CHAPTER EIGHT
INDEX NUMBERS
By Gedisha.k(Ms.c)
2021, AMU
contents
Concept of index number
Characteristics of index Number
Use of index number
Problem related to index number
Classification of index number
Methods of constructing index numbers
INTRODUCTION
An index number measures the relative change in price,
quantity, value, or some other item of interest from one
time period to another.
A simple index number measures the relative change in
one or more than one variable.
Index number in statistics is the measurement of change
in a variable or variables across a determined period.
It will show general relative change and not a directly
measurable figure.
An index number is expressed in percentage form.
WHAT IS AN INDEX NUMBER
• An index number measures
how much a variable changes
. over time.
• We calculate the index number
by finding the ratio of the
current value to a base value.
DEFINITION
“Index numbers are quantitative measures of
growth of prices, production, inventory and other
quantities of economic interest.”
-Ronold
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEX NUMBERS
Index numbers are specialised averages.
Index
numbers measure the change in the level of a
phenomenon.
Index numbers measure the effect of changes over a
period of time.
Index number only shows the tentative changes in factors
that may not be directly measured
The method of index number measure alters from one
variable to another related variable
USES OF INDEX NUMBERS
o To framing suitable policies.
o It helps in measuring changes in the standard of living as
well as the price level.
o They reveal trends and tendencies.
o It gives a pointer for international comparison concerning
different economic variables—for instance, living
standards between two countries.
o Index numbers are very useful in deflating.
PROBLEMS RELATED TO INDEX NUMBERS
Choice of the base period.
Choice of an average.
Choice of index.
Selection of commodities.
Data collection.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDEX NUMBERS
Price Index
Quantity Index
Value Index
Composite Index
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING INDEX
NUMBERS
Simple
Aggregative
Unweighted
Simple Average of
Price Relative
Index
Numbers
Weighted
Aggregated
Weighted
Weighted
Average of Price
Relatives
SIMPLE AGGREGATIVE METHOD
It consists in expressing the aggregate price of all
commodities in the current year as a percentage of the
aggregate price in the base year.
P01
p
1
100
p0
P01= Index number of the current year.
p1 = Total of the current year’s price of all commodities.
p0 = Total of the base year’s price of all commodities.
EXAMPLE:-
From the data given below construct the index
number for the year 2007 on the base year 2008
in SNNPR state.
PRICE (birr) PRICE (birr)
COMMODITIES UNITS 2007 2008
Sugar Quintal 2200 3200
Milk Quintal 18 20
Oil Litre 68 71
Wheat Quintal 900 1000
Clothing Meter 50 60
Solution:-
PRICE (birr) PRICE (birr)
COMMODITIES UNITS 2007 2008
Sugar Quintal 2200 3200
Milk Quintal 18 20
Oil Litre 68 71
Wheat Quintal 900 1000
Clothing Meter 50 60
p 0 3236 p 1 4351
Index Number for 2008-
P01
p1
100
4351
100 134.45
p 0 3236
It means the prize in 2008 were 34.45% higher than the previous year.
SIMPLE AVERAGE OF RELATIVES
METHOD.
The current year price is expressed as a price relative
of the base year price. These price relatives are then
averaged to get the index number. The average used
could be arithmetic mean, geometric mean or even
median.
p1
p 100
P01 0
N
Where N is Numbers Of items.
When geometric mean is used-
p1
log p 100
log P01 0
N
Example-
From the data given below construct the index
number for the year 2008 taking 2007 as by using
arithmetic mean.
Commodities Price (2007) Price (2008)
P 6 10
Q 2 2
R 4 6
S 10 12
T 8 12
Solution-
Index number using arithmetic mean-
Commodities Price (2007) Price (2008) Price Relative
p0 p1 p1
p0
100
P 6 10 166.7
Q 12 2 16.67
R 4 6 150.0
S 10 12 120.0
T 8 12 150.0
p1
p
100 =603.37
0
p1
p 100 603.37
P01 0 120.63
N 5
Weighted index numbers
These are those index numbers in which rational weights
are assigned to various chains in an explicit fashion.
