Distance Protection Relay for

all Voltage Levels

Multifunction Protection Relay

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Numerical Distance protection relay is a
universal device for :

Protection, Control and Automation on

the basis of the Numeric system.

Its high level of flexibility makes it

suitable to be implemented at all voltage
levels. SIEMENS GE ABB

Protection Functionality

• Non-switched distance protection with 6

measuring systems (21/21N)
• High resistance earth-fault protection for single
and three-phase tripping (50N, 51N, 67N)
• Earth-fault detection in isolated and resonant-
Advance Features
earthed networks
• Tele (pilot) protection (85) • High-speed tripping time
• Fault locator (FL) • Low-impedance set-points to protect also very
• Power-swing detection/tripping (68/68T) short lines
• Phase overcurrent protection (50/51/67) • Self-setting power swing detection for frequencies
• Switch-onto-fault protection (50HS) up to 7 Hz
• STUB bus overcurrent protection (50STUB) • Current transformer saturation detector ensures fast
• Overvoltage / undervoltage protection (59/27) tripping and highest distance measurement accuracy
• Over/under frequency protection (81O/U) • Phase-segregated tele-protection for improved
• Auto-reclosure (79) selectivity and availability
• Synchro-check (25) • Digital relay-to-relay communication by means of
• Breaker failure protection (50BF) an integrated serial protection data interface
•Adaptive auto-reclosure (ADT) RAY AVIN FAN
• Thermal overload protection (49) MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Monitoring functions

• Trip circuit supervision (74TC)

• Self-supervision of the relay
• Measured-value supervision
• Event logging/fault logging
• Oscillographic fault recording Communication Interfaces
• Switching statistic
• Commands f. ctrl. of CBs and isolators • Front interface for connecting a PC
• System interface for connecting to a control
system via various protocols
– IEC 61850 Ethernet
– ModBus RTU
– ModBus TCP/IP
Front Design – SPA BUS
– LON BUS
• Easy operation w. numeric keys – IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
• Function keys – PROFIBUS-FMS/-DP
• LEDs for local alarm – DNP 3.0
• PC front port for convenient relay setting • Serial protection data interface for teleprotection
• Rear-side service/modem interface
• Time synchronization via
– IRIG-B or DCF 77 or
– system interface

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 RAY AVIN FAN
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RAY AVIN FAN
AHWAZ, 17 – 18 JAN

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Full-scheme distance protection.

Fast and Selective fault clearance on transmission and

sub_transmission cables and Overhead lines.
(with or without series capacitor compensation)

Single and three-pole tripping applications with and without

Tele-protection (pilot) schemes.

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 The Principle of Distance Protection

ZK=Uk/ Ik

Uk Uk=0
Zk Metallic Fault

A B

Z< Ik
The impedance is proportional to the distance!

RAY AVIN FAN

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 The Principle of Distance Protection

t3
t2
t1

A B C

Z< Z<

Distance protection has different functional zones with different

impedance reaches
With a combination of distance reach setting and functional delay
for each zone selectivity is relatively easy to achieve.

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 The Principle of Distance Protection

t3
t2
t1

A B C

Z< Z< Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1

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 Application of Distance Protection

t3
t2
t1

A B C

f1 f2

Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1

RAY AVIN FAN

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 Application of Distance Protection

t3
t2
t1

A B C

f3

Z< Z< Z< Z<

t3
t2
t1

RAY AVIN FAN

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 Distance Protection in Numeric Terminals

ZM4
z Reach Setting of Zones
ZM3
z R/ X Relation
ZL ZM2

ZM1

ZM5

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Distance Protection in Numeric Terminals

• During normal system operation the

measured impedance corresponds to the
load impedance. Its magnitude is inversely
proportional to the amount of transferred
load (ZLoad = U2line/PLoad).

• After fault inception the measured impedance

jumps to the short-circuit impedance, which
is usually smaller than the load inipedance.

• Its value corresponds to the line impedance

between the relay location and the fault
location (close-in fault ZLFI or remote fault
ZLF2 ).

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 Distance Protection in Numeric Terminals

• Starting zone (ZA)

Only in the case of impedance starting will
this starting zone have a fixed characteristic
in the impedance plane. The under impedance
starting is represented separately in the U/I-
diagram.

• Staggered distance zones (Z1, Z2, Z3)

Including one under-reaching fast tripping
zone (non-delayed) and two over-reaching
zones with time-delays. These zones are all
directional and usually set in the forward
direction.

• A titne-independent over-reaching zone (ZIB)

For a pennissive protection scheme
(teleprotection), or auto-reclose controlled
zone extension .

