JTG

The industry recommended standard of the People's Republic of China

JTG/T 2231-01—2020

Code for seismic design of highway

bridges

Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges

2020-6-2 Release 2020-9-1 implementation

Issued by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of

China
Industry recommended standards of the People's Republic of China

Code for seismic design of highway bridges

Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway B ridges
JTG/T 2231-01—2020

Editor-in-chief: China Merchants Chongqing

Communications Research and Design

Institute Co., Ltd. Approval department:

Ministry of Transport of the People's

Republic of China
Implementation date: September 1, 2020
 Preface
According to the requirements of the Notice of the General Office of the
Ministry of Transport on the Issuance of the 2014 Highway Engineering
Industry Standard Formulation and Revision Project Plan (Department Highway Zi
[2014] No. 87), It is undertaken by China Merchants Chongqing Communications
Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd
Revision of the Detailed Rules for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges (JTG/T
B02-01-2008).
This code is formulated on the basis of the "Detailed Rules for Seismic
Design of Highway Bridges" (JTG/T B02-01-2008) with partial revision,
additions and refinements, and after approval and issuance, it is "Code for
Seismic Design of Highway Bridges" (). JTG/T 2231-01-2020) promulgated and
implemented.
On the basis of extensive research and solicitation of opinions, the
writing team revised the 08 detailed rules in view of the problems and
inadequacies found in the implementation of the 08 rules, and at the same time
absorbing as much as possible the mature bridge seismic design results at home and
abroad in recent years, and on the principle of coordinating with the current
highway engineering technical standards and specifications. The main revisions
are as follows:
（1） The content of the seismic system of the bridge structure was added,
and the content of the seismic conceptual design was refined.
（2） The pile foundation calculation and bearing capacity adjustment
coefficients were revised;
（3） The design acceleration response spectrum was revised to remove the
concept of spectral ratio function;
（4） The hydrodynamic pressure section has been revised;
（5） The scope of application of linear elasticity analysis methods has
been expanded;
（6） Revised the calculation method of regular bridge seismic resistance;
（7） The shear calculation formula of the plastic hinge area of the pier
column was modified.
（8） The seismic displacement correction coefficient of the E2 earthquake
calculation method was revised.
（9） The calculation method of component ductility coefficient was added.
（10） Revised the calculation method of capacity protection components;
（11） The calculation formula of pier beam lap length was modified.
 （12） The content of seismic design of seismic isolation bridges was
supplemented and refined;
（13） The arrangement and description of some chapters have been
optimized and adjusted;
（14） A new concept of "seismic construction measure class" was
introduced.
This specification includes a total of 11 chapters and 4 appendices, and
the main chapters maintain the structure of 08 rules, with only partial
adjustments, additions and deletions. Appendix A to Rule 08 was deleted, and
Appendices B, C and D of Rule 08 were adjusted to Appendices respectively
A, B, C, a new Appendix D has been prepared to specify the calculation
method of component ductility coefficients.
Chapter 1 General Provisions, which stipulates the purpose of the compilation, the
scope of application and the general principles of seismic fortification; 2nd
Chapter terms and symbols; Chapter 3 Basic Provisions, Classification of Bridge
Seismic Fortification, Fortification Standards and Fortification Objectives, and
Seismic Resistance
The basic requirements of the design are specified; Chapter 4 Site, Foundation,
and Foundation, Site Division, Foundation Liquefaction, and Foundation
The bearing capacity is regulated; Chapter 5 Seismism, Spectrum of Acceleration
Response to Earthquakes, Power Spectrum and Time History, and Seismic Soil
Pressure, water pressure, etc. are regulated; Chapter 6 Seismic Analysis ,
Modeling and Seismic Analysis Methods for Conventional Bridges
has regulations; Chapter 7, Strength and Deformation Calculation, regulates the
strength and deformation of conventional bridges; Chapter 8 Extension
Structural detail design, which stipulates the structural detail design of ductile
components and nodes; Chapter 9 Special Bridge Seismic Resistance
design, which specifies the seismic design of cable-stayed bridges,
suspension bridges, girder bridges with a single span span of more than 150
meters and arch bridges;
Chapter 10, Bridge Seismic Isolation Design, regulates the seismic design of
seismic isolation bridges; Chapter 11, Seismic Measures, specifies the specific
content of seismic measures at all levels of bridges. Appendix A specifies the
methods for calculating yield curvature and limit curvature for circular and
rectangular sections; Appendix B sets out the implementation rules of the Power
Spectrum Act; Appendix C specifies the method for calculating seismic earth
pressure for cohesive fills; Appendix D specifies how the ductility
coefficients of components are calculated.
Tang Guangwu is responsible for revising Chapter 1, Lan Haiyan and Hu Jianxin
are responsible for revising Chapter 2, and Tang Guangwu and Li Jian
Zheng Gang, Tang Guangwu, Tao Xiaxin are responsible for revising Chapter 4, Tao
Xiaxin, Lin Jiahao, Liu Haiming
Responsible for revising Chapter 5, Li Jianzhong, Zhang Xiaodong, Liu Huailin, Tang
Guangwu are responsible for revising Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Wang Kehai,
Zheng Wanshan, Zhuang Weilin, and Su Ci were responsible for revising Chapter 8,
Tang Guangwu and Liu Huailin were responsible for revising Chapter 9 , and
Tang Guangwu and Gao were responsible for revising Chapter 9
Wen Jun, Li Jianzhong, and Lan Haiyan were responsible for revising Chapter
10, and Zheng Wanshan, Gao Wenjun, Zhuang Weilin, Su Ci, and Hu Jianxin were
responsible for revising Chapter 11. Appendix A was revised by Li Jianzhong,
Appendix B by Lin Jiahao, Appendix C by Tao Xiaxin, and Appendix D
drafted by Zhang Xiaodong.
All relevant units are requested to inform the daily management team of this
specification of the problems and opinions found in the implementation process,
and contact person: Tang Guangwu (address: China Merchants Chongqing
Communications Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., No. 33 Xuefu Avenue,
Nan'an District, Chongqing, zip code: 400067 ； Tel and Fax : 023-
62653430,023-62653511; E-mail : tangguangwu@cmhk.com) for use in
revision.
Editor-in-chief: China Merchants
Chongqing Communications Research and Design
Institute Co., Ltd. Participating unit:
Tongji University
Chongqing Jiaotong
University, Institute of
Engineering Mechanics,
China Earthquake
Administration,
Institute of Highway
Research, Ministry of
Transport
Dalian University of Technology
Poly Growth Engineering Co., Ltd
Sichuan Highway Planning, Survey, Design and Research
Institute Co., Ltd
Chief Editor : Tang Guangwu
Main participants: Li Jianzhong, Tao Xiaxin, Zheng Wanshan, Zhang Xiaodong,
Lin Jiahao, Zheng Gang, Wang Kehai, Liu Huailin, Lan
Haiyan, Liu Haiming, Zhuang Weilin, Su Ci
Presiding judge: Shen Yonglin
Reviewers: Huang Fuwei, Yuan Hong, Li Chunfeng, Li Jianqin , Qin
Dahang, Qiao Sen, Bao Weigang, Han Bin, Liu Shuo,
Liang Linong, Luo Jizhi Shi Fanghua Han Dazhang Chen Jin
Jilin Li Longan Zhan Jianhui Zhong Mingquan Peng
Yuancheng Yang Bin Liu Haiqing Xie Xu Xiang Zhongfu Zhu
Dongsheng Zhao Canhui Xu Hongguang Zhang Jiandong Yang
Qingshan Li Zhengliang Wu Zulie
Participants: Gao Wenjun Hu Jianxin
 Headings
1 General Principle .....................................................1
2 Terms and symbols .....................................................3
2.1 Term ............................................................3
2.2 Symbol ..........................................................6
3 Basic requirements ....................................................9
3.1 Classification of seismic fortification of bridges and standard of
fortification ...................................................9
3.2 Basic requirements for seismic ...........................action12
3.3 Seismic design method classification and flow chart ............13
3.4 Seismic system for bridge ............................structures14
3.5 Seismic conceptual design ......................................19
3.6 Combination of effects .........................................21
4 Site, foundation and .......................................foundation22
4.1 ...............................................................Site
22................................................................
4.2 Liquefaction of foundations .....................................26
4.3 Foundation bearing capacity .....................................32
4.4 Pile foundation .................................................33
5 Seismic action .......................................................35
5.1 General Provisions .............................................35
5.2 Design an acceleration response spectrum .......................36
5.3 Design ground motion time course ...............................40
5.4 Design ground motion power spectrum ............................41
5.5 Seismic active earth pressure and hydrodynamic pressure ........41
6 Seismic Analysis .....................................................45
6.1 General Provision ..............................................45
6.2 Modeling Principles ............................................51
6.3 Response spectroscopy ..........................................56
6.4 Time History Analysis Methods ..................................58
6.5 Power spectroscopy .............................................58
6.6 Regular bridge calculation .....................................59
6.7 Capacity protection component calculation ......................65
6.8 ...........................................................Abutment
70................................................................
7 Strength and deformation ..................................calculation71
7.1 General Provisions .............................................71
7.2 Strength verification of Class D bridges. ., masonic arch bridges,
gravity piers and abutments71.....................................
7.3 Seismic strength test of Class........................... B and C
bridges73.........................................................
7.4 Deformation inspection of pier columns of Class.......... B and C
bridges76.........................................................
7.5 Class B....................................................... and
C.............................................. bridge bearings 81
..................................................................
8 Ductile construction ........................................detailing83
8.1 General Provisions .............................................83
8.2 Detailed design of pier column .....................construction83
 8.3 Node construction detail design ................................88
9 Special bridge seismic design ........................................91
 9.1 General Provisions .............................................91
9.2 Seismic Conceptual Design ......................................92
9.3 Principles of Modeling and Analysis ............................93
9.4 Performance requirements and seismic ....................testing97
9.5 Seismic measures ...............................................99
10 Bridge seismic isolation design ....................................100
10.1 General provisions ............................................100
10.2 Seismic isolation device ......................................101
10.3 Principles and Analysis Methods of Modeling of Seismic Isolation
Bridges .......................................................103
10.4 Performance Requirements and Seismic ..............Calculations112
11 Seismic measures ...................................................114
11.1 General Provisions ............................................114
11.2 Level I seismic measures ......................................114
11.3 Secondary seismic measures ....................................117
11.4 Level III seismic measures ....................................118
11.5 Class IV seismic measures .....................................120
Appendix.................................................................
A Calculation of yield curvature and limit curvature for circular and
rectangular................................................................
sections12................................................................. 1
....................................................................
Appendix.................................................................
B ... Principles 123 for the Implementation of the Power Spectroscopy
Method ....................................................................
Appendix.................................................................
C ...... Seismic earth pressure calculation formula for cohesive fills
125................................................................
Appendix.................................................................
D Method for calculating the ductility coefficient of displacement of
bridge pier................................................................
columns127.................................................................
Description of the wording of this specification .....................129
1 General
1.0.1 This specification is formulated in order to standardize and guide
the seismic design of highway bridges, reduce the seismic damage of highway
bridges, and better play the role of highway transportation network in
earthquake resistance and disaster relief.

