THE WORKS

OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME IV.

THE NATIVE RACES.

VOL. IV. ANTIQUITIES.

SAN FRANCISCO :

A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.

1883.
 I according to Ac-t of Congress In the Year 1882, by

HUBERT H. BANCROFT.
of Congress, at Washington
Iii the Office of the Librarian

All Rights Reserved.

 CONTESTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
PAGE.
Monumental Archaeology Scope of tlie Volume Treatment of tlie Sub
ject Sources of Information Tangibility of Material Relics
Vagueness of Traditional and Written Arclueology Value of Mon
umental Relics, as conveying Positive Information respecting their
Builders, as Corroborative or Corrective Witnesses, as Incentives
to Research Counterfeit Antiquities Egyptian, Assyrian and
Persian monuments Relics proving the Antiquity of Man Ex
ploration of American Ruins Key to Central American Hiero
glyphics No more Unwritten History 1

CHAPTER II.

ANTIQUITIES OF THE ISTHMUS, COSTA RICA, MOSQUITO COAST, AND

NICARAGUA.
The Isthmus -Roman Coin and Galley Huacas of Chiriqui Incised
Stone-carvings Sculptured Columns Human Remains Golden
Ornaments Weapons Implements Pottery Musical Instru
ments Costa Rica StoneHammers Ancient Plantations Im
ages of Gold Terra- CottasAxe of Quartz Wonderful Hill
Paved Road Stone Frog Mosquito Coast Granite Vases Re
markable Reports Animal Group Rock-Paintings Golden Fig
ure Home of the Sukia Nicaragua Authorities Mounds Sep
ulchres Excavations Weapons Implements Ornaments Stat
ues Idols Pottery Metals 15

CHAPTER III.

ANTIQUITIES OF SALVADOR AND HONDURAS, RUINS OF COPAN.

Salvador Opico Remains Mounds of Jiboa Relics of Lake Guijar
Honduras Guanaja Wall Stone Chairs Roatan Pottery
Olancho Relics Mounds of Agalta and Abajo Hacienda of La-
branza Coinayagna Stone Dog-idol Terraced Mounds of Cahi-
ruulla Tumuli on Rio Chiquinquare Earthen Vases of Varu-
mcla Fortified Plateau of Tenampua Pyramids, Enclosures, and
Excavations Stone Walls Parallel Mounds Cliff- Carvings at
v
CONTENTS,
PAGE.

,,:,- History and Hihliography-Palacio, Fucntes,

.
Daly, Ellery,Hardcastle, Brasseur do Bour-
Outside Mon-
Ian uf Ruins Restored Quarry and Cave
Enclosing Walls-The Temple-Courts-Vaults-Pyra-
Lttars Mis.-ellaneous Relics Human Remains
68
Li
.
Remarkable Altare-General Remarks...

CHAPTEK IV.

ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA AND BELIZE.

Cuatrniala A Land of Mystery Wonderful Reports
;

umparatively Unimportant
Ruins of Quirigua
HM..I-Y and Uilili.^raphy- Pyramid, Altars, and Statues Com-
i-amiil of Chapuleo Relics at Chinamita
Cinaca-Mecallo -Cave of
Pefiol Cyclopean

De"brisa1 Carri/al Guatemala Esquimatha

<

..pper Medals at

.ii-ation Mixro
>f
ancacoya (\iluiuns Cave of Santa Maria
I

:mnntli Uoncsat Tctapa Kosario A<[ueduct Ruins of Patina-

mit, or TiM-jian Quezaltenango, or Xelaliuh Utatlan,
Guatemala
to -/akuleu, near Hiiehuetciiango Cak-
Crux dfl <

>uirhe
t

rlii.lin-1
Uiiins in the Ke- ioii of Ralniial Ca \vinal Marvelous
of Peten
?

Iluin- Ilci i.rtcd Stc[.licns Inliabite*! City Antiquities

!asas (irandes Tower of Yaxhaa Tikal Pal-
:

i olores Antiquities of Belize 106

CHAPTER Y.
ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN.