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• Fault Detection Dependent Control of The Zones and Timers
- The fault detection in this case also controls the timers.
- Once a trip command was issued by a zone, it was maintained as long as the fault detection
took to reset, i.e. until the fault is cleared, even when the impedance had previously left the
relevant zone.
- The basic philosophy of fault detector dependent logic was still employed in the software of
the earlier numerical relays 7SA511 and 7SA513, the difference being, that all zones are
available simultaneously and therefore need not be switched , but rather only need to be
released or blocked.
- The under-reaching fast tripping zone and the over-reaching zone for the permissive tripping
scheme are simultaneously and independently available and controllable.

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• Zone-Dependent Logic
- One multiple-phase measuring system was provided for each zone.
- A fault detection unit did not exist. Each zone controlled its own time delay and the tripping
relays.
- The zones function independent of each other, with their own time delays. They only have in
common a load-blocking zone which excludes impedances in this range for all zones
- This philosophy had the advantage that in the case of the failure of one zone, the other zones
provided independent redundancy.

RAY AVIN FAN

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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

High speed unit protection is an essential requirement for efficient

operation of transmission and sub-transmission lines.

Too FAST numeric distance relays with normal time-stepped zone

grading enable fast fault clearing only on 70 to 80% of the line length

By using communication channels for the end-end exchange of information, a

tele-protection scheme can be formed capable of selectively clearing all faults the
protected feeder without time-delay.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

In such a system the protection must transmit either a release

(permissive) or blocking signal, depending on whether a permissive
or blocking scheme is implemented. In any case only simple
YES/NO signals must be transferred.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

The following communication media apply:

— Pilot wires (special protection signaling cables with screening

and isolation against induced voltages) for distances up to
approximately 25 km

— PLC channels (power line carrier transmission on high voltage

OH lines) for distances up to approximately 400 km

— Directional radio for up to approximately 50 km (line of sight);

longer distances via relay stations.

— Dedicated optical fibers up to approximately 150 km; longer

distances with repeater amplifiers.

— Digital data transmission networks

RAY AVIN FAN

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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

¾Basic scheme communication logic allows for:

¾Intertripping Scheme
¾Permissive
‰ Over-reaching Scheme
‰ Under-reaching Scheme
¾blocking overreaching scheme

Carrier sending and permissive or blocking zones are freely configurable

by the user Introduction of additional conditions is possible, to adjust the
scheme to the requirements of each particular utility.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.
The permission is sent by
an Underreaching zone

permission to trip instantaneously

to an overreaching zone.

Underreach
Underreach
Permissive
Permissive
Overreach
Overreach

The permission is sent by

an Overreaching zone RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.

ZM2, T2

ZM1, T1

A B

ZM2, T2

ZM1, T1
If B has a weak source,
Permission is sent by it could not see the
CS = ZM1 an Underreaching zone (ZM1) fault and fail to send
the carrier to A.
Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 *(T2 + CR) +ZM3 * T3

Permission to trip instantaneously

to an overreaching zone (ZM2).
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.

ZCOM-CACC tCoord
ZCOM-TRIP
ZCOM-CR & t
Visf_067.vsd

ZCOM-CACC: connected to permissive overreaching zone

(any overreaching zone)

ZCOM-CR: connected to the binary input with carrier receive signal

ZCOM-TRIP: functional output signal connected to TRIP logic

The coordination timer can be set to 0

RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive Underreaching Schemes.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Permissive Underreaching Schemes.

Underreaching zone1 sends the carrier

Zone2 is the permissive zone

Trip
SCHEME COMMUNICATION LOGIC - ZCOM

The carrier is
Sending end received Receiving end

tCoord tCoord
ZCOM-CACC ZCOM-CACC
ZCOM-TRIP ZCOM-TRIP
ZCOM-CR & ZCOM-CR &

ZCOM-CSUR ZCOM-CS ZCOM-CSUR ZCOM-CS

Carrier Send RAY AVIN FAN

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Permissive Overreaching Schemes.

ZM3, T3
ZM2, T2

ZM1, T1

A B

ZM3, T3

ZM2, T2 The carrier is sent by

both relays for faults
ZM1, T3
on the whole line.
Permission is sent by
an Overreaching zone (ZM 2)
Good for weak-end infeed.
CS = ZM2
Echo carrier signal is sent back
from B if a carrier has been
Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 *(T2 + CR) +ZM3 * T3
received but no fault detected
in ZM1, ZM2 and ZM3.

Permission to trip instantaneously

to an overreaching zone (ZM2).
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Permissive Overreaching Schemes.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Permissive Overreaching Schemes.