Description of the provisions

China is located between the world's two major seismic belts, namely the
Pacific Rim seismic belt and the Asia-Europe seismic belt, and is a country
with frequent strong earthquakes. China's earthquakes are characterized by high
frequency, high intensity, wide distribution, large casualties and serious
disasters. Almost all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have
experienced devastating earthquakes of magnitude 6 or higher. The powerful
earthquake caused casualties and huge economic losses, destroying the achievements
of construction, causing long-term social, political and economic problems and
bringing unsolvable emotional trauma. Highway bridges are an important part of
lifeline system engineering. In earthquake relief, the road transportation
network is an important link in saving people's lives and property,
restoring production as soon as possible, rebuilding homes, and alleviating
secondary disasters.

Since the issuance and implementation of the "Detailed Rules for Seismic
Design of Highway Bridges" (JTG/T B02-01-2008) (referred to as "08 Detailed
Rules"), In the process of use, designers found some problems or inconveniences
and put forward some modification suggestions. During this period, there has been
a new development of seismic technology for highway bridges at home and abroad. To
this end, on the basis of extensive research, the 08 detailed rules have been
revised and this specification has been formulated, mainly to revise the problems or
inconveniences found in the use process, and at the same time, digest and absorb
some mature new technologies of bridge seismic design to reflect the current level
of bridge seismic design and research.

1.0.2 This code applies to masonry or concrete arch bridges with a single
span span diameter of up to 150m, and girder bridges with concrete structures
with a concrete substructure. Cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges, girder

1
bridges and arch bridges with a single span span diameter of more than
150m should be specially studied in addition to meeting the requirements of
this code.
Description of the provisions

Since the 90s of the 20th century, bridge construction in China has developed very
rapidly, and a large number of extra-large span bridges with a single span
span of more than 150m have been built, as well as special bridges such
as concrete cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges, so it is necessary to
expand the scope of application of this code to these special bridges. However,
due to the fact that special bridges are generally large in scale, complex in
structure, and involve many factors, each bridge may have its own uniqueness,
it is difficult to give comprehensive and complete provisions on the seismic
design of special bridges, and can only stipulate the universally applicable
common requirements. Therefore, this specification stipulates that the seismic
design of special bridges should be specially studied and designed according to
the characteristics of the bridge on the basis of meeting the requirements of this
code. At present, the seismic design of special bridges in the United
States, Japan and Europe is also required to be specially studied.

1.0.3 According to the importance of highway bridges and the difficulty of

repairing (emergency repair), the seismic fortification of bridges is
divided into A category

2
There are four seismic fortification categories of Class B, Class C and Class D,
which correspond to different seismic fortification standards and
fortification objectives.
Description of the provisions

Starting from the current specific situation in China, this specification

takes into account the importance of highways and bridges and their role in
earthquake relief, and requires different seismic safety degrees for different
bridges in line with the principle of ensuring focus and saving investment.
Specifically, highway bridges are divided into four seismic fortification
categories, A, B, C, D, and different fortification standards and
fortification targets are determined according to seismic fortification
categories.

1.0.4 Highway bridges must be seismically designed, and the seismic

design of bridges and bridges with special requirements whose seismic
fortification intensity is greater than that of IX. should be specially
studied.

1.0.5 For bridges that have been specially evaluated for seismic safety
at the bridge engineering site, the seismic fortification intensity that has
been evaluated and approved according to relevant requirements shall be adopted.
For bridges that have not been evaluated for seismic safety at bridge
engineering sites, the seismic fortification intensity corresponding to the
basic seismic peak acceleration of the bridge area in the current "China
Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB 18306) should be used.
Description of the provisions

The seismic intensity corresponding to the basic ground motion peak

acceleration of the site is detailed in Table 3.2.2 of this specification.
The requirements for seismic safety assessment of bridge engineering sites are
described in the relevant provisions of Chapters 4 and 5 of this code . The
highest intensity specified in the current "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning
Map" (GB 18306) is IX. degree, but the seismic fortification intensity is
greater than IX. degree, which may occur in the results of earthquake safety
evaluation.

1.0.6 In addition to meeting the requirements of this code, the seismic design

3
of highway bridges should also comply with the provisions of other relevant
standards and specifications currently in force in the state and industry.

4
2 Terms and symbols
2.1 term
2.1.1 Seismic fortification intensity
As a seismic intensity based on seismic fortification in a region, under
normal circumstances, the seismic intensity of exceeding the probability of
10% within 50 years (reproduction period is 475 years) is taken, according
to the current "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB). 18306) or
special seismic safety evaluation work determines.

2.1.2 Seismic fortification criterion

The scale for measuring the level of seismic fortification requirements is
determined by the seismic fortification intensity or design ground motion
parameters and the seismic fortification category of the bridge.
2.1.3 Seismic design level
The design ground motion exceeding probability or recurrence period
determined to achieve the seismic fortification goals of various types of
bridges.

2.1.4 Earthquake action

Ground motion acting on structures, including horizontal seismic action
and vertical seismic action.

2.1.5 E1 Earthquake action E1

The seismic action with a short reproduction period at the engineering
site was adopted in the first phase of seismic design.

2.1.6 E2 Seismic action E2

The seismic effect of the long reconstruction period of the
engineering site is adopted in the second stage of seismic design.

2.1.7 Seismic effect

A general term for the effects of internal forces and deformations of
bridge structures caused by seismic action.

2.1.8 Basic ground acceleration

Peak ground motion acceleration at Class II sites with a reproduction
period of 475 years.

5
2.1.9 Feature period characteristic period
The period corresponding to the starting point of the descent section
of the design acceleration response spectrum curve depends on the seismic
environment and site category.