Mtiitry and the People- -Abundance of Panned Cities

iiiarian Exploration of the State Central Ghroup Uxinal
iry
and Ilililio^raphy AValdeek, Stephens, Catherwood, Nor
man, Friederichsthal, and Charnay Casa del Clohernador, Las
Monjas, l"A
Adivino, Pyramid, and (lymnasinm Kahah, Xohpat,
.i,and nineteen other llnined Eastern Gronp; Chieheii ( it ies
.tad vicinity Nortliern (!roii[), Mayapan, Merida, and Izamal
Sniithern Croup; Labpliak, Iturbidc, and ^Fat-oba Eastern
and Co/nniel Western Coast; Maxcanii, Jai na,
!>"iM

aniperhe ( li-iu-ral Features of the Yucatan Relics Pyra-

Buildings Limestone, Mortar, Stucco, and AVood
-toiu>

Triangular Ar.-h Seiilpture, Painting, and Hieroglyphics-

ami Wells Monuments
Comparison Antiquity of the
14Q

CHAPTER VI.
AND CHIAPAS, RUINS OF PALEXQUE.
imita Physical Geography No Tk-lics in Tahasco
JIni!
Exploration and Bibliography Name; Nadian,
 CONTEXTS. v
PAGE.
Cullmacan, Otolum, Xibalba Extent, Location, and Plan Tlic
Palace The Pyramidal Structure Walls, Corridors, and Courts
Stucco Bas-Reliefs Tower Interior Buildings Sculptured Tab
letSubterranean Galleries Temple of the Three Tablets Tem
ple of the Beau Relief Temple of the Cross Statue Temple of
the Sun Miscellaneous Ruins and Relics Ruins of Ococingo
Winged Globe -Wooden Lintel -Terraced Pyramid Miscella
neous Ruins of Chiapas-- Custepeques, Xiqitipilas, Laguna Mora,
Copanabastla, and Zitala Huehuetaii San Cristoval Remains
on the Usumacinta Comparison between Palenqne and the Cities
of Yucatan Antiquity of Palenque Conclusion 286

CHAPTER VII.
ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA AND GUERRERO.
Nalma Antiquities Home of the Zapotecs and Miztecs Remains in
Tehuantepec Fortified Hill of Guiengola Petapa, Magdalena,
and Laollaga Bridge at Chilmitlan Cross of Guatulco Tutepec
City of Oajaca and Vicinity Tlacolula Etla Penoles Quilapan
Ruins of Monte Alban Relics at Zachila Cuilapa Palaces of
Mitla Mosaic Work Stone Columns Subterranean Galleries-
Pyramids Fortifications Comparison with Central American
Ruins Northern Monuments Quiotepec Cerro de las Juntas
Tuxtepec Huahuapan Yanguitlan Antiquities of Guerrero .... 3GG

CHAPTER VIII.
ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CRUZ.

Physical Features of the State Exploration and Reports Caxapa

and Tuxtla Negro Head Relics from Island of Sacrificios East
ern Slope Remains Medelin Xicalanco Rio Blanco Amatlan
Orizava Cempoala Puentc Nacional Paso de Ovejas Huatusco
Fortifications and Pyramids of Centla El Castillo Fortress of

Tlacotepec Palmillas Zacuapan Inscription at Atliaca Conso-

qnitla Fort and Tomb Calcahualco Ruins of Misantla or Monte
Real District of Jalancingo Pyramid of Papantla Mapilca
Pyramid and Fountain at Tusapan Ruins of Metlaltoyuca Rel
ics near Panuco Calondras, San Nicolas, and Trinidad 425

CHAPTER IX.
ANTIQUITIES OF THE CENTRAL PLATEAUX.
Anahuac Monuments of Puebla Chila, Teopantepec, Tepexe, Te-
peaca, San Antonio, Quauhquelchula, and Santa Catalina Pyra
mid of Cholula Sierra de Malinche San Pablo Natividad Mon
uments of Tlascala Los Reyes Monuments of Mexico Cuerna-
vaca, X jchicalco, Casasano, Ozumba, Tlachialco, Ahuehuepa, and
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Tlalmanaleo,
. Tlulmac, Xico, Misqmque,
:

^andMamalco-
-Teotilmacan-Obsidian
and

x ;iluuv Monuments
Queretaro-Pueblito, Canoas,
^
CHAPTER X.