Overreaching zone
2 sends the carrier

Zone2 is the permissive zone

Trip
SCHEME COMMUNICATION LOGIC - ZCOM

The carrier is
Sending end received Receiving end

tCoord tCoord
ZCOM-CACC ZCOM-CACC
ZCOM-TRIP ZCOM-TRIP
ZCOM-CR & ZCOM-CR
&

ZCOM-CSOR ZCOM-CS ZCOM-CSOR ZCOM-CS

Carrier Send
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.

zz Received
Receivedsignal
signalZCOM-CR
ZCOM-CRmust mustbebereceived
receivedwhen
whenthe
the
overreaching
overreachingzone
zoneisisstill
stillactivated
activated

zz In
Insome
somecases
casesthere
thereisisaarisk
riskthat
thatthe
thezone
zoneissuing
issuingthe
thesend
send
signal
signalresets
resetsbefore
beforethe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zoneat
atthe
theremote
remote
end
endhas
hasoperated
operated

zz prolong
prolongthe
theZCOM-CR
ZCOM-CRsignal
signalby
bysetting
settingtSend=100
tSend=100ms
ms

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.

zz Underreaching
Underreachingscheme
scheme
™
™ ZCOM-CS
ZCOM-CSsignal
signalcan
canbe
beprolonged
prolongedduring
duringall
allcircumstances,
circumstances,
without
withoutdrawbacks.
drawbacks.

zz Overreaching
Overreachingscheme
scheme
™
™ZCOM-CS
ZCOM-CSsignal
signalmust
mustnever
neverbe
beprolonged
prolongedinincase
caseof
ofparallel
parallellines,
lines,
to
tosecure
securecorrect
correctoperation
operationof
ofcurrent
currentreversal
reversallogic,
logic,when
whenapplied.
applied.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive schemes.

zz In
Inaapermissive
permissivescheme
schemethere
thereisisno
norace
racebetween
betweenthe
theZCOM-CR
ZCOM-CR
signal
signaland
andoperation
operationof
ofthe
thezone
zone

™
™Set
Setthe
thetCoord
tCoordto
tozero
zero

zz Permissive
Permissivescheme
schemeisisinherently
inherentlyfaster
fasterand
andhas
hasbetter
bettersecuirty
secuirtythan
than
blocking
blockingscheme
scheme

zz On
Onthe
theother
otherhand
handpermissive
permissivescheme
schemehas
haslower
lowerdependability
dependability
than
thanblocking
blockingscheme
scheme

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

PUTT, permissive under reaching zone transfer trip

POTT, permissive overreaching zone transfer trip

UNBLOCKING

BLOCKING

DUTT, direct under reaching zone transfer trip

(together with Direct Transfer Trip function)

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MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)

zz In
Inthis
thiscase
casethe
thecircuit-breaker
circuit-breakerisisdirectly
directlytripped
trippedby
bythe
thereceived
received
signal.
signal.

zz This
Thisdirect
directtripping
trippingwithout
withoutconsideration
considerationof ofany
anyprotection
protection
criteria
criteriaat
atthe
thereceiving
receivingend,
end,isisonly
onlyused
usedin
inexceptional
exceptionalcases,
cases,as
asan
an
erroneously
erroneouslyreceived
receivedsignal
signalwould
wouldcause
causean
animmediate
immediateincorrect
incorrect
trip
tripof
ofthe
thecircuit-breaker.
circuit-breaker.

zz An
Anapplication
applicationofofthis
thissystem
systemisistherefore
thereforeonly
onlyconceivable,
conceivable,when
when
there
thereare
areno
nocurrent
currentand
andvoltage
voltagetransformers
transformersavailable
availableat
atthe
the
remote
remoteend,
end,for
forthe
theconnection
connectionof ofaaprotection
protectionrelay.
relay.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive Under reach Transfer Trip (Zone Acceleration Z1B )

zz In
Inthe
thecase
caseof
ofaafault
faultinside
insidezone
zoneZ1,
Z1,the
thetransfer
transfertrip
tripsignal
signalisissent
sent
to
tothe
theopposite
oppositeline
lineend.
end.

zz The
Thesignal
signalreceived
receivedthere
therecauses
causestripping
trippingififthe
thefault
faultisisdetected
detected
inside
insidethe
thezone
zoneZ1B
Z1Bininthe
theset
setdirection.
direction.

zz The
Thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionisisset
setsuch
suchthat
thatthe
thefirst
firstzone
zonereaches
reachesup
upto
to
approximately
approximately8080%%of
ofthe
theline
linelength.
length.

zz The
Theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zonehowever
howeverisisset
setto
toreach
reachbeyond
beyondthe
theopposite
opposite
substation
substation(approximately
(approximately120
120%
%of ofthe
theline
linelength).
length).