6
 2.1.10 Set the earthquake scenario earthquake
The earthquake that is coordinated with the fortified ground motion
determined according to the seismic hazard probability estimation of the bridge
engineering site and the regional ground motion attenuation relationship is
expressed by a combination of a pair of magnitudes and distances.

2.1.11 Multi-point non-uniform excitation

In order to reflect the spatial variability and spatial correlation of the
ground motion field and express the difference in seismic action of each pier
(platform, tower) in the earthquake, the ground motion input at each pier
(platform, tower) used in seismic analysis is not exactly the same.

2.1.12 Liquefaction liquefaction

In the earthquake, the pore water pressure of the surface saturated soil
layer rises sharply, which is difficult to dissipate for a while, and the
effective stress is reduced, resulting in a significant decrease in the shear
strength of the soil. It mostly occurs in saturated silty fine sand, and often
shows water spray, sand bubbling, and structure subsidence, dumping and other
phenomena.

2.1.13 Lateral slippage lateral spreading

The lateral sliding of a large area of surface soil caused by liquefaction
often causes tilting instability and surface cracking of bridge piers and
abutments.

2.1.14 Seismic concept design

Based on the basic design principles and design ideas summarized by
earthquake disasters and engineering experience, the overall layout of the
bridge structure and the process of determining the detailed structure are
carried out.

2.1.15 Elastic seismic design

The plastic deformation of the bridge structure is not allowed, and the
strength of the component is used as an indicator to measure the performance of

7
the structure, and only the strength of the component needs to be checked
whether it meets the requirements.

2.1.16 ductility seismic design

To allow the plastic deformation of the bridge structure, not only the
strength of the component is used as an indicator to measure the performance of
the structure, but also to check whether the deformation ability of the
component meets the requirements.

2.1.17 ductile member

The seismic design is intentionally designed to dissipate seismic energy
through local plastic deformation and can withstand E2 seismic action

8
Structural members with elastoplastic deformation under multiple cycles
without significant degradation in strength.

2.1.18 Capacity protection design

In order to ensure that the ductile seismic design bridge under the action
of E2 earthquake, the non-plastic hinge area, foundation, cover beam and
superstructure of the pier that may have plastic hinges do not undergo
plastic deformation and shear failure, and at the same time, the plastic
hinge area of the piers does not have shear failure, and the above parts and
components are strengthened.

2.1.19 Capacity protected member

Components designed using the capability protection design methodology.

2.1.20 Seismic isolation design

A seismic isolation system is installed between the bridge superstructure
and the substructure or between the substructure and the foundation to
increase the damping and/or period of the original structural system, reduce
the seismic response of the structure and/or reduce the energy input to the
superstructure Meet the expected shock protection requirements.

2.1.21 Seismic measure

Seismic design content other than seismic action calculation and
resistance calculation, including seismic structural measures. The level of
seismic measures is determined according to the classification of seismic
fortification of bridges and the intensity of seismic fortification.

2.1.22 Details of seismic measures

According to the experience of earthquake damage, the various detailed
requirements that must be taken for structural and non-structural parts are
generally not required for seismic action calculation and resistance
calculation.

2.1.23 Limiting device restrainer

A structural device designed to limit the relative displacement between a
bridge girder body and a pier or abutment.
9
2.1.24 Ordinary bridge
These include masonry or concrete arch bridges with a single span span
diameter of up to 150m , and girder bridges with a concrete substructure.

2.1.25 Special bridge

These include cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges, girder bridges
with a single span span of more than 150m , and arch bridges.

10
2.2 symbol

2.2.1 Action and action effects

A - horizontal basic ground motion peak acceleration;
Esh
- seismic active earth pressure;
e
—— horizontal seismic force acting on the top surface of the
fixed support in the direction of the bridge or acting on
Ekt
the center of mass of the superstructure in the direction
p
of the cross bridge;
E
hau - horizontal seismic force acting on the top surface of the
movable support in the direction of the bridge;
E max
- horizontal seismic force acting on the center of mass of the
Ehzh platform;
- the maximum allowable horizontal force of the fixed support;

M ——The horizontal force design value of the plate rubber support

sp or fixed basin support after the combination of seismic
M effect, permanent action effect and uniform temperature
cp M effect;
p - the mass of the superstructure or the total mass of a joint
superstructure;
Gat
- Cover beam quality;
S max
- the quality of the pier;
- the gravity of the platform above the top surface of the
foundation;
- Design the maximum value of the acceleration response
spectrum.

2.2.2 Calculate the coefficients

Ci - seismic importance factor;
Cs - site coefficient;
Cd - damping adjustment factor;
Ce - liquefaction resistance coefficient;
 - Reduction coefficient of soil liquefaction influence;
K - adjustment coefficient of seismic allowable bearing capacity
11
 of foundation;

KA - active earth pressure coefficient acting on the back of the

platform under non-seismic conditions;
Ka
- seismic active earth pressure coefficient;

p - Pier mass conversion coefficient;
c ——
p
Cover beam mass conversion coefficient.

12
2.2.3 Geometric features

d0 —— characteristic depth of
liquefied soil;
db —— foundation embedding
depth;
du —— overlying non-liquefied
soil thickness;
dw —— depth of the water table;

ds —— the diameter of the

longitudinal rebar;
Ieff —— bending moment of inertia
of the effective section;

s —— spacing of stirrup;
 —— The total thickness of the
t rubber layer of the plate
rubber support;
 —— diagonal angle;
 —— The center angle of the
curved beam.

2.2.4 Material indicators

Ec —— elastic modulus of the piers;

—— Dynamic shear modulus of plate
Gd
rubber support;
fa 0 —— Basic allowable value of
foundation bearing capacity;
 faE —— Adjusted allowable value of
 seismic bearing capacity of
foundation;
 —— The allowable value of the
fa bearing capacity of the
foundation after the
 correction of depth and width;
 —— the gravitational density of
the soil;
d —— Dynamic friction coefficient
of support.

2.2.5 Ductile design parameters

fkh
13
 f - standard value of tensile strength of stirrup;
yh
- Design value of tensile strength of stirrup;
fc
k - Standard value of compressive strength of concrete;
fcd - Design value of concrete compressive strength;

Kds - ductile safety factor;

LP - equivalent plastic hinge length;

- equivalent yield bending moment;
M
and

14
  - permissible displacement of piers;
in
- the maximum allowable angle of the plastic hinge area;

in —— Super bending moment of the positive section of the pier;

0 - equivalent yield curvature;

y - Ultimate curvature;
- Vertical reinforcement ratio;
in
- restraining the reduction limit strain of the steel bar;
t
- the reduction limit strain of the longitudinal rib;
hR
i
s -
axial pressure ratio;
 - Displacement ductility coefficient of pier column members.
lan
d

k


D

2.2.6 Other parameters

g - acceleration due to gravity;

s - soil shear wave velocity;

N1 - the actual standard number of hammer penetrations in the soil

layer;
Ncr
——The critical value of the number of hammers penetrated by the
criterion for soil liquefaction;
T - structural self-oscillation period;
—— Site characterization period;
Tg
—— Basic period of structural self-vibration;
T1
–
 structural damping ratio;
—— Structural self-resonating elementary circle frequency;
1
—— Equivalent damping ratio of seismic isolation bridges or

seismic isolation devices.
eff

15
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Classification and fortification standards for bridge seismic fortification

3.1.1 The category of seismic fortification of bridges shall be determined

in accordance with Table 3.1.1. The category of earthquake resistance and
fortification should be raised for earthquake relief and bridges that are
of great economic and national defense importance, or bridges that are
difficult to repair (repair after destruction).
Table 3.1.1 Classification of seismic fortification of bridges

Bridge seismic Scope of

fortification applicat
category ion
A 类 A bridge with a single span span of more than 150m
Bridges on highways and first-class highways with a single span span
Class B
of no more than 150m
Bridges and bridges on secondary highways with a single span span of
no more than 150m
Middle bridges and small bridges on secondary highways,
C 类
Bridges and bridges on third- and fourth-class highways with a single-span
span diameter of no more than 150m
D 类 Middle bridges and small bridges on third- and fourth-class highways

Description of the provisions

In order to ensure focus and save investment, highway bridges are divided
into four seismic fortification categories: Class A , Class B, Class C and
Class D, with Class A seismic fortification requirements and categories being
the highest The seismic fortification categories of Class B, Class C and
Class D are lowered sequentially.

