Guatemala 0.481 121
136 Kiribati .. ..
137 Honduras 0.431 107
138 Sao Tome and Principe 0.494 124
139 Namibia 0.445 111
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.478 120
140 Timor-Leste 0.378 89
140 Vanuatu .. ..
143 Nepal 0.452 113
144 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.540 138
145 Equatorial Guinea .. ..
146 Cambodia 0.461 116
146 Zimbabwe 0.532 134
148 Angola 0.537 136
149 Myanmar 0.498 125
150 Syrian Arab Republic 0.477 119
151 Cameroon 0.565 148
152 Kenya 0.506 128
153 Congo 0.564 147
154 Zambia 0.540 138
155 Solomon Islands .. ..
156 Comoros .. ..
156 Papua New Guinea 0.725 169
158 Mauritania 0.632 161
159 Côte d'Ivoire 0.613 155
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
160 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.560 146
161 Pakistan 0.534 135
162 Togo 0.580 149
163 Haiti 0.635 163
163 Nigeria 0.680 168
165 Rwanda 0.388 93
166 Benin 0.602 152
166 Uganda 0.530 131
168 Lesotho 0.557 144
169 Malawi 0.554 142
170 Senegal 0.530 131
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Sudan 0.553 141
173 Madagascar 0.556 143
174 Gambia 0.611 153
 .. 33.1 6.3 60.0
.. 58.0 6.1 91.6
133 n
17.2 13.4 41.8
308 64.2 14.5 58.0
88 35.8 7.1 ..
95 64.1 19.4 29.5
92 40.5 6.7 ..
65 72.0 27.3 35.8
130 79.4 23.6 39.9
195 64.9 35.6 41.5
185 73.2 22.0 37.7
142 33.9 38.5 33.7
72 64.1 0.0 g
..
186 63.8 33.6 28.8
437 69.9 18.4 34.0
301 139.7 20.3 ..
160 45.5 19.8 18.3
458 94.3 34.6 61.8
241 138.4 29.5 28.2
250 33.0 15.0 38.5
31 38.7 11.2 37.1
529 110.4 31.1 36.8
342 64.2 23.2 31.1
378 103.6 13.6 48.0
213 117.0 15.1 47.1
104 60.3 8.0 ..
273 58.2 16.7 ..
145 55.3 0.0 g
10.8
766 78.0 20.3 14.5
617 105.0 15.6 23.9

524 123.7 36.9 13.0

140 42.3 19.9 22.1
396 77.9 18.7 13.9
480 52.5 2.7 p
27.9
917 101.7 4.5 40.4
248 32.4 55.7 11.4
397 92.3 8.4 21.1
375 107.9 33.8 29.3
544 89.6 22.9 27.2
349 117.9 22.9 21.3
315 66.5 43.0 11.1
248 22.7 26.2 ..
295 79.9 31.0 r
16.4
335 119.4 17.2 27.3
597 63.2 8.6 29.9
 60.7 .. ..
92.5 .. ..
d
53.8 d
19.2 70.1
d
73.2 d
64.5 72.2
.. .. ..
35.8 37.4 80.3
.. .. ..
44.8 42.3 78.9
h
48.4 h
37.1 69.9
d
44.1 d
54.5 62.2
47.7 74.8 78.1
41.8 61.0 72.2
.. 59.7 78.0
d
44.7 d
78.7 80.8
36.2 45.6 53.6
.. 49.9 58.5
31.7 74.0 85.9
c
72.4 c
79.3 88.9
51.5 74.0 79.1
47.8 41.0 70.0
o
43.4 o
15.7 70.8
d
55.0 d
70.2 80.7
d
37.7 d
71.0 75.6
52.0 65.1 67.6
d
56.8 d
69.2 77.8
.. 83.1 87.4
.. 32.1 54.5
15.5 46.3 48.1
d
21.9 d
27.4 62.2
d
32.2 d
45.9 64.9