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Operation Scheme of the Permissive Under-reach Transfer Trip

Method Via Z1B

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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)

zz The
Thepermissive
permissiveoverreach
overreachtransfer
transfermode
modeuses
usesaapermissive
permissiverelease
release
principle.
principle.

zz This
Thismode
modecan
canalso
alsobe
beused
usedon
onextremely
extremelyshort lineswhere
shortlines whereaasetting
setting
of
of85
85%
%of
ofline
linelength
lengthfor
forzone
zoneZ1
Z1isisnot
notpossible
possible. .

zz In
Inthis
thiscase
casehowever
howeverzone
zoneZ1
Z1must
mustbe delayedby
bedelayed byT1,
T1,to
toavoid
avoidnon
non
selective
selectivetripping
trippingby
byzone
zoneZ1.
Z1.

zz The
Theselective
selectivenon-delayed
non-delayedtripping
trippingcould
couldnot
notbe
beachieved.
achieved.

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MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)

zz IfIfthe
thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionrecognizes
recognizesaafault
faultinside
insidethe
theoverreaching
overreaching
zone
zoneZ1B,
Z1B,ititinitially
initiallysends
sendsaarelease
releasesignal
signalto
tothe
theopposite
oppositeline
lineend.
end.

zz AAprerequisite
prerequisitefor
forfast trippingisistherefore
fasttripping thereforethat
thatthe
thefault
faultisis
recognized
recognizedinside
insideZ1B
Z1Bin inthe
theforward
forwarddirection
directionatatboth
bothline
lineends.
ends.

zz The
Thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionisisset
setsuch
suchthat
thatthe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zoneZ1B
Z1B
reaches
reachesbeyond
beyondthe
theopposite
oppositestation
station(approximately
(approximately120%
120%ofofline
line
length).
length).

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Operation Scheme of the Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip Method

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MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

zz In
Incases
caseswhere
wherethere
thereisisweak
weakor orno
noinfeed presentat
infeedpresent atone
oneline
lineend,
end,
the
thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionwill
willnot
notpick up. .
pickup

zz Neither tripnor
Neitheraatrip noraasend signalcan
sendsignal cantherefore
thereforebe
begenerated
generatedthere.
there.

zz The
Thepermissive
permissiveoverreach
overreachschemes
schemeswith
withrelease
releasesignals
signalswould
wouldnot
not
even
evenbe
beable
ableto
totrip
tripat
atthe
thestrong
stronginfeed
infeedend
endwithout
withouttime
timedelay,
delay,
unless
unlessspecial
specialmeasures
measuresare employed. .
areemployed

zz IfIfthere
thereisisno
nofault detection, ,the
faultdetection theecho
echofunction
functioncauses
causesthe
thereceived
received
signal
signaltotobebesent backto
sentback tothe
theother
otherline
lineend
endas
asan “echo”,where
an“echo”, whereititisis
used
usedto toinitiate
initiatepermissive
permissivetripping.
tripping.
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

zz To
Toprevent
preventdelayed
delayedtripping
trippingof
ofpermissive
permissiveschemes
schemesduring
duringweak
weakor
or
zero
zeroinfeed
infeedsituations,
situations,an
anecho
echofunction
functionisisprovided.
provided.

zz IfIfno
nofault detectorisispicked
faultdetector pickedup upat
atthe
theweak-infeed
weak-infeedendendofofthe
theline,
line,
the
thesignal
signalreceived
receivedherehereisisreturned
returnedas
asecho
echoto toallow
allowaccelerated
accelerated
tripping
trippingatatthe
thestrong
stronginfeed
infeedendendof
ofthe
theline.
line.
zz AAphase
phaseselective
selective1-pole
1-poleor
or3-pole
3-poletrip
tripisisissued
issuedififaapermissive
permissivetrip
trip
signal
signal(POTT
(POTTor orUnblocking)
Unblocking)isisreceived
receivedand andififthe
thephase
phaseearth
earth
voltage
voltagedrops
dropsalso.
also.

zz ItItisisalso
alsopossible
possibleto
toinitiate
initiatetripping
trippingat
atthe
theweak-infeed
weak-infeedend.
end.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

zz The
Thedetection
detectionof
ofthe
theweak
weakinfeed
infeedand
andaccordingly
accordinglythe
therequirement
requirement
for
foran
anecho
echoare
arecombined
combinedin
inaacentral
centralAND
ANDgate.
gate.

zz The
Thedistance
distanceprotection mustneither
protectionmust neitherbe
beswitched
switchedoff
offnor
norblocked,
blocked,as
as
ititwould
wouldotherwise
otherwisealways
alwaysproduce
produceananecho
echodue
dueto
tothe
themissing
missingfault
fault
detection.
detection.

