Basic Math Formulas
Difficulty Level : Easy
Last Updated : 17 Jun, 2022
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Mathematics comes with an endless scope of research and study in the domain
of numbers and their operations. Every branch of mathematics has something
different to deal with. The branches explore new methods and standards of
calculation for making daily trade even more convenient.
Mathematics is divided into various branches as per the way of calculation
involved and topics covered by them. The branches include geometry, algebra,
arithmetic, percentage, exponential, etc. Mathematics also provides standard
derived formulas to make the operations or calculation accurate. The given
article provides all the basic formulas present in mathematics under its different
branches or fields.
Basic math formulae
A formula is a mathematical expression or definite rule that is derived from the
relation between two or more quantities and the derived final product is
expressed in symbols. The formulas of mathematics included numbers known
as constants, letters that represent the unknown values and are known as
variables, mathematical symbols known as signs, and exponential powers in
some cases.
Arithmetic
Arithmetic is the oldest method of calculation known till now. The word
arithmetic is derived from the Greek words ‘arithmos’ which literally means
numbers. Brahmagupta the Indian mathematician is known as the ‘father of
arithmetic‘. And, the Fundamental theory of number theory was proposed
by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801.
The basic operations involved in arithmetic are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Arithmetic formula
Arithmetic mean (average) = Sum of values/Number of values.
Algebra
Algebra is an elementary subject of mathematics that deals with the study of the
evaluation of numbers and symbols. The algebraic operations are carried out to
determine the unknown values which are expressed by letters. Algebraic
equations are the expressions formed by the combination of variables,
constants, factors, and coefficients of variables.
Basic algebra formula
a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a2+ b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b2
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
(a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4
a4– b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a 2 + b2)
(am)(an) = am + n
(ab)m = ambm
(am)n = amn
Geometry
Geometry is a part of mathematics that is concerned with the study of shapes,
sizes, parameters, measurement, properties, and dimensions. There are
generally three types of geometry. They are Euclidean geometry, Spherical
geometry, and Hyperbolic geometry.
Basic geometry formula
Rectangle
1. Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(l + b)
2. The area of Rectangle = l × b
Where ‘l’ is Length and ‘b’ is Breadth
Square
1. The area of Square = a2
2. The perimeter of Square = 4a
Where ‘a’ is the length of the sides of a Square
Triangle
Area of Triangle= 1/2 × b × h
Where ‘b’ is the base of the triangle and ‘h’ is the height of the triangle
Trapezoid
Area of Trapezoid = 1/2 × (b1 + b2) × h
Where b1 and b2 are the bases of the Trapezoid
And, h = height of the Trapezoid
Circle
1. Area of Circle = π × r2
2. Circumference of Circle = 2πr
Where ‘r’ is the radius of a Circle
Cube
Surface Area of Cube = 6a2
Where ‘a’ is the length of the sides of the Cube
Cylinder
1. The curved surface area of Cylinder = 2πrh
2. The total surface area of Cylinder = 2πr(r + h)
3. The volume of Cylinder = V = πr2h
Where ‘r’ is the radius of the base of the Cylinder
And, ‘h’ is the height of Cylinder
Cone
1. The curved surface area of a cone = πrl
2. Total surface area of cone = πr(r + l) = πr[r + √(h 2 + r2)]
3. Volume of a Cone = V = 1/3× πr2h
Here, ‘r’ is the radius of the base of Cone and h = Height of the Cone
Sphere
1. Surface Area of a Sphere = S = 4πr 2
2. Volume of a Sphere = V = 4/3 × πr 3
Where, r = Radius of the Sphere
Probability
Probability is the mathematical term used to determine the chance of occurring
a particular event. Probability can simply be defined as the possibility of the
occurrence of an event. It is expressed on a linear scale from 0 to 1. There are
three types of theoretical probability, experimental probability, and subjective
probability.
Basic probability formula
P(A) = n(A)/n(S)
Where,
P(A) is the probability of an event.
n(A) is the number of favorable outcomes
n(S) is the total number of events
Fraction
A fraction is a number expressed with integers in which a numerator is divided
by the denominator. A fraction is basically the quotient of a division.
Basic fractions formula
(a + b/c) = (a × c) + b/c
(a/b + d/b) = (a + d)/b
(a/b + c/d) = (a × d + b × c/b × d)
a/b × c/d = ac/bd
(a/b)/(c/d) = a/b × d/c
Percentage
A percentage is a numerical value or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is
generally symbolized by the sign %.
Basic percentage formula
Percentage = (Amount in the category/Total value) × 100
Sample problems
Question 1: Determine the probability to get an ace from a card taken from
a deck.
Solution:
Given:
Total number of favorable outcomes n(S) = 52
Number of face cards in the deck = 12
Number of favorable outcomes n(A) = 12
Now,
P(A) = n(A)/n(S)
=> 12/52
=> 3/13
Hence, the probability to get a face card from a card deck is 3/13.
Question 2: Simplify 3/(x – 1) + 1/(x(x – 1) = 2/x
Solution:
=> 3x + 1/x(x – 1) = 2(x – 1)/x(x – 1)
=> 3x + 1 = 2(x – 1)
=> x = -3
Question 3: If x + 1/x = 3. Find the value of x 2 + 1/x2.
Solution:
=> (x + 1/x)2 = (3)2
=> x2 + 2 × x × 1/x + (1/x)2 = 9
=> x2 + 1/x2 + 2 = 9
=> x2 + 1/x2 = 7
Question 4: If the radius of a circle is 21cm. Find the area of the given
circle.
Solution:
Given:
The radius of the circle is 21cm.
We have,
Area of the circle (A) = πr 2
=> 22/7 × 21 × 21
=> 1386cm2
Hence, the area of the given circle is 1386cm 2
Question 5: Find the area of a triangle having a base of 100cm and a
height of 20cm.
Solution:
Given:
The base of the triangle is 100cm.
The height of the triangle is 20cm.
We have,
Area(A) = 1/2 × b × h
=> 1/2 × 10 × 20
=> 1000cm2
Question 6: Punam has 4/5 parts of the field among which she uses 2/5
parts for farming. How much part of the farm is left for other purposes?
Solution:
Given:
The total fraction of land 4/5.
The total fraction used for farming 2/5.
Now,
=> 4/5 – 2/5
=> 4 – 2/5
=> 2/5
Hence, 2/5 part of the field left.
Question 7: What will be the 20% of 240kg?
Solution:
=> 20/100 × 240
=> 48kg
Hence, the 20% of 240kg will be 48kg.