(A) Weighted aggregative index numbers-
These index numbers are the simple aggregative type
with the fundamental difference that weights are
assigned to the various items included in the index.
Dorbish and bowley’s method.
Fisher’s ideal method.
Marshall-Edgeworth method.
Laspeyres method.
Paasche method.
Kelly’s method.
Laspeyres Method-
This method was devised by Laspeyres in 1871. In this
method the weights are determined by quantities in the
base.
p01
pq1 0
100
p q0 0
Paasche’s Method.
This method was devised by a German statistician Paasche
in 1874. The weights of current year are used as base year
in constructing the Paasche’s Index number.
p01
pq 1 1
100
p q 0 1
Dorbish & Bowleys Method.
This method is a combination of Laspeyre’s and
Paasche’s methods. If we find out the arithmetic
average of Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s index we get the
index suggested by Dorbish & Bowley.
pq pq
1 0 1 1
p01
p q p q
0 0 0 1
100
2
Fisher’s Ideal Index.
Fisher’s deal index number is the geometric mean of the
Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s index numbers.
P01
p q p q 100
1 0 1 1
pq pq
0 0 0 1
Marshall-Edgeworth Method.
In this index the numerator consists of an aggregate of the
current years price multiplied by the weights of both the
base year as well as the current year.
p01
p q p q
1 0 1 1
100
p q p q
0 0 0 1
Kelly’s Method.
Kelly thinks that a ratio of aggregates with selected
weights (not necessarily of base year or current year)
100
p1q
gives the base index number.
p01
p q 0
q refers to the quantities of the year which is selected as the base.
It may be any year, either base year or current year.
Example-
Given below are the price quantity data,with price
quoted in Rs. per kg and production in qtls.
Find- (1) Laspeyers Index (2) Paasche’s Index
(3)Fisher Ideal Index.
2002 2007
ITEMS PRICE PRODUCTION PRICE PRODUCTION
BEEF 15 500 20 600
MUTTON 18 590 23 640
CHICKEN 22 450 24 500
Solution-
PRODUC
p1q0 p0q0 p q p0 q1
ITEMS PRICE PRICE PRODU
TION CTION
p0 q0 p1 q1
1 1
BEEF 15 500 20 600 10000 7500 12000 9000
MUTTON 18 590 23 640 13570 10620 14720 11520
CHICKEN
22 450 24 500 10800 9900 12000 11000
TOTAL 34370 28020 38720 31520
Solution-
1.Laspeyres index:
p01
p1q0
100
34370
100 122.66
p0 q 0 28020
2. Paasche’s Index :
p01
pq 1 1
100
38720
100 122.84
p q 0 1 31520
3. Fisher Ideal Index
P01
p q p q 100
1 0 1 1 34370 38720
100 122.69
pq pq
0 0 0 1 28020 31520
Weighted average of price relative
In weighted Average of relative, the price relatives for
the current year are calculated on the basis of the
base year price. These price relatives are multiplied by
the respective weight of items. These products are
added up and divided by the sum of weights.
Weighted arithmetic mean of price relative-
P01
PV
V
Where- P1
P 100
P0
P=Price relative
V=Value weights= p0 q0
Value index numbers
Value is the product of price and quantity. A simple
ratio is equal to the value of the current year
divided by the value of base year. If the ratio is
multiplied by 100 we get the value index number.
V
pq 1 1
100
pq 0 0
Chain index numbers
When this method is used the comparisons are not
made with a fixed base, rather the base changes from
year to year. For example, for 2007,2006 will be the
base; for 2006, 2005 will be the same and so on.
Chain index for current year-
Average link relative of current year Chain index of previous year
100
Example-
From the data given below construct an index
number by chain base method.
Price of a commodity from 2006 to 2008.
YEAR PRICE
2006 50
2007 60
2008 65
solution-
YEAR PRICE LINK CHAIN INDEX
RELATIVE (BASE 2006)
2006 50 100 100
2007 60
60 120 100
100 120 120
50 100
2008 65
65 108 120
100 108 129.60
60 100