zz IfIfhowever
howeverthe
thetime
timedelayed
delayedovercurrent protectionisisused
overcurrentprotection usedasasan
an
emergency
emergencyfunction,
function,ananecho
echoisisnevertheless
neverthelesspossible
possibleififthe
thedistance
distance
protection
protectionisisout
outof
ofservice.
service.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

zz The
Theessential
essentialcondition
conditionfor
foran
anecho
echoisisthe
theabsence
absenceof
ofdistance
distance
protection
protectionor
orovercurrent
overcurrentprotection
protectionfault
faultdetection
detectionwith
withthe
the
simultaneous
simultaneousreception
receptionof
ofaasignal
signalfrom
fromthe theteleprotection
teleprotectionscheme
scheme
logic.
logic.

zz During
Duringthis
thismode
modeofofoperation,
operation,the
theemergency
emergencyovercurrent
overcurrent
protection
protectionmust
mustnaturally
naturallynot
notalso
alsobe
beblocked
blockedor
orswitched
switchedoff.
off.

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MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Logic Diagram of the Echo Function With

Distance Protection Teleprotection RAY AVIN FAN
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

For
Forall
allapplications
applicationsofofteleprotection
teleprotectionschemes
schemes(except
(exceptPUTT),
PUTT),ititmust
mustbe be
ensured
ensuredthat
thatthe
thefault
faultdetection
detectionofofthe
thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionininthe
thereverse
reverse
direction
directionhas
hasaagreater
greaterreach
reachthan
thanthe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zoneofofthe
theopposite
opposite
Line
Lineend
end(refer
(refertotothe
theshaded
shadedareas
areasininFigure
Figureon
onthe
theright
righthand
handside).
side).

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
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Distance Protection With Signaling Channels

Weak-infeed Protection: Echo and/or Trip (ANSI 27 WI)

During
Duringaafault
faultin
inthe
theshaded
shadedarea
areaatatthe
theleft
leftofof
Figure,
Figure,this
thisfault
faultwould
wouldbebein
inzone
zoneZ1B
Z1Bofofthethe
protection
protectionatatBBasaszone
zoneZ1B
Z1Bisisset
setincorrectly.
incorrectly.
The
Thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionatatAAwould
wouldnotnotpick
pick
up
upand
andtherefore
thereforeinterpret
interpretthis
thisas
asaafault
faultwith
with
single
singleend
endinfeed
infeedfrom
fromBB(echo
(echofrom
fromAAor ornono
block
blocksignal
signalatatA).
A).This
Thiswould
wouldresult
resultininaafalse
falsetrip!
trip!

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
High-Current Switch-On-To-Fault Protection

¾¾ The
Thehigh -current switch
high-current -on-to-fault protection
switch-on-to-fault protectionisisintended
intendedtototrip
trip
immediately
immediatelyand
andinstantaneously
instantaneouslyfollowing
followingenergization
energizationofofaa
feeder
feederonto
ontoaafault
faultwith
withlarge
largefault
faultcurrent
currentmagnitude
magnitude. .

¾¾ ItItisisprimarily
primarilyused
usedasasfast
fastprotection
protectionininthe
theevent
eventofofenergizing
energizingthe
the
feeder
feederwhile
whilethe
theearth
earthswitch
switchisisclosed , but
closed, butcan
canalso
alsobebeused
usedevery
every
time
timethe thefeeder
feederisisenergized.
energized.

¾¾ The
Thehigh-current pick
high-current -up function
pick-up functionmeasures
measureseach
eachphase
phasecurrent
current
and
andcompares
comparesititwith
withthe
theset
setvalue
valueII>>.
>>.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
High-Current Switch-On-To-Fault Protection

¾¾ The
Thecurrents
currentsare
arenumerically
numericallyfiltered
filteredso
sothat
thatonly
onlythe
thefundamental
fundamental
frequency
frequencyisisevaluated.
evaluated.

¾¾ IfIfthe
themeasured
measuredcurrent
currentisismore
morethan
thantwice
twicethe
theset valuethe
setvalue the
protection
protectionautomatically
automaticallygoes
goestotothe
theextremely
extremelyfast
fasttripping .
tripping.

¾¾ IfIffurther
furthercriteria
criteriawere
weredetermined
determinedduring
duringthe
theconfiguration
configurationofofthe
the
recognition
recognitionofofline
lineenergization
energizationthe
therelease
releasesignal
signal““SOTF-O/C
SOTF-O/C
Release
ReleaseLx ” may
Lx” maybe beissued
issuedphase
phasesegregated.
segregated.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
High-Current Switch-On-To-Fault Protection

Logic diagram of the high current switch

on to fault protection

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Power Swings Detection

¾¾ System
Systempower
powerswings
swingsare
arethree
threephase
phasesymmetrical
symmetricalprocesses.
processes.