c
19.1 c
79.5 87.1
28.7 20.7 78.1
d
42.3 d
55.5 59.4
41.0 60.7 68.9
q
55.3 q
47.9 59.6
c
16.3 c
82.5 82.2
d
34.4 d
69.3 72.6
36.3 64.2 71.3
f
24.6 f
56.1 71.3
d
28.4 d
71.6 80.0
c
30.9 c
33.5 56.7
.. 17.2 44.1
20.1 28.7 67.8
s
29.8 s
81.5 87.6
43.2 48.9 66.3
175 Ethiopia 0.520 129
176 Eritrea .. ..
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.627 159
178 Liberia 0.648 164
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.601 151
180 Afghanistan 0.678 167
181 Sierra Leone 0.633 162
182 Guinea 0.621 157
183 Yemen 0.820 170
184 Burkina Faso 0.621 157
185 Mozambique 0.537 136
186 Mali 0.613 155
187 Burundi 0.505 127
188 Central African Republic 0.672 166
189 Niger 0.611 153
190 Chad 0.652 165
191 South Sudan 0.587 150
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
Somalia .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.155 —
High human development 0.329 —
Medium human development 0.494 —
Low human development 0.577 —

Developing countries 0.487 —

Regions
Arab States 0.536 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.337 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.227 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.381 —
South Asia 0.508 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.569 —

Least developed countries 0.562 —

Small island developing states 0.461 —

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.185 —

World 0.465 —

Notes
a. Estimates modelled by the International Labour Organization.
b. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
 401 69.2 39.5 9.1
480 64.4 22.0 p
..
667 87.5 13.7 9.8
661 123.4 9.7 20.8
473 109.0 14.3 40.3
638 82.6 27.2 6.4
1,120 100.9 12.3 34.7
576 114.8 16.7 t
7.2
164 54.4 0.3 22.4
320 110.5 6.3 11.3
289 165.8 42.4 10.8
562 150.1 27.3 8.0
548 53.6 38.9 7.8
829 160.5 12.9 13.9
509 170.5 25.9 9.2
1,140 138.3 32.3 7.7
1,150 99.2 32.3 26.5

89 2.3 17.6 ..
.. 7.2 33.3 ..
.. 72.5 10.5 ..
829 118.0 24.6 ..

15 14.1 29.1 87.0

62 28.0 25.8 72.7
175 38.1 21.8 44.0
499 89.5 24.3 22.8

247 46.5 23.9 56.9

150 45.3 18.3 53.8

82 21.6 20.9 71.4
20 20.1 26.1 83.4
75 53.4 33.2 63.2
153 28.9 17.6 42.2
536 100.9 25.7 31.1

417 93.7 24.7 27.5

212 50.9 26.7 62.1

18 19.2 32.4 86.7

225 42.5 25.9 64.2

 20.1 72.3 84.7
.. 70.2 83.6
22.8 63.9 78.4
39.2 69.8 79.7
h
69.1 h
61.2 69.1
14.9 14.8 66.5
d
51.5 d
56.1 55.9
c
19.7 c
62.1 62.2
37.5 6.0 67.6
c
17.1 c
57.2 72.7
c
20.2 c
77.7 78.9
15.5 57.7 79.7
c
13.0 c
79.0 77.4
31.6 63.3 79.5
d
15.2 d
61.7 84.3
s
24.4 s
46.9 69.9
36.4 70.4 73.6

.. 77.2 86.1
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 20.9 47.0

89.4 52.6 68.4

78.0 53.6 73.5
54.2 28.8 71.3
34.1 49.3 73.2

64.7 44.4 72.8

60.4 19.3 69.5

78.2 59.7 75.2
89.7 42.9 67.0
63.2 48.6 72.7
52.8 21.6 71.6
44.3 62.1 72.3

38.7 54.6 75.8

65.7 50.4 68.7

89.1 51.8 67.8

70.3 46.2 71.7

c. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
d. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from OECD (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
f. HDRO estimate based on data from Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, ICF Macro Demographic and
g. In calculating the Gender Inequality Index, a value of 0.1 percent was used.
h. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple
i. Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
j. Excludes the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis.
k. Based on cross-country regression.
l. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and ICF Macro Demographic and Hea
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org
n. A special update by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and United Nations Population Div
o. Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
p. Refers to 2019.
q. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
r. Refers to 2018.
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
t. Refers to 2020.