CITIES OF THE NORTHERN

MEXICAN STATES.

rhi^inu c-s-Mic-hoaoan-Tzintzuntzan, Lake

Patz-

and and
ado, Anii-lie, Jiquilpan-Colima-Armeria
i onala ,
<

Juadalajara, Chacala, Sayula, Tcpatit-

fepic,
Santia-o Ixcuintla, and Bolaiios Guanajuato
Catarina -Zacatecas La Qncniada and
Gregorio and Santa
To-
Kncarnacion, Santa Barbara, Carmclote,
Tampico, and Burrita Nncvo
Leon and Texas Coahuila
pila.
San Agustin, and
Mapimi, San Martero, Duran.u o, Zape,
!

Sinaloa ami Lower California Cerro de las Trincheras

.,-ainU s in Chihuahua 568
in

CHAPTER XI.

ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.

!

>y
t!ic Cila, Tvio Crande del Norte, and Colorado A
Land of
My>tcry
-Wonderful Reports and Adventures of Mission-
Sol.licrs. Hiintrrs, Miners, and Pioneers
.
Exploration Rail
road Sunrv- Classification Remains Monuments of the Gila <>f

Valli-y Uoulilcr-Inscriptions The Casa Grande of Arizona Early

ants and Modern Exploration Adobe Buildings View and
and Plans Micellaneons remains, Acc<[iiias, and Pottery Other
Ituiiis on the (lila --Valley of the Ptio Salado Ilio Verde Pueblo
j pi-r (iila Tributaries of the Colorado Rock-Inscrip
tions. Hill Williams Fork
Ruined Citiesof the Colorado Chiquito
l.itliodendron Creek Navarro Spring Zuni Val-
Arch Spring - Xnfii )jo del Pescado Inscription Rock Rio
(

liian Knins of the Chelly and Chaco Canons Valley of the

,iel)lo Towns, Inhabited and in Ruins
:
The Moqui
ven Cities of Cibola Resume, Comparisons, and
isiona 615

CHAPTER XII.
ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTHWEST.
enl Character of North-western Remains No Traces of Extinct
Ci\ili/.ed liaces Ant i([iiit ies of California Stone
Implements
M per Reports Taylor s Work Colorado Desert Trail and
iUtrial Relics of Southern California Bones of
 CONTENTS. vii

PAGE.
Giants Mounds New Almaden Mine Pre-
in the Saticoy Valley
Historic Relics in the Mining Shafts Stone Implements, Human
Bones, and Remains of Extinct Animal Species Voy s Work-
San Joacjuiu Relics Merced Mounds Martinez Shell-Mounds
round San Francisco Bay, and their Contents Relics from a San
Francisco Mound Nevada Utah Mounds of Salt
Antiquities of
Lake Valley Colorado Remains at Golden City Extensive
Ruins in Southern Colorado and Utah Jackson s Expedition
Mancos and McElmo Canons Idaho and Montana Oregon
Washington Mounds on Bute Prairie, and Yakiina Earth-work
British Columbia Deans Explorations Mounds and Earth- works
of Vancouver Island Alaska CS7

CHAPTER XIII.
WORKS OP THE MOUND-BUILDERS.
American Monuments beyond the Limits of the Pacific States East
ern Atlantic States Remains in the Mississippi Valley Three
Geographical Divisions Classification of Monuments Embank
ments and Ditches Fortifications Mounds
Sacred Enclosures
Temple-Mounds, Animal-Mounds, and Conical Mounds Altar-
Mounds, Burial Mounds, and Anomalous Mounds Contents of
the Mounds Human Remains Remains of Aboriginal Art Im
plements and Ornaments of Metal, Stone, Bone, and Shell An
cient Copper Mines Rock-Inscriptions Antiquity of the Missis

sippi Remains Comparisons Conclusions 744

CHAPTER XIV.
PERUVIAN ANTIQUITIES.
Two Epochs of Peruvian Civilization Aboriginal Government, Religion,
and Arts Contrasts The Huacas Human Remains Articles of
Metal Copper Implements Gold and Silver Vases and Orna
mentsUse of Iron unknown Aboriginal Engineering Paved
Roads Peruvian Pottery Ruins of Pachacamac Mausoleum of
Cuelap Gran-Chimii Huaca of Misa Temple of the Sun Re
mains on the Island of Titicaca Chaviii do Huanta Huanuco el
Viejo Cuzco Monuments of Tiahuanaco Island of Coati 791