¾¾ System
Systempower
powerswings
swingsmay
mayoccur
occurduring
duringunsymmetrical
unsymmetricalprocesses ,
processes,
e.g.
e.g.during
duringtwo -phase short
two-phase -circuits ororduring
short-circuits duringsingle-pole dead
single-pole dead
times.
times.

¾¾ The
Thepower
powerswing
swingdetection
detectionininthe
thenumeric
numericrelay
relaye.g.
e.g.7SA522
7SA522/ /
7SA6*
7SA6*isistherefore
thereforebased
basedon
onthree
threemeasuring
measuringsystems
systems,, (For
(Foreach
each
phase,
phase,aadedicated
dedicatedmeasuring
measuringsystem
systemisisavailable).
available).

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Power Swings Detection

¾¾ Even
Evenififaapower
powerswing
swinghas
hasbeen
beendetected,
detected,anyanyshort
shortcircuits
circuitsthat
that
may
mayoccur
occurduring
duringthis
thisperiod
periodresult
resultininthe
thefast
fastcancellation
cancellationofofthe
the
power
powerswing
swingblock
blockininthe
theaffected
affectedphases,
phases,thereby
therebyallowing
allowingthethe
tripping
trippingofofthe
thedistance
distanceprotection.
protection.

¾¾ To
Todetect
detectaapower
powerswing, therate
swing,the rateofofchange
changeofofthe
theimpedance
impedance
vector
vectorisismeasured.
measured.

¾¾ InInthe
thecase
caseofofthe
thepolygon
polygoncharacteristic,
characteristic,the
themeasurement
measurementisis
started
startedwhen
whenthetheimpedance
impedancevector
vectorenters
entersthe
thepower
powerswing
swing
measuring
measuringrange PPOL. .
rangePPOL

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Power Swings Detection

¾¾ The
Thefault
faultdetection
detectionrange
rangeAPOL
APOL
isismade
madeup upofofthe
thelargest
largestset
set
values
valuesfor
forRRand
andXXofofall
allthe
the
activated
activatedzones .
zones.

¾¾ InInthe
theevent
eventof
ofaashort -circuit
short-circuit
(1),
(1),the
theimpedance
impedancevector
vector
abruptly
abruptlychanges
changesfrom
fromthe
the
load
loadcondition
conditioninto
intothis
thisfault
fault
detection
detectionrange.
range.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Power Swings Detection

¾¾ InInthe
theevent
eventofofaapower
powerswing,
swing,thethe
apparent impedance vector initially
apparent impedance vector initially
enters
entersthe
thepower
powerswing
swingrange
rangePPOL
PPOL
and only later enters the fault
and only later enters the fault
detection
detectionrange
rangeAPOL
APOL(2).
(2).

¾¾ ItItisisalso
alsopossible
possiblethat
thataapower
powerswing
swing
vector
vectorwillwillenter
enterthe
thearea
areaofofthe
thepower
power
swing
swingrange
rangeand
andleave
leaveititagain
againwithout
without
coming
cominginto intocontact
contactwith
withthethefault
fault
detection range (3).
detection range (3).

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Power Swings Detection

¾¾ IfIfthe
thevector
vectorenters
entersthe
thepower
powerswing
swing
polygon
polygonand andpasses
passesthrough
throughititleaving
leaving
ononthetheopposite
oppositeside,
side,then
thenthe
thesections
sections
ofofthe
thenetwork
networkseenseenfrom
fromthe
therelay
relay
location
locationhave
havelostlostsynchronism
synchronism
(4) .[POWER SWING
(4).[POWER SWINGTRIP TRIP== ==YES,
YES,
issuing
issuingaathree -pole trip
three-pole tripcommand]
command]

¾¾ AApower
powerswing
swingisisdetected,
detected,ififduring
during
the last eight measuring cycles
the last eight measuring cycles
(corresponding
(correspondingtototwo twoperiods),
periods),the
the
continuity
continuityofofthe
thechanging
changingimpedance
impedance
vector
vectorisisconfirmed.
confirmed.InInthisthisway,
way,slip
slip
frequencies
frequenciesofofupuptotoatatleast
least77Hz
Hzare
are
detected.
detected.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Power Swings Detection

¾¾ Blocking
Blockingof
ofall
allzones
zones(All
(Allzones
zonesblock):
block):
All
Allzones
zonesof
ofthe
thedistance
distanceprotection
protectionare
areblocked
blockedduring
duringaapower
power
swing.
swing.