Definitions
Gender Inequality Index: A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women
Maternal mortality ratio: Number of deaths due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Adolescent birth rate: Number of births to women ages 15–19 per 1,000 women ages 15–19.
Share of seats in parliament: Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament expresse
Population with at least some secondary education: Percentage of the population ages 25 and old
Labour force participation rate: Proportion of the working-age population (ages 15 and older) that e

Main data sources

Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data in columns 3–9.
Column 2: Calculated based on data in column 1.
Column 3: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and United Nations Population Division (2019)
Column 4: UNDESA (2022a).
Column 5: IPU (2022).
Columns 6 and 7: Barro and Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, OECD (2022),
Columns 8 and 9: ILO (2022).
CO Institute for Statistics (2022).
tute for Statistics (2022).
F Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations C

2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.

cro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years.

Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics for various years.
ted Nations Population Division (2019), communicated to HDRO on 7 September 2020.

alth Surveys for various years.

alth Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).

hievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. See Te
ses per 100,000 live births.
women ages 15–19.
ational parliament expressed as a percentage of total seats. For countries with a bicameral legislative system, the share of s
population ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education.
(ages 15 and older) that engages in the labour market, either by working or actively looking for work, expressed as a perce

Population Division (2019).

th Surveys, OECD (2022), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
 opment, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the United Nations Educational, S

he labour market. See Technical note 4 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on h

ve system, the share of seats is calculated based on both houses.

of education.
rk, expressed as a percentage of the working-age population.

Cluster Surveys.
ed Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics.

_notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Inequality Index is calculated.

Back
Statistical references
Note: Statistical references relate to statistical mate­rial presented in this Statistical Annex and in the full set of statistical tables posted at h

Barro, R. J., and J.‑W. Lee. 2018. Dataset of Education­al Attainment, June 2018 Revision. http://www.barrolee.com. Accessed 7 April 2022
CEDLAS (Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies) and World Bank. 2022. Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Ca
Accessed 7 April 2022.
Eurostat. 2021. European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. EUSILC UDB 2021 – version of November 2021. Brussels. h
living-conditions. Accessed 8 February 2022.
Global Carbon Project. 2022. Global Carbon Atlas. https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/. Accessed 23 June 2022.
ICF Macro. Various years. Demographic and Health Surveys. https://dhsprogram.com. Accessed 6 May 2022.
ILO (International Labour Organization). 2022. ILO­STAT database. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/. Accessed 14 April 2022.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2021. World Eco­nomic Outlook database. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WE

IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2022. World Eco­nomic Outlook database. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WE
IPU (Inter‑Parliamentary Union). 2022. Parline da­tabase: Monthly ranking of women in national parlia­ments. https://data.ipu.org/women
LIS (Luxembourg Income Study). 2022. Luxembourg Income Study Project. https://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access. Accessed 31 March
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development). 2022. OECD.Stat. https://stats.oecd.org/. Accessed 7 April 2022.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2019. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. Rev 1. New Y
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2022a. World Population Pros­pects: The 2022 Revision. New York.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2022b. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2022. https://www
2022/. Accessed 4 May 2022.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2022. World Environment Situation Room, Data down­loader. https://wesr.unep.org/do
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2022. UIS Developer Portal, Bulk Data
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). Various years. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. New York. http://mics.unicef.org. Accessed 11
United Nations Statistics Division. 2022. National Accounts Main Aggregates Database. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama. Accessed 27

WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), World Bank Gro
2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organiza­ti

World Bank. 2021. World Development Indicators da­tabase. Washington, DC. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed 8 July 2021.
World Bank. 2022. World Development Indicators da­tabase. Washington, DC. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed 28 April 2022.
World Inequality Database. 2022. World Inequality Database. http://wid.world. Accessed 6 July 2022.