3.1.2 Class A, B and C bridges should be fortified with two levels of

seismic fortification, Class D bridges can be fortified with one level of
seismic fortification, and under the action of E1 and E2 earthquakes, the
seismic fortification targets of the bridge should be in line with the table
3.1.2 Requirements.
Table 3.1.2 Seismic fortification targets for bridges
Fortifie
Bridge d
seismic targets
fortific E1 Seismic E2 Seismic
action action
ation
Post- Injury state Post-earthquake use Injury state
category earthquake requirements
use

16
 requirements
The overall No repair required or
A 类 Can be used structural response simple repair Minor local injuries
normally is in elasticity may occur
Can be used normally
range, basically no
damage
The overall It can be maintained Does not collapse or
Clas Can be used structural response after temporary produce serious
s B normally is in elasticity reinforcement structures
range, basically no Emergency traffic use damage
damage
The overall It can be maintained Does not collapse or
C 类 Can be used structural response after temporary produce serious
normally is in elasticity reinforcement structures
range, basically no Emergency traffic use damage
damage
The overall
D 类 Can be used structural response — —
normally is in elasticity
range, basically no
damage
Note: The seismic fortification objectives of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges in Class B
and C and bridges with seismic isolation design shall be implemented in accordance with the
requirements of Class A bridges.

Description of the provisions

Under the action of the E1 earthquake, all types of bridges are required
to work in the elastic range, and the structural strength and stiffness are
basically unchanged. Under the action of E2 earthquake, class A bridges can
crack locally, and the crack width can exceed the allowable value, but the concrete
protective layer

17
 It should be kept intact, because the duration of the seismic process is
relatively short, after the earthquake, under the action of the structure's own
weight, the cracks carried out in the seismic process can generally be
closed, without affecting the use, and the overall response of the
structure is still in the elastic range. Class B and C bridges are required
not to collapse under the action of E2 earthquake, and the structural strength
cannot be greatly reduced, and the bending bearing capacity of reinforced
concrete bridge piers and columns should not be reduced by more than 20%. 。

Under the action of the E2 earthquake, if the cable-stayed bridge and

suspension bridge are allowed to enter the plasticity, it will produce large
deformation, resulting in a large change in the structural stress system, for
example, some cable-stayed cables or booms may not be forced, and even lead to serious
consequences such as bridge collapse. Bridges with seismic isolation design, mainly through
the seismic isolation device to dissipate seismic energy, can effectively reduce
the seismic response of the structure, so that the bridge pier columns do not
enter the plastic state, in addition, if the bridge pier columns are allowed
to enter the plastic state to form plastic hinges, it will lead to the chaos of the
structure's energy consumption system, and may also lead to excessive structural
displacement and difficulties in calculation and analysis. Therefore, it is
stipulated that the seismic fortification objectives of cable-stayed bridges
and suspension bridges in Class B and C and bridges with seismic isolation design
shall be implemented in accordance with the requirements of Class A bridges.

3.1.3 The seismic measure level and seismic importance coefficient of the
bridge shall meet the following requirements:
1 The level of seismic measures for bridges under different seismic
fortification intensities should be determined according to Table 3.1.3-
1.
Table 3.1.3-1 Levels of seismic measures for bridges
Seismic
fortificatio
Bridge
n intensity
category
Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ
0.05g 0.1g 0.15g 0.2g 0.3g 0.4g
A 类 Level Level Level Leve Higher,
II III IV l IV specialized
Class B Level Level Level Leve Leve Leve
II III III l IV l IV l IV

18
 C 类 Level Level Level Leve Leve Leve
II II l l l IV
III III
D 类 Level Level Level Leve Leve Leve
II II l l l IV
III III
Note: g is the acceleration of gravity, and the specific provisions
of each level of seismic measures are described in Chapter 11
of this specification.

2 The seismic importance coefficient Ci of the bridge should be determined

according to Table 3.1.3-2.

Table 3.1.3-2 Bridge seismic importance coefficient Ci

Bridge E1 Seismic E2 Seismic

category action action
A 类 1.0 1.7

Class B 0.43（0.5） 1.3（1.7）

C 类 0.34 1.0
D 类 0.23 —

Note: For Class B bridges and extra-large bridges on expressways and first-class highways, the
seismic importance factor is taken from the value in parentheses of Class B.

Description

19
 08 In the process of preparation, the detailed rules carried out a
special study on the classification of seismic fortification of bridges,
fortification standards and fortification objectives, and the results are
summarized in the above articles. After the Wenchuan earthquake, under the
organization of the Ministry of Transport, the bridge earthquake damage was
investigated and analyzed in detail, the earthquake damage mechanism was studied
in detail, and the classification of bridge seismic fortification, fortification
targets and fortification standards were further studied. The research results show
that the classification of bridge seismic fortification, fortification
objectives and fortification standards in the 08 detailed rules are
appropriate. Therefore, this revision does not change the specific content of the
relevant provisions, but only sorts out the order of the relevant provisions. At
the same time, the selection of anti-seismic measures has introduced the concept of
the level of anti-seismic measures to make the expression clearer and avoid
confusion.
In coordination with the seismic fortification objectives specified in
3.1.2 , the seismic importance factor of each type of bridge corresponds
to the reproduction period
Listed in Table 3-1. Strictly speaking, a seismic importance factor of 1.0
corresponds to a recurrence period of 475 years, and the rest of the
correspondence is approximate.
Table 3-1 Seismic importance coefficient and recurrence period comparison table
Seismic 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.43 0.34 0.23
importance
factor
Recurrent 2000 1000 475 100 75 50 25
period (years)

This specification adopts two-level fortification and two-stage design;

Class D bridges, due to their small scale and low route grade, generally adopt a
level of fortification and a one-stage design. For Class A girders, cable-
stayed and suspension bridges in Class B and C, and bridges with seismic
isolation designs, the first and second phase seismic designs are resilient and
seismic designed, but E1 The seismic calculation under seismic action
should use the full-section stiffness, and the seismic calculation under
the action of E2 earthquake can use the crack section stiffness. For other
Class B and C bridges, the seismic design of the first stage, that is,
the seismic design corresponding to the E1 seismic action, adopts elastic
20
seismic design to ensure that the bridge structure is in E1 It is in a
resilient state under the action of earthquakes. The seismic design of the
second stage, that is, the seismic design corresponding to the E2 seismic
action, adopts a ductile seismic design and introduces the principle of
capacity protection design. Ensure that the structure has sufficient
ductile deformation capacity under the action of E2 earthquake, that is,
the ductile deformation capacity of the structure should be greater than the
ductile deformation requirement and have appropriate safety reserves, through
the ability protection design, to ensure that the plastic hinge only appears in
the selected position, and there is no failure mode such as shear failure.
08 The detailed rules use intensity to express the level of seismic
measures, which is easy to be confused and ambiguous with the intensity of
seismic fortification, in order to express more clearly, this revision
directly adopts four levels to express the level of seismic measures, 08
The seismic measures in the VI. degree area are called first-class, the
seventh-degree area is second-class, the seven-degree area is third, and the IX.
degree area is four. The specific provisions for each level of seismic measures
are detailed in Chapter 11 of this Code.

3.1.4 The seismic fortification standard of the three-dimensional

crossing bridge shall not be lower than the seismic fortification standard
of the offline project it spans.
Description of the provisions

21
 Once the three-dimensional crossing bridge is damaged by earthquake, it
will not only affect the upper line traffic, but also affect the lower line
traffic, so the seismic design should be carried out according to the higher
seismic fortification standards in the upper and lower lines. If crossing other
thoroughfares or structures (e.g. railways), the requirements of this
article shall also apply.

3.2 Basic requirements for seismic action

3.2.1 The seismic action of the seismic design of highway bridges shall adopt
the basic ground motion peak acceleration and response spectrum characteristic
period of the area where the bridge is located, according to the site
conditions and Article 3 of this specification 1.3 Determination of the
adjustment of the seismic importance factor specified in paragraph 2 of
Clause.

Description of the provisions

For bridge engineering sites that have not been specifically evaluated for
seismic safety, the seismic action can only be determined according to Appendix
C of the current "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB 18306), but
the "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" only gives the basic ground
motion peak acceleration and characteristic period of Class II sites. Other
types of sites need to be adjusted according to the parameters of Class II
sites, as detailed in Clauses 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 of this Code . This
specification introduces the seismic importance coefficient, and gives
different seismic importance coefficients to different fortification categories to
adjust the seismic effect and express the difference in seismic fortification level. For
bridge engineering sites that have done special seismic safety evaluation, the
ground seismic effect can be determined according to the results of the
seismic safety evaluation passed by the review.