¾¾ Blocking
Blockingofofthe
thefirst
firstzone
zoneonly
only(Z1/Z1B
(Z1/Z1Bblock):
block):
The
Thefirst
firstzone
zone(Z1)
(Z1)andandthe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zone(Z1B)
(Z1B)are
areblocked
blocked
during
duringaapower
powerswing.
swing.Faults
Faultsininother
otherzones
zonesare
aretripped
trippedwith
withthe
the
associated
associatedgrading
gradingtime.
time.

¾¾ Blocking
Blockingofofonly
onlythe
thehigher
higherzones
zones(Z2
(Z2totoZ5
Z5block):
block):
The
Thehigher
higherzones
zones(Z2
(Z2totoZ5)
Z5)are
areblocked
blockedduring
duringaapower
powerswing.
swing.
Only
Onlythe
thefirst
firstand
andthe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zone(Z1
(Z1and
andZ1B)
Z1B)remain
remain
active.
active.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Power Swings Detection

¾¾ Blocking
Blockingof
ofthe
thefirst
firsttwo
twozones
zones(Z1,
(Z1,Z1B,
Z1B,Z2
Z2block):
block):
The
Thefirst
firstand
andsecond
secondzone
zone(Z1
(Z1and
andZ2)
Z2)and
andthe
theoverreaching
overreachingzone
zone
(Z1B)
(Z1B)are
areblocked
blockedduring
duringaapower
powerswing.
swing.The
Thehigher
higherzones
zonesZ3
Z3toto
Z5
Z5remain
remainactive.
active.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Application: Remote faults

Due to current contribution If2 and If3 in substation B, the distance

protection in station A will measure a higher impedance than the "true”
impedance to the fault.

The relay will thus underreach and this means in practice it can be
diffcult to get a remote back-up.

A If1 B If2
ZL

If3 If=If1+If2+If3
Um ZF

Z<

Um= If1 x ZL+ (If1+If2+If3) x ZF

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Resistive Fault, Double End Fed

VA

ZSCA k ZL (1-k) ZL ZSCB

IA IB
+ +
EA Rf EB
- -

I A + IB
VA = k ⋅ Z L ⋅ I A + (I A + I B )⋅ R f
VA
ZA = = k ⋅ ZL + ⋅ Rf
IA IA
The fault has more or less fault resistance. If the fault is an arcing fault the
fault resistance is normally very small.

The influence of the fault resistance depends on the fault current in feed from
the remote line end.

RAY AVIN FAN

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
AHWAZ, 17 – 18 JAN

www.rayavin.com
 Resistive Fault, Double End Fed

UNDERREACH!
I A + IB
⋅ Rf
Rf IA

I A + IB
Z A = k ⋅ ZL + ⋅ Rf
IA k ⋅ ZL

The fault resistance seen by the distance protection can be increased

compared to its real value.
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Resistive Fault, Double End Fed

OVERREACH!
I A + IB
Z A = k ⋅ ZL + ⋅ Rf
IA
Rf
The apparent fault resistance
can also get a phase shift, I A + IB
depending on the load ⋅ Rf
conditions before the load. k ⋅ ZL IA

There is a risk that zone 1 will trip for faults outside its border.
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Compensation of Overreach in Zone1 Due to Load

X
Fault resistance reach influence

ph - E

Zone 1 of the NUMERIC terminal has a compensation of the characteristic due to

the overreach caused by the load current.

In case of active power out from the station the characteristic is

automatically tilted. This is valid only for Ph-E loops.

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Phase Loops (Measured. ZMPh-Ph)

The impedance calculated by the phase to phase loops is a complex number

calculated according the formula:

E ph1 − E ph 2
Zm =
I ph1 − I ph 2

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Phase Loops (Measured. ZMPh-Ph)

Z1 + R f + Z1
II1
Z1 Iph1 I ph 2 = − I ph1
1

Eph1

Eph1-Eph2 Rf
Eph2 Z1
E ph1 − E ph 2 E ph1 − Eph2
Zm = Zm =
I ph1 − I ph 2 2 ⋅ I ph1
I2

2 ⋅ Z1 + R f Rf
Zm = = Z1 +
2 2

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Phase Loops (Measured. ZMPh-Ph)

The result is the so called Ohm/Phase

Impedance.
This impedance “belongs” to phase 1
I1 Z1

Rf
Zm = Z1 +
Eph1

Rf
2
Eph2
Z1

I2

This impedance “belongs” to phase 2

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Phase Loops (Measured. ZMPh-Ph)

When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)

0 ≤ Fault Resistance (R f ) ≤ RFPP

0 ≤ Line Impedance (Z1 ) ≤ R1PP + j ⋅ X 1PP

Z1
II1
1

Rf
Eph1
Zm = Z1 +
Eph2 Z1
Rf
2
I2

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 ZM: operating characteristic for PP loops

