RESOURCES

1. FORESTS RESOURCES

2. WATER RESOURCES

3. ENERGY RESOURCES

4. MINERAL RESOURCES

5. FOOD RESOURCES

6. LAND RESOURCES
Forest Resources

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 FOREST RESOURCES

Points to discuss:

-Overview

-World’s Forest status

-India’s Forest status

-FuncLons of Forest

-DeforestaLon/Loss of Forest and its Effects

-ProtecLon of Forest
 Forest Resource: Overview

•  The word forest is derived from a LaLn word “Foris” means

Outside

•  Forest is important renewable resources.

•  Forest are one of the most important natural resources of

the earth

•  Tree forests cover approximately 9.4 percent of the Earth's
surface(or 30 percent of total land area i.e., Approximately
1/3rdof the earth’s total land area )

•  InternaLonal Day of Forests: 21st day of March
Forest Status in the World

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 Forest Status in India
Ministry for Environment, Forest and Climate Change

“India State of Forest

Report (ISFR)” for 2019

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Forest Resource: FuncLons
Local use of forest resources
Consumption of forest produce by local people
who collect it for subsistence
•  Food: gathering plants, fishing, hunting from the
forest.
•  Fodder: for cattle.
•  Fuel wood and charcoal: for cooking, heating.
•  Poles: building homes especially in rural and
wilderness areas.
•  Timber: household articles and construction.
•  Fiber: weaving of baskets, ropes, nets, string,
etc.
•  Sericulture: for silk.
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•  Apiculture: bees for honey, forest bees also
pollinate crops.
•  Medicinal plants: traditionally used medicines,
investigating them as potential source for new
modern drugs.

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Market use/Productive use of forest resources
•  Products used for consumptive purposes are
also sold as a source of income.
•  Minor forest produce: Fuelwood, fruit, gum, fiber,
etc. which are collected and sold in local
markets.
•  Major timber extraction - construction, industrial
uses, paper pulp, etc.
•  Timber extraction is done in India by the Forest
Department.
•  Illegal logging continues in many of the forests of
India and the world.

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DeforestaLon
 DeForestaBon………
•  DeforestaLon and forest degradaLon conLnue to
take place at alarming rates

•  Since 1990, it is esLmated that some 420 million

hectares of forest have been lost through
conversion to other land uses

•  Between 2015 and 2020, the rate of deforestaLon

was esLmated at 10 million hectares per year

•  The area of primary forest worldwide has

decreased by over 80 million hectares since 1990.
DeforestaLon

Major Causes??
DeforestaLon

Major Causes??
DeforestaLon

Major Causes??
DeforestaLon:
Major Effects??
DeforestaLon:
Major Effects??
DeforestaLon:
Major Effects??
DeforestaLon:
Agriculture is the major culprit

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One-Fourth of Global Forest Loss is Permanent
 DeforestaLon in India
DeforestaLon in India is the widespread destrucLon of major
forests in India.

In just 30 years, India has lost large forests to 23,716 industrial
projects


It is mainly caused by environmental degradaLon by
stakeholders such as farmers, ranches, loggers and plantaLon
corporaLons.

In 2009, India ranked 10th worldwide in the amount of forest
loss, where world annual deforestaLon is esLmated as 13.7
million hectares (34×106 acres) a year
Jhum culLvaLon
and DeforestaBon in India
Jhum Agriculture or shifing agriculture:
-is the process of growing crops by first clearing the land of
trees and vegetaLon and burning them thereafer.

-has destroyed large number of hectare of forest tracts in
North-Eastern states and Orissa.

-is subsidence agriculture in which tract of forest land is
cleared by cuhng trees and it is used for culLvaLon.

-when producLvity of the land decreases, culLvators abandon
the land and clear next tract and cause a rapid deforestaLon
Control of DeforestaLon:
AFFORESTATION
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The world’s largest afforestaLon project?
The Qinghai Tibet Plateau – once a
barren, cold wasteland, it is now the
site of a Chinese afforestaLon project
of the size of France.

The total afforested land – more than
the size of France – has increased
China’s forest coverage from 10.6% in
1949 to 15%, which accounts for 25%
of the world’s afforested area.

•  The main objecLve of China’s Green Great Wall is to combat

deserLficaLon and global warming.
•  Afer all, China sLll is the world’s major CO2-eminer due to its
coal consumpLon.
 Water Resources
Water, a vital natural resource and precious
commodity
-essenLal for mulLplicity of purposes, viz., drinking,
agriculture, power generaBon, transportaBon and
waste disposal.