3.2.2 The correspondence between the seismic fortification intensity of

highway bridges and the basic ground motion peak acceleration of the
current "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB 18306) should be
determined according to the provisions of Table 3.2.2.

表 3.2.2 Seismic fortification intensity and basic ground motion peak acceleration A Table
Seismic Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ
fortificatio 22
n intensity
A 0.05g 0.10（0.15）g 0.20（0.30）g 0.40g
Description of the provisions
Table 3.2.2 is based on Table G.1 of the current Zoning Map of Ground
Motion Parameters in China (GB 18306). In Table G.1 of the zoning map,
A is expressed in 5 ranges of ground motion peak acceleration of Class II
sites, and the A value of this specification directly adopts the The
basic ground motion peak acceleration zoning values of Class II sites on the China
Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map are consistent with Table F.1 of the zoning
map standard, and the specific values can be found in Appendix C of the
zoning map standard, so Table 3.2.2 The correspondence is also expressed
in terms of basic ground motion peak acceleration zonal values. In
addition, there is no zone ≥ 0.75g on the zoning map, so Table 3.2.2
retains only 4 seismic fortification intensities. By definition, intensity
expresses the average characteristic of the intensity of ground motion on a
general site, that is, it corresponds to a Class II site. The peak acceleration
of ground motion in other site classes is dependent

23
 The value of the Class II site should be adjusted, which expresses the
influence of the site conditions on ground motion at the same intensity, and
does not correspond to another seismic fortification intensity.

3.2.3 When conducting a special seismic safety evaluation of a bridge

engineering site, in addition to complying with the provisions of the current
"Seismic Safety Evaluation of Engineering Site" (GB 17741), the relevant
provisions of this specification should also be met when determining the
seismic fortification standards and seismic effects.
Description of the provisions
The special seismic safety evaluation of the bridge engineering site should
determine the seismic fortification intensity, as well as the design ground
motion parameters corresponding to the seismic fortification standards of
various bridges, that is, the design ground motion parameters corresponding to
the E1 and E2 seismic effects, and the reproduction period of the E1 and
E2 seismic effects of various bridge girders Determined according to Table 3-1
of this specification. In addition, whether it is necessary to consider vertical
seismic action and ground motion spatial changes should also be implemented with
reference to the requirements of this specification, as detailed in the relevant
provisions of Chapter 5 of this specification.

3.3 Seismic design method classification and flow chart

3.3.1 According to the classification of bridge seismic fortification and
seismic fortification intensity, bridge seismic design methods can be
divided into the following 3 categories:

1 Class 1, seismic analysis and seismic verification under E1 seismic

action and E2 seismic action shall be carried out, and shall meet the
requirements of the seismic system of bridge structures in Section 3.4 of
this chapter and the requirements of related structures and seismic
measures.
2 Class 2, seismic analysis and seismic verification under the action
of E1 earthquakes should be carried out, and the requirements of relevant
structures and seismic measures should be met.
3 Class 3, should meet the requirements of relevant structural and
seismic measures, can not be carried out seismic analysis and seismic
inspection.

24
Description of the provisions
In order to ensure the seismic safety of the bridge structure and minimize
the calculation workload, this specification stipulates the corresponding
seismic design requirements and seismic design content for the bridges of each
seismic fortification category and the bridge of each seismic fortification
intensity. The general principle is to require bridges with high seismic
fortification categories and bridges with high seismic fortification intensity
to do more refined seismic design. According to the seismic design
requirements and seismic design content, this code divides seismic design
methods into three categories.
3.3.2 The seismic design method of the bridge should be selected according to
Table 3.3.2.
Table 3.3.2 Selection of seismic design methods for bridges
Seismic
Bridge category fortificatio
n intensity
Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ
0.05g 0.1g 0.15g 0.2g 0.3g 0.4g
A 类 Class Class 1 Class Clas Clas Clas
1 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
Clas Class Class 1 Class Clas Clas Clas
s B 3 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
C 类 Class Class 1 Class Clas Clas Clas
3 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
D 类 Class Class 2 Class Clas Clas Clas
3 2 s 2 s 2 s 2

25
 Note: Seismic design methods for masonic arch bridges, gravity piers and abutments are available in
2 categories.

Description of the provisions

Referring to the current seismic design codes for relevant bridges at home
and abroad, this code stipulates that Class B, Class C and Class D bridges
in the VI. degree zone can only meet the requirements of relevant structural
and seismic measures, and do not need to conduct seismic analysis; For Class D
bridges in the VII., VIII, and IX. degree zones, only the seismic calculation
and verification under the action of E1 earthquake can be carried out, and
the relevant structural and seismic measures can be met; Gonggong arch bridges,
gravity piers and abutments are generally concrete structures, the structure size is
large, basically non-ductility, can not consider ductile seismic design, so it is
stipulated that only E1 seismic design can be carried out, this article follows
the provisions of the 89 specification and 08 by-law, Experience has shown
that bridges designed in this way perform well in actual earthquakes; For
other bridges, the seismic calculation and verification of E1 seismic action
and E2 seismic action should be carried out, and the relevant structural
and seismic measures should be met.
3.3.3 The seismic design of the bridge can be carried out using the seismic
design flow of Figure 3.3.3.

Figure 3.3.3 Seismic design flowchart

26
3.4 Seismic system for bridge structures
3.4.1 The seismic system of the bridge structure shall comply with the
following regulations:
1 There is a reliable and stable way of force transmission.
2 There are clear and reliable displacement constraints, which can
effectively control the seismic displacement of the structure and
prevent falling beams.

27
 3 There are clear, reasonable and reliable energy dissipation parts.
4 It should have the ability to avoid structural collapse due to the
failure of some structural components.
Description of the provisions
The seismic system of bridge structure refers to the general term of
various bridge structural systems used to undertake seismic effects, and
the main function is to undertake horizontal and vertical seismic effects.
This article is based on the summary of the lessons learned from
previous earthquakes, the purpose of which is to avoid the overall damage
and collapse of the bridge structure under the action of earthquakes, and
to ensure that the traffic lifeline is not interrupted.
3.4.2 For Class B and C girder bridges, the following two seismic systems can
be used:
1 Type I., under the action of earthquake, the elastoplastic deformation and
energy dissipation of the bridge are located in the piers, typical single
column piers and double
The energy-dissipating part of the pier, the potential plastic hinge area,
is shown in Figure 3.4.2.
2 Type II., under the action of earthquake, the energy consumption parts of
the bridge are located in the upper and lower connecting members of the bridge,
including seismic isolation bearings and energy consumption devices.

The cross bridge goes down the bridge

(a) Continuous beam, simple support beam bridge single column
pier

28
 The cross bridge goes down the bridge
(b) Continuous beam, simple support beam bridge double column
pier

Fig. 3.4.2 Schematic diagram of the energy-dissipating parts (potential plastic hinge
area) of single-column piers and double-column piers of continuous beams and simply
supported girder bridges
( Pictured : represents the potential plastic hinge area).

29
Description of the provisions
For reinforced concrete bridges, there are two main types of structural
seismic systems used at home and abroad. One type is a bridge designed according
to ductile seismic resistance, which uses the bridge pier columns to undergo plastic
deformation under the action of earthquakes, prolongs the structural period, and
dissipates seismic energy. For such structures, the energy-dissipating parts that
allow plastic deformation should generally be selected on components that are
easy to inspect and repair. Fig
3.4.2 The schematic diagram of the suitable energy-consuming parts of the
single column pier and double column pier of the simple support girder
bridge is given, and for the double column pier with tie beam, plastic
deformation may also occur at the node of the pier column and tie beam, and
it is generally appropriate to consider that plastic deformation occurs on the
tie beam. The other type is a bridge designed according to seismic isolation,
under the action of earthquake, the connecting members (supports, energy-
dissipating devices) of the upper and lower structures of the bridge are
used to undergo plastic deformation or increase damping, extend the structural
cycle, dissipate seismic energy, thereby reducing the seismic reaction of the
structure. Accordingly, this code divides the seismic systems of bridge
structures into two categories.
Under the action of earthquakes, the energy-consuming parts of the bridge
structure should be determined in advance during the seismic design, and the
deformation capacity of the structure should be checked, and other parts of the
structure should be ensured to be weaker than the energy-consuming parts.

Generally speaking, the more regular the structure of the bridge, the more uniform
the distribution of stiffness and strength, and the better its seismic performance.
Therefore, the height difference between the different pier columns of the bridge
should not be too large, and the degree of diagonal crossing of the inclined
bridge and the degree of curve of the curved bridge should also be
minimized.