Im

j X1PP

RFPP
+j0
2
R1PP + j X1PP

⎛ X1PP ⎞
ϕ = arctan⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1PP ⎠
ϕ
Re
RFPP RFPP
R1PP +
2 2

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 ZM: operating characteristic for PP loops
Ph-Ph Fault with zero resistance
at the limit of our setting Ph-Ph Fault with RFPP resistance
at the limit of our setting

Im

j X1PP

Ph-Ph Fault with RFPP resistance

at beginning of the line

Ph-Ph Fault with zero resistance

at the beginning of the line

Re
RFPP
2 RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

The impedance calculated by the phase to earth loops is a complex number

calculated according the formula:

E ph1 Z 0 − Z1
Zm = KN =
I ph1 + K N ⋅ 3I 0 3 ⋅ Z1

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

By considering a radial feeder the impedance calculated by the phase to earth

loops can be simplified into:

E ph1
Zm =
I ph1

The following equations and characteristics are valid for radial

feeders and for testing with testing equipments

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

Case of Ph-E faults:

Z1
II1
1

Eph1

Iph1 E ph1
Eph1
Z1

Rf Zm = = Z1 + R f + Z N
Eph2
I2

Z1
I ph1
Eph3 I3

ZN

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

The results is the so called

Ohm/Loop Impedance.
How Much is this?
Z1
II1
1

Eph1

I2
Z1

Rf Z m = Z1 + R f + Z N
Eph2

Z1

Eph3 I3

ZN

Loop

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

Expression of Zn in terms of Z1 and Z0.

Z 0 = Z1 + 3 ⋅ Z N
Z 0 − Z1
ZN =
3

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

Z0 − Z1
ZN =
3
Z 0 − Z1 2 ⋅ Z1 + Z 0
Z m = Z 1 + R f + Z N = Z1 + R f + = + Rf
3 3
Z1
II1
1

Eph1
2 ⋅ Z1 + Z 0
Z1 Zm = + Rf
I2
Rf
3
Z 0 − Z1
Eph2

Z m = Z1 + + Rf
Z1

Eph3 I3
3
ZN

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

Z 0 − Z1 Z1 Z 0 − Z 1
Z m = Z1 + + R f = Z1 + + Rf =
3 Z1 3
⎛ Z 0 − Z1 ⎞
= Z1 ⋅ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ + R f Zm = Z1 ⋅ (1 + K N ) + R f
⎝ 3 ⋅ Z1 ⎠ K N

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Neutral Impedance Compensation KN

Z 0 − Z1
Z m = Z1 + + Rf
3

KN
⎛ ZN ⎞
Z m = Z1 + Z N + R=f Z1 ⋅ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ + R f
⎝ Z1 ⎠

Z m = Z1 ⋅ (1 + K N ) + R f

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

Z0 − Z1
ZN =
Z1
3 Zm = Z1 + R f + Z N
II1
1

Z0 − Z1
Eph1

Z1
Zm = Z1 + + Rf
Eph2
I2
Rf
3
2 ⋅ Z1 + Z0
Zm = + Rf
Z1

Eph3 I3
3

Zm = Z1 ⋅ (1 + K N ) + R f
ZN

Z −Z
KN = 0 1
3 ⋅ Z1
RAY AVIN FAN
MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
Phase to Earth Loops (ZMPh-E)

When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)

0 ≤ Fault Resistance (R f ) ≤ RFPE

0 ≤ Line Impedance (Z1 ) ≤ R1PE + j ⋅ X 1PE
0 ≤ Line Impedance (Z0 ) ≤ R 0 PE + j ⋅ X 0 PE

Z1
II1
1

Eph1
2 ⋅ Z1 + Z 0
Z1
Zm = + Rf
I2
Rf
3
Z 0 − Z1
Eph2

Z m = Z1 + + Rf
Z1

Eph3 I3
3
ZN

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Operating Characteristic For PE Loops

Im
2 X1PE + X0PE
j
3

R0PE - R1PE X0PE - X1PE

+j RFPE + j 0
3 3
j X1PE

R1PE + j X1PE

⎛ 2 ⋅ X 1PE + X 0 PE ⎞
ϕ
ϕ = arctan⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ R1PE + R0 PE ⎠

2R1PE + R0PE Re
RFPE + RFPE
3

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com
 Operating Characteristic For PE Loops

Ph-E Fault with zero resistance Ph-E Fault with RFPE resistance
at the limit of our setting at the limit of our setting

Im
2 X1PE + X0PE
j
3

Ph-E Fault with RFPE resistance

at beginning of the line

Ph-E Fault with zero resistance

at the beginning of the line

Re
RFPE

RAY AVIN FAN

MARCH 1 – 3, 2006
www.rayavin.com