In chemical processes industrial water is used as a
reacLon medium, a solvent, a scrubbing medium
and a heat transfer agent.
•  Water resources are sources of water that
are useful or potentially useful to humans.
•  It is important because it is needed for life to
exist.
•  Many uses of water include agricultural,
industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities.
•  It is estimated that 70% of world-wide water
use is for irrigation in agriculture.
•  India uses 90% for agriculture, 7% for
industry and 3% for domestic use.
•  The world population has passed the 6 billion
mark.
•  The total annual fresh water withdrawals today
are estimated at 3800 cubic kilometers.
•  A person needs a minimum of 20 to 40 liters of
water per day for drinking and sanitation.
•  More than one billion people world wide have
no access to clean water.
•  India is expected to face critical levels of water
stress by 2025.
•  The UN has estimated that by the year 2050, 4
billion people will be seriously affected by
water shortages.
•  Around 20 major cities in India face
chronic or interrupted water shortages.
•  There are 100 countries that share the waters
of 13 large rivers and lakes.
•  The upstream countries could starve the
downstream nations leading to political
clash.
•  Ethiopia, which is upstream on the Nile and
Egypt, which is downstream and highly
dependent on the Nile.
•  India and Bangladesh already have a
negotiated agreement on the water use of the
Ganges.
 India – status and projections

Source: TERI
 Water Resources of India

Surface Water

•  India is a water rich country with 4% of world’s water resources

•  12 rivers are classified as major river which are catering about 253 mha
of catchment area and 46 as medium river with 24.6 mha of catchment
area.

•  The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the largest river system in

India with 43% of the catchment area of the all major river systems

•  The other major river systems are Indus, SabarmaL, Mahi, Narmada,
Tapi, Brahmani, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery.
Apart from that, there are several other medium rivers systems of
which Subernarekha (with 1.9 mha catchment area) is the largest
 Water Resources of India
Ground Water

•  Ground water is a replenishable resource.

•  The agriculture, industrial and domesLc sectors majorly depend on

ground water

•  Annual uLlizable ground water resources in India is assessed as 433

bcm.

•  The main source of ground water is the recharge from monsoon

precipitaLon

•  About 58% of countries annual rechargable ground water is

contributed by monsoon rainfall. Other sources of recharge viz.
seepage from canals, tanks, ponds and other water structures and
irrigaLon account for about 32%.
 Global Water Supply and Demand
Global Water Supply and Demand Trends
Point Towards Rising Water Insecurity
Water demand is expected to increase over the next 30
years.

It is unlikely that natural supplies will be sufficient to
meet that demand in some parts of the world.

While most of the world’s water will conLnue to be
used in agriculture, industrial and household demand is
expected to rise at a faster rate as the agriculture
sector becomes more water efficient.

About 20 per cent of the world’s groundwater is
already over-exploited. It is likely that more of the
world’s aquifers will be over-exploited by 2050.
Agriculture is the prime consumer of water!!
CAUSES FOR WATER STRESS
Increase in Population
Power
DomesBc
Industry
Agriculture Increased demand
People require for goods
food to eat

bathing, flushing, Every item

washing, that we use needs Water evaporaBon
cooking, drinking… water for producBon from reservoirs of large
hydro power projects

Extensive farming.
High usage of water

Water stress!!!!
Overutilization and pollution of surface and
groundwater
•  Most people use more water than they really
need.
•  Most of us waste water during a bath by using
a shower or during washing of clothes.
•  Many agriculturists use more water than
necessary to grow crops.
•  Agriculture also pollutes surface water.
•  The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides.
•  The major river in India has been polluted by
factories located on its bank.
It’s not just increased consumption…

Run off
from agricultural Untreated
fields industrial
wastes

Untreated
municipal sewage
Air pollutants
Dissolve in
rainwater

Increasing pollution of freshwater sources

( surface and groundwater )
Water for Agriculture and Power Generation
•  India’s increasing demand for water for intensive
irrigated agriculture, for generating electricity.
•  Irrigated areas increased from 40 million ha. in
1900 to 100 million ha. in 1950 and to 271 million
ha. by 1998.
•  Dams alter river flows, change nature’s flood
control mechanisms such as wetlands and flood
plains.
•  Dams destroy the lives of local people and the
habitats of wild plant and animal species.
•  Irrigation to support cash crops like sugarcane
produces an unequal distribution of water.
 Water Scarcity
Water scarcity, both natural and of human
origin,

-is the lack of sufficient available water
resources to meet the demands within a
region

Water is unequally distributed over Lme and
space.

Much of water is wasted, polluted and
unsustainably managed.
Water use at the global level has increased more than twice as fast as
the populaLon over the last century.

Pressure on water resources is increasing in several parts of the world
 Water scarcity Causes

What are the main sources of water scarcity?

-PolluLon

-Overuse of water

-Climate Change

-Growing freshwater demand
Water PolluLon
 Overuse of Water

Water overuse leads to food insecurity.

If water in a certain area cannot be replenished, people
cannot conLnue to grow crops there.

When water is overused, the land is also usually depleted,
which can change the climate in that area.
 How can the growing demand for water be
met?
IntercepLng, diverLng, storing and transferring water
Rainwater harvesLng

Water diversions

Storing water in reservoirs

Transferring water among basins

Water re-use

DesalinaLon
 RAIN WATER WATER DIVERSION
HARVESTING AND STORAGE

WATER
DESALINATION