3.4.3 For bridges using seismic system type I., when seismic design, pier columns
and tie beams should be designed as ductile components, bridge foundations, cover
beams, supports, beams and nodes should be used as capacity protection components,

30
and the shear strength of pier columns should be designed according to the
principle of capacity protection.
Description of the provisions
The San Fernando earthquake in the United States in 1971 was a turning
point in the development of seismic design concepts and design methods for
bridges, and people recognized the importance of structural ductility to
structural seismic resistance based on seismic damage investigation and research.
After decades of research and development, the current seismic design codes for
bridges at home and abroad have adopted ductile seismic design methods instead of the
previous seismic design methods that rely solely on strength. In the 70s of the
20th century, New Zealand scholar Park et al. proposed an important
principle in the seismic design method of the structure - the principle of
capacity protection design, and the earliest concrete structure design code in New
Zealand
(NZS3101, 1982). Subsequently, this design principle was gradually adopted
by the seismic design codes of bridges around the world.
The basic idea of the capability protection design principle is the same as
the principle of using fuses in circuit design. That is, in the structural
design, the ductile members and the capacity protection components in the
structural system form a difference in strength level to ensure that structural
damage only occurs in the pre-selected parts of the ductile components, and at the
same time ensure that the brittle failure mode does not occur in the structure. In
general, the structural design process based on the design principles of
capability protection is as follows:
（1） Choose a reasonable structural layout;

31
 （2） Select a reasonable position where the structure is expected to
bend the plastic hinge under the action of earthquakes, ensure that the
structure can form an appropriate plastic energy dissipation mechanism, and
ensure the ductility of the section of the plastic hinge area through
strength and ductility design;
（3） Establish the appropriate strength class to ensure that components
where bending plastic hinges are expected do not undergo brittle
failure modes
(such as shear failure, bond failure, etc.), and ensure that brittle
components and components that are not suitable for energy consumption
(capacity protection components) are in the elastic reaction range.
Specific to girder bridges, designed according to the principle of
capacity protection design, the following aspects should be considered:
（1） The position of the potential plastic hinge is generally selected on
the pier column, which is designed according to the ductile component, which
can undergo elastoplastic deformation and dissipate seismic energy;
（2）The design shear value of the pier column is calculated according to the
principle of capacity protection design, and should be the shear force
corresponding to the ultimate bending moment of the pier column (considering the
super strong coefficient). When calculating the shear design value, all plastic
hinge positions should be considered to determine the maximum design shear
force;
（3） The cover beam, node and foundation are designed according to the
ability to protect the components, and the design bending moment, design shear
force and design axial force should be the bending moment, shear force and
axial force corresponding to the ultimate bending moment of the pier column
(considering the super coefficient). When calculating the design bending
moment, design shear force and design axial force of cover beams, joints
and foundations, all plastic hinge positions should be considered to determine
the maximum design moment, design shear force and design axial force.
3.4.4 For bridges with plate rubber bearings, the slip resistance of the bearings does
not meet Article 7.5 of this specification under the action of the E2
earthquake
section, you can choose one of the following measures:

1 Other types of bearings are adopted, and the type of seismic system is

32
determined according to the type of support selected and the seismic design is
carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of this specification.
2 The beam limit device is set through a special design, and the type of seismic
system is determined according to whether the support is allowed to produce
relative sliding.

1） Under the condition of ensuring that the support does not produce relative
sliding, the horizontal seismic force is transmitted by the limit device and the
support, and the seismic design can be carried out according to the seismic system
type I.
2） If the support and the bottom of the beam are allowed to slide relatively, the
seismic design should be carried out according to the seismic system type II. under the
condition of ensuring that the support and the top of the pier (platform) do not produce
relative sliding and no falling beam failure. The seismic analysis should adopt the
nonlinear time history analysis method, considering the sliding effect of the support
and the influence of the nonlinear characteristics of the limit device.

Description of the provisions

China's small and medium-span bridges widely use plate rubber bearings, the beam
body is directly resting on the support, and the support is connected with the bottom of

the beam and the top of the pier (platform) without bolts. The Wenchuan earthquake
damage shows that this form of support arrangement is easy to slide relative to the
bottom of the beam and the top surface of the support under the action of earthquake,
resulting in large beam displacement and even falling beam failure. For plate rubber

bearings under the action of E2 earthquakes, their anti-slip performance cannot

meet the requirements, other types of supports or beam displacement restraint devices
can be used.

33
 For the scheme of replacing the type of support, the seismic system of the
bridge may also be different depending on the type of support used for
replacement. If the seismic isolation support is selected, the seismic design is
carried out according to the seismic system type II., which meets the requirements

of the seismic isolation design of Chapter 10 of this specification.

For the scheme of using beam limit devices, it is necessary to meet the normal
use requirements (that is, do not affect the normal use) and seismic requirements
at the same time, the characteristics of different types of limit devices may also
be different, and the calculation and analysis are relatively complex, because the
current design experience in this area is not enough, so it is stipulated that the
beam limit device is set through special design, that is, according to the actual
situation to carry out certain research on the basis of design.

If the support and the beam bottom are allowed to slide relatively, it can
effectively reduce the horizontal seismic force borne by the bridge pier column,
which is actually a seismic isolation system, so it is stipulated that the seismic
design is carried out according to the type of seismic system II., that is, the
design of the bridge pier column, foundation, etc. meets the requirements of the
seismic isolation design, and the bridge pier column is not allowed to form a
plastic hinge to avoid the chaos of the energy-consuming system. The sliding
effect of the support and the nonlinear characteristics of the limit device have a
great influence on the seismic response, so they need to be considered in seismic
analysis.

3.4.5 Under the action of earthquake, when the horizontal seismic resistance of
the fixed support of the continuous girder bridge does not meet the requirements
of this specification, the shear bond connecting the beam body and the pier
column can be set by calculation, and the shear key can bear the horizontal
seismic force of the support, or the seismic isolation design can be carried
out according to the requirements of Chapter 10 of this specification.
Description of the provisions
Under the action of longitudinal earthquake, the fixed support of multi-span
continuous girder bridge generally bears a large horizontal seismic force, which
may not meet the seismic inspection requirements of the support, for this case,
such as the fixed pier and the fixed pier foundation have sufficient seismic
34
capacity, can meet the relevant seismic performance requirements, can be set
by calculation of the shear bond, by the shear key to bear the horizontal seismic
force of the support.

3.4.6 Under normal circumstances, the abutment of a multi-span bridge should

not be used as a component to resist the seismic inertia force of the beam,
movable supports should be used at the abutment, and the lateral seismic
stop on the abutment should be designed to be damaged under the action of
E2 earthquake. If it is necessary to use the bridge abutment to bear the
seismic inertia force of part of the beam, special research and design
should be carried out.
Description of the provisions
Along the direction of the bridge, for continuous girder bridges or
multi-span simply supported girder bridges, China generally sets
longitudinal movable supports at the bridge abutments. Therefore, under the
action of earthquake along the bridge, the longitudinal seismic inertia force of
the beam body is mainly borne by the piers. In the direction of the cross
bridge, if a transverse seismic stop is set at the bridge abutment, under
the action of the earthquake in the cross bridge direction, the seismic
inertia force of the beam body is distributed according to the horizontal
stiffness of the pier and abutment, and due to the large stiffness of the bridge
abutment, it will bear a large lateral seismic inertia force. Therefore, the
transverse stop on the bridge abutment should be designed to be destroyed under
the action of E2 ground seismic to reduce the lateral seismic force on the
bridge abutment. For single-span simply supported girder bridges, plate rubber
bearings are usually used at the abutments to make both sides of the abutments
bear the horizontal seismic force.

35
 3.4.7 W h e n t h e s e i s m i c s y s t e m o f C l a s s B and Class C girder
bridges cannot meet the requirements of Article 3.4.2 of this specification
for the seismic system of the structure, a special study shall be carried
out, and the performance of the structure under seismic action must meet the
requirements of Table 3.1.2 of this specification .

