MEE407 Internal combustion engine – Midterm
Name and ID: Solution Instructor: Dr. N. Zakhia
Date: Friday, November 04, 2022. Fall 2022 Duration: 90 minutes
Instructions:
1. Lecture slides can be used via laptop or printed. However, no solutions, of any kind, are permitted.
2. Show details in your calculation.
Problem 1. (30 points)
Fuel oil, C12H26 , is burned with air at atmospheric pressure. The measured dry exhaust gas volumetric
composition was found as: CO2: 13.1%, O2: 2.0%, CO: 0.2%, N2: 84.53%. Write the combustion equation
then determine:
���� ) then deduce the mass air-to-fuel ratio (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
a) The molar air-to-fuel ratio (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
b) The percentage of theoretical air. What do you deduce? Justify your answer
Solution
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎12 𝐻𝐻26 + 𝑏𝑏(𝑂𝑂2 + 3.773𝑁𝑁2 ) → 13.1𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑐𝑐𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 0.2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 2𝑂𝑂2 + 84.7𝑁𝑁2
𝐶𝐶: 12𝑎𝑎 = 13.1 + 0.2 → 𝑎𝑎 = 1.1083
𝐻𝐻: 26𝑎𝑎 = 2𝑐𝑐 → 𝑐𝑐 = 14.4083
𝑂𝑂: 2𝑏𝑏 = 2 × 13.1 + 2 × 2 + 0.2 + 𝑐𝑐 → 𝑏𝑏 = 22.4042
The actual combustion reaction becomes:
1.1083𝐶𝐶12 𝐻𝐻26 + 22.4042(𝑂𝑂2 + 3.773𝑁𝑁2 ) → 13.1𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 14.4083𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 0.2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 2𝑂𝑂2 + 84.53𝑁𝑁2 (8 pts)
22.4042×4.773
a) ����
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 1.108
= 96.511 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (4 pts)
𝑀𝑀 28.97
���� � 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � = 96.511 �
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 � = 16.415 ( pts)
𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 12×12.011+26×1.008
b) The percentage of theoretical air:
����
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
% the air = ����
. Thus we need theoretical reaction:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝐶𝐶12 𝐻𝐻26 + 18.5(𝑂𝑂2 + 3.773𝑁𝑁2 ) → 12𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 13𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 69.8𝑁𝑁2 (7 pts)
18.5×4.773
����
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡ℎ = = 88.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
1
����
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 96.511
% the air = ����
= = 1.093 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 109.3% (7 pts)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡ℎ 88.3
1
Problem 2 (35 points)
In a SI fuel-air cycle, 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 9, 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 = 0.15, 𝑝𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, for isentropic compression
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
process, assume 𝜑𝜑 = 1.1 where the compression work is 𝑤𝑤1→2 = 365 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
. The fuel is
liquid octane. At the end of the isentropic compression, 𝑢𝑢2 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and
𝑣𝑣2 = 0.0687 𝑚𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. For burned gases, assume 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2. Find the 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 .
Solution:
Given: liquid octane, 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 9, 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 = 0.15, 𝑝𝑝1 = 2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝜑𝜑 = 1.1, 𝑤𝑤1→2 = 365 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚3
𝑢𝑢2 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑣𝑣2 = 0.0687 , for burned gases (𝜑𝜑 = 1.2)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1. Isentropic compression stroke (1 → 2): unburned gases (10 pts)
𝑣𝑣
𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = 𝑣𝑣1 = 9 → 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣2 = 9 × 0.0687 = 0.6183 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
𝑇𝑇1 =? From ideal gas equation 𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇1 where from table 4.6 → 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� = 292. Thus,
𝑝𝑝1 𝑣𝑣1 �2×1.013×103 �×0.6183
𝑇𝑇1 = = = 426 𝐾𝐾
𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� 292
𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠1 =? From figure 4.3 → 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠1 = 115 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑇𝑇2 =? From figure 4.4 → 𝜓𝜓1 = 325 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1
𝜓𝜓2 = 𝜓𝜓1 − 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �𝑟𝑟 � = 325 − 292 9
= 966.5 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 → 𝑇𝑇2 ≈ 820 𝐾𝐾
𝑐𝑐
Or: 𝑇𝑇2 can also be found from 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 as 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 = 𝑢𝑢2 − Δ𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓0 where
0
At 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2 → 𝛥𝛥𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓,𝑢𝑢 = −141.9 − 2769𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 = −141.9 − 2769 × 0.15 = −557.25 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 →
𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠2 = −52.7 − (−557.25) = 505 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. From figure 4.3 → 𝑇𝑇2 ≈ 825 𝐾𝐾
𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣 825
𝑝𝑝2 =? 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝1 �𝑇𝑇2� �𝑣𝑣1� = 2 �426� (9) = 34.86 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 3.486 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
1 2
2. Constant volume combustion (burned gases): (10 pts)
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = 𝑇𝑇2 = 825 𝐾𝐾, 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠,𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠,2 = 505 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝4 = 3.486 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 = 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑣3 = 0.0687 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0
also 𝛥𝛥𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓,𝑢𝑢 = −141.9 − 2769𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 = −557.25 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏3 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Thus, using figure 4.9, for burned gases with 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2: @ 𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏3 = −52.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑣𝑣3 = 0.0687 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘,
read 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 = 𝑇𝑇3 = 2850 𝐾𝐾, 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 = 𝑝𝑝3 = 13000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 13.0 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, and 𝑠𝑠3 = 9.45 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝐾𝐾
3. Expansion or power stroke: 𝑣𝑣4 =?
𝑠𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑠3 & 𝑣𝑣4 = 𝑣𝑣1 → from figure 4.9: 𝑝𝑝4 = 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑇𝑇4 = 1750 𝐾𝐾, and 𝑢𝑢4 = −1500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 = 𝑊𝑊3→4 = −(𝑢𝑢4 − 𝑢𝑢3 ) = −�−1500 − (−52.7)� = 1552.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (5 pts)
𝑊𝑊 +𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐
a) The fuel efficiency is: 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝑄𝑄 where 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 = 0.0661 × (1 − 0.15) = 0.056185
𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
1552.7+365
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.056185×44.4×103 = 0.77 (5 pts)
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸 +𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 1552.7+365
b) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = = = 3489.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (5 pts)
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 0.5496
2
Problem 3. (35 points)
A single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine develops 26 kW at 300 rpm. Fuel composition is by mass as 85% C
and 15% C. The heating value of this fuel is 42 MJ/kg. The brake fuel conversion efficiency is 28%. The inlet
air condition is 18°C, 100 kPa. The engine uses 75% excess air with volumetric efficiency of 80%. Determine
𝑏𝑏
the bore, the stroke and the 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 of this engine. Assume 𝑠𝑠
= 0.5.
Solution:
Given: Diesel engine, 𝑊𝑊̇ = 26 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑁𝑁 = 300 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟, 𝐶𝐶: 85%, 𝐻𝐻: 15%, 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 = 28%, 𝜂𝜂𝑣𝑣 = 80%
Inlet air: 𝑇𝑇1 = 18℃, 𝑝𝑝 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, excess = 75%, 𝐵𝐵⁄𝐿𝐿 = 0.5, 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 42 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
a) Bore: (30 pts)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3 2𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = �4 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑠𝑠� 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 where 𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑏𝑏 → 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = �2 𝑏𝑏 3 � (1) → 𝑏𝑏 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 =?
𝜋𝜋
2 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 2 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚̇
𝜂𝜂𝑣𝑣 = 𝜌𝜌 → 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = 𝜂𝜂 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 =? 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 → 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎,𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁 𝑣𝑣 𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎,𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑊𝑊̇ 26
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇ → 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 = 𝜂𝜂 = 0.28×42×103 = 0.00221 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
(𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑠𝑠 (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑠𝑠 34.56(4+𝑦𝑦) 𝑏𝑏
𝜑𝜑 = (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹) → (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜑𝜑
where (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑠𝑠 = 12.011+1.008𝑦𝑦 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
The fuel is 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏 . So for one mole:
12.011𝑎𝑎 1.008𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
0.85 = 12.011𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏×1.008 and 0.15 = 12.011𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏×1.008 solve → 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 = 2.10276
1
So, (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑠𝑠 = 14.93 and 𝜑𝜑
= 1.75 → (𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 14.93 × 1.75 = 26.0575
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 = 0.00221 × 26.0575 = 0.057587 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎,𝑖𝑖 = = = 1.1974 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.287 × 291
2 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 2 × 0.057587
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = = = 0.02405 𝑚𝑚3
𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎,𝑖𝑖 𝜂𝜂𝑣𝑣 𝑁𝑁 1.1974 × 0.80 × 300
3 2𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑
Therefore, the bore is 𝑏𝑏 = � = 0.2483 𝑚𝑚 = 24.83 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑏𝑏 = 49.66 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜋𝜋
𝑊𝑊̇×𝑛𝑛𝑅𝑅 ×103 26×2×103 ×60
b) 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = = = 432.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. (5 pts)
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 ×𝑁𝑁 0.02405×300