3.5 Seismic conceptual design

3.5.1 According to the site conditions, the appropriate bridge position shall
be selected in accordance with the relevant requirements of Chapter 4 of this
specification. In the section where the geological conditions of the site are
discontinuous and the foundation may produce a large relative displacement
during an earthquake, it is not suitable to build an arch bridge. In liquefied
or weak soil sites, bridge foundations should pass through liquefied soil
or soft soil.
Description of the provisions
Seismic experience shows that arch bridges are sensitive to the relative
displacement of foundations, and if the foundation produces large relative
displacements during earthquakes, it may lead to the collapse of the bridge as a
whole, so it is not suitable to choose to build arch bridges in this area. In
liquefied or weak soil sites, in order to avoid tilting or collapsing the bridge
due to foundation failure during an earthquake, the bridge foundation should pass
through the liquefied soil layer or soft soil layer.
3.5.2 The bridge should adopt a symmetrical structural form and uniform
arrangement scheme as much as possible.
Description of the provisions
The symmetrical structural form and uniform layout scheme are adopted to
make the stiffness and mass of the bridge structure symmetrical and evenly
distributed, which is conducive to all parts of the bridge structure to bear
the horizontal seismic force.
3.5.3 The stiffness ratio of the inner piers of the girder bridge should
meet the following requirements:
1 Horizontal thrust stiffness ratio of any two piers
1） The bridge deck is of equal width

2） The deck
bri becomes
dge wider
36
 and
i kj
 0.5
k an (3.5.3-1)

k em
2  i j
k m  (3.5.3-2)
e
0.5
j i

2 Horizontal thrust stiffness ratio of adjacent piers

1） The bridge deck is of equal width
a
n
d
k i (3.5.3-3)

2） The k an
0.75
bridge j
deck
becomes
wider k em
i
1.33   (3.5.3-4)
j
0.75
k em
j i

37
In the formula:
i j k e 、ke ——Respectively i and j The
combined stiffness calculated after the support
stiffness of the pier is taken into account (including
the direction of the bridge
 e
"横桥向), k k ;
j i

Mi and M j - the equivalent beam mass of the pier body conversion mass

considering the pier body conversion mass and the cover beam conversion
mass at the top of the pier I and the jth pier, respectively.
Description of the provisions

The balanced distribution of stiffness and mass is the most important part
of the seismic design concept of bridges. For bridge beams with continuous
superstructures, the height of each pier should be as close as possible. For
the situation where the height difference of adjacent piers is large,
resulting in a large difference in stiffness, the distribution of horizontal
seismic force among the piers is generally not ideal, the piers with high
stiffness will bear a larger horizontal seismic force, and at the same time,
the piers with low stiffness will have a large pier top displacement, so that
the superstructure will deflect and cause the pier columns to bear torque,
which will seriously affect the overall seismic ability of the structure. In the
90s of the last century, the United States recognized the importance of
balanced distribution of stiffness and mass through the investigation and
analysis of actual bridge earthquake damage, and carried out systematic
research, and the relevant research results were written into the CALTRANS
bridge seismic design code and AASHTO Code for seismic design of bridges.
This article directly references the provisions of the CALTRANS (2013
edition) Code for Seismic Design of Bridges.

3.5.4 The basic cycle ratio of adjacent joints of multi-girder bridges

should meet the following requirements:
Ti

(3.5.4)
0.7
Tj

Where: T i, T j - the basic period of the i-th and j-th conjunction

(including the forward and horizontal bridge directions), respectively, T i
 Tj 。
38
Description of the provisions

When the period of adjacent joints of girder bridges is large, non-

homogeneous vibrations of adjacent joints will occur under the action of
earthquakes, resulting in large relative displacement between adjacent beams
at the expansion joint or expansion joint collision. To reduce non-co-
directional vibration of adjacent joints, the U.S. Code for Seismic Design of
CALTRANS Bridges and the Code for Seismic Design of AASHTO Bridges are
specified. This article directly references the provisions of the CALTRANS
(2013 edition) Code for Seismic Design of Bridges.

3.5.5 When the stiffness of each pier in the first link of the girder bridge
is quite different or the basic period of the adjacent joint is quite
different, the following methods should be used to adjust the stiffness
ratio of each pier in the first joint and the adjacent period ratio:
1 When the stiffness of each pier along the bridge is quite different,
it is advisable to set a rubber support with reasonable shear stiffness on the
top of each pier to adjust the equivalent stiffness of each pier.
2 Change the size or construction of the pier column.
Description of the provisions

39
 In order to ensure the balanced distribution of bridge stiffness and mass,
priority should be given to the structural forms of equal span, pier height
and equal bridge deck width during design. If the arrangement cannot be balanced
due to the restrictions, the distribution of bridge stiffness and mass can also be
improved by adjusting the section size and support of the pier column. Adjusting
the support parameters is the easiest way to do it, and the effect is also
significant. Picking
When using rubber supports, the horizontal stiffness kt of the tandem system
consisting of piers and supports is:

kt  k k
z p
（3-1）
kz 
kp

In the formula: kp - horizontal stiffness of the pier;

kz - shear stiffness of rubber supports.

It can be seen from the above formula that adjusting the stiffness of the
support can make the stiffness at each pier more balanced. Since the
horizontal seismic force is distributed proportionally according to the
horizontal stiffness of the series system of each pier, the distribution of
horizontal seismic force between the piers can be effectively adjusted by
adjusting the support stiffness.

3.5.6 The low piers of the girder bridge should not be equipped with fixed
supports, and movable supports or plate rubber supports should be
set.

3.5.7 Under the action of earthquake in the direction of the cross bridge
for double-column piers or multi-column piers, the seismic design of the cover
beam should consider that the cover beam may have alternating positive and
negative bending moments.

3.6 Combination of effects

3.6.1 The seismic design of highway bridges should consider the following
effects:
1 Permanent action, including structural gravity (constant load),
prestress, earth pressure, water pressure.

40
 2 Seismic action, including the action of ground motion, seismic earth
pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, etc.
3 When performing seismic tests of pier and beam connection members such
as supports, a uniform temperature effect of 50% should also be taken
into account.
Description of the provisions

Due to the small probability of earthquakes and the short duration of

earthquakes, this specification does not consider the combination with live
loads with reference to the treatment methods of the United States, Japan and
European Bridge Seismic Design Codes.
3.6.2 The combination of effects shall include the most unfavorable
combination of the effects of each of the effects of Article 3.6.1 of
this specification. Role
The combined coefficient of the effect should be 1.0, and when there are
special provisions, the combined coefficient should be taken according to the
relevant regulations.
Description of the provisions
The combination coefficient of the effect should generally be 1.0, and
when there are special provisions, the combination coefficient is taken
according to the relevant specific provisions.

41
4 Site, foundation and foundation
4.1 venue
4.1.1 The selection of bridge position should be based on engineering
geological investigation and special engineering geology and hydrogeological
survey, and comprehensive evaluation should be carried out according to the
activity of geological structure, slope stability and geological conditions of
the site, and the sections that are favorable, general, unfavorable and
dangerous for the earthquake resistance of highways and bridges should be
identified, and it is advisable to make full use of the favorable sections
for earthquake resistance.
Description of the provisions
Seismic favorable areas generally refer to the construction site and
its vicinity with no late recent active faults, relatively stable
geological structure, and relatively complete rock mass, hard soil or open
flat and compact medium hard soil.
Earthquake-resistant areas generally refer to areas with weak cohesive
soil, liquefied soil and severely uneven strata; Steep, solitary, loose and
broken terrain; Areas where the groundwater table is shallow and the surface
drainage conditions are poor. Severe uneven strata refer to strata that change
greatly in the horizontal direction such as lithology, soil quality, layer
thickness, and interface.
Seismic hazard generally refers to areas where landslides and collapses may
occur during earthquakes; Sections that may collapse during an earthquake, karst
areas such as karst caves and hollowed out mining caves, sections where the
bedrock in the riverbed has a tendency to the tectonic weakness of the trough
and are cut by a deep cut trough, various sections that may collapse during
earthquakes and interrupt traffic.
Earthquake resistance generally refers to areas other than areas that are
advantageous, unfavorable and dangerous for earthquake resistance.

4.1.2 The geotechnical investigation of the site shall divide the sections
that are favorable, general, unfavorable and dangerous for the earthquake
resistance of the bridge according to actual needs, and provide the
evaluation of the site type and the seismic stability of the rock and soil
(including landslide, collapse, liquefaction and seismic subsidence
42
characteristics). For bridges that need to be calculated by time history
analysis, the dynamic parameters necessary for soil profile, site cover
thickness and seismic calculation should be provided according to the design
requirements.

Description of the provisions

This article is formulated with reference to Article 4.1.9 of the Code
for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010), and stipulates the work
content of geotechnical investigation, including seismic safety evaluation.

4.1.3 When laying bridges in areas with unfavorable earthquake resistance,

appropriate seismic reinforcement measures should be taken for the foundation.
In soft cohesive soil layers, liquefied soil layers and seriously uneven strata,
it is not suitable to build large-span ultra-static bridges and other bridges
sensitive to uneven deformation of the foundation.

4.1.4 Highway bridges should be around seismic dangerous sections, and when
the bridges and extra-large bridges, Class B bridges and Class A bridges
in Class C bridges must pass through seismic dangerous sections, corresponding
countermeasures should be studied and formulated on the basis of seismic safety
evaluation of the engineering site .

43
 4.1.5 For the section of the dammed lake that may be caused by landslides or
collapses during an earthquake, the influence range of its inundation and
rupture should be estimated, the elevation of the route should be reasonably
determined, and the bridge position should be selected. Countermeasures should be taken
when the flow of the river may be changed due to landslides or collapses, and the
safety of bank slopes, bridge piers and roadbeds should be affected.

4.1.6 The shear wave velocity of the soil layer at the bridge engineering
site should be determined according to the following requirements:
1 Class A and B bridges can be determined by field measurements. The number of
drilled holes during on-site measurement should meet the following requirements: no
less than 1 middle bridge, no less than 2 bridges, and extra large bridges
should be appropriately increased.
2 For Class C and D bridges, when there is no measured shear wave
velocity, the shear wave velocity of each soil layer can be estimated
within the range of Table 4.1.6 according to the name and characteristics
of the rock and soil, and combined with local experience.
Table 4.1.6 Soil type division and shear wave velocity range

The Rock and Soil shear wave

type of soil names and velocity s range
soil traits
（m/s）
rock Hard, hard and intact rock s >800
Hard soil or
soft Broken and more broken or soft and soft rock, 800≥s >500
rock dense gravel soil

Medium-dense, slightly densely packed gravel soils, dense,

Mediu 500≥s >250
m hard medium-dense gravel, coarse (medium) sand,
soil clayey and silt of fa >150, hard
0

loess
Slightly denser gravel, coarse (medium)
Mediu 250≥s >150
m soft sand, fine, silty except loose, fa 0 ≤ 150
soil
Clayey and silt, fill soil of f a 0 >130,
malleable loess
silt and silty soils, loose sand, newly deposited
Weak clay and silt, s ≤150
soil
Fill of fa 0 ≤130 , flow molded
loess

Note: fa0 is the basic allowable value of the bearing capacity (kPa) of the foundation obtained by
load tests, etc.

Description of the provisions

44
 Under normal circumstances, the on-site measurement of soil shear wave
velocity at Class A bridge engineering site is one of the contents of
seismic safety evaluation of engineering sites.
4.1.7 The thickness of the overburden of the engineering site shall be
determined according to the following requirements:
1 In general, it should be determined according to the distance from the
ground to the top surface of the soil layer where the shear wave velocity is
greater than 500m/s and the shear wave velocity of each layer under it is not
less than 500m/s .
2 When there is a soil layer below 5m below the ground whose shear wave velocity is
greater than 2.5 times the shear wave velocity of the adjacent upper soil,
and the shear wave velocity of each layer below is not less than 400m/s , it
can be determined according to the distance from the ground to the top
surface of the soil layer.
3 Lone stones and lens bodies with shear wave velocities greater than 500m/s
should be regarded as surrounding soil layers.
4 The hard interlayer of volcanic rock in the soil layer should be
regarded as a rigid body, and its thickness should be deducted from
the cover layer.
Description of the provisions

45
 This article refers to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings
(GB50011—2010), minor revisions have been made.

4.1.84.1 The average shear velocity of Administrator

.8 the soil layer should be 2021-11-10 11:08:45
se  ----------------------------------------
---- (4.1.8-1)
d0 / t Just know

t  si (4.1.8-2)
 d a 
nd
i1

In the formula: se - the average shear wave velocity of the soil layer
(m/s);

d0 - calculate the depth (m), take the smaller value of the thickness
of the cover layer and 20m;

t - propagation time of the shear wave from the ground to the

calculated depth (s);

d i - the thickness of the i-th soil layer in the depth range is

calculated (m);

si - calculate the shear wave velocity (m/s) of the i-th soil layer
in the depth range;

n - calculate the number of layers of soil in the depth range.

4.1.9 The category of bridge engineering site shall be based on the average shear
wave velocity of the soil layer and the thickness of the soil layer covered by
the site, according to Table 4.1.9
The regulations are divided into four categories, of which I is divided into
two subcategories, I 0 and I1 .
Table 4.1.9 Classification of bridge engineering sites
The shear wave Site category
velocity of
Ⅰ0 Ⅰ1 Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ
the rock or
the average
shear of the
soil layer
波速（m/s）

s ＞800 0

46
 800≥s ＞ 0
500

500≥se ＜5 ≥5
>250

250≥se ＜3 3~50 ＞50

>150

se ≤150 ＜3 3~15 ＞15，≤80 ＞80

Note: The data in the table are the thickness of the overburden soil layer (m) and s is the
shear wave velocity of the rock.

Description of the provisions

47
 This article has been revised with reference to the relevant provisions
of the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010). In this
standard, "equivalent shear wave velocity" is changed to average shear wave
velocity, which has the same meaning and clearer physical meaning.

4.1.10 When there is a seismic fault within the bridge engineering site,
the engineering impact of the fault should be evaluated.
1 When one of the following conditions is met, the impact of seismic
fracture and dislocation on the bridge can be disregarded:
1) The seismic fortification intensity is less than VIII. degree.
2) Non-Holocene active fracture.
3) When the seismic fortification intensity is VIII degree and IX.
degree, the soil cover thickness of the prequaternary bedrock hidden fault
is greater than 60m and 90m, respectively.
2 When the conditions of paragraph 1 above cannot be met, the following
measures shall be taken:
1) Class A bridges should avoid the main fault, the seismic fortification
intensity is VIII degree and IX. degree area, the distance to avoid the main
fault, that is, the distance from the edge of the pier to the outer edge of
the main fault zone should not be less than 300m and 500m, respectively .
2) Bridges below Class A should adopt structures with small span diameters
that are easy to repair.
3) When the bridge position cannot avoid the development seismic fracture,
it is advisable to arrange all the piers on the same disk (preferably the
lower plate) of the fault ; When it is not possible to arrange all the
piers on the same plate on the fault, it is advisable to conduct special
studies.
Description of the provisions
The evaluation of the engineering impact of seismic fracture in the
vicinity of the structure is the content of the seismic safety evaluation, and
for bridge projects that do not require seismic safety evaluation of
engineering sites in this specification, measures may be taken in accordance
with the provisions of this article in combination with the evaluation of site
engineering geological investigation. Here, the engineering impact of seismic
faults mainly refers to the impact of surface rupture caused by seismic faults on

48
the engineering structure. There are no economical and effective engineering
measures for this instantaneous surface dislocation, and the danger is mainly
reduced by avoidance. There have been reports abroad that some buildings with
solid foundations have successfully resisted surface rupture that has been held
or transferred for several inches, and the structure has not been damaged
(Youd, 1989), pointing out that high-quality reinforced raft foundations and
internal pull-jointed solid foundations work best. Available for designers'
reference.
（1） The surface rupture caused by the actual seismic fault is not
directly related to the intensity of the earthquake, but has a certain
correlation with the magnitude of the earthquake. From the accumulated
data, there is only one case of surface rupture caused by earthquakes below
magnitude 6, so the "seismic fortification intensity less than VIII degree"
mentioned in this article actually means that the magnitude of the earthquake
is less than 6. It is difficult for designers to determine the magnitude of
future earthquakes facing the project, and the earthquake intensity can be directly
found from the seismic zoning map. The reference to this article is convenient for
designers to use.
（2） Samples of fault material (fault mud, mylonite) and overlying
sediment obtained in the active fault survey can be used to test the
latest activity age of the fault according to some existing methods (C14,
thermoluminescence, etc.). Obviously, active faults and

49
 Seismic faults, especially those with earthquakes of magnitude 6 or higher, are
not exactly the same, and identifying them requires specialized work. In order to
facilitate the use of designers, according to China's data and research results,
the possibility of earthquakes of magnitude 6 or higher on active faults
before the Holocene is ruled out here, which is generally feasible for
general highway engineering.
（3） The deformation of the overburden layer can "absorb" the
dislocation of part of the underlying bedrock, which refers to the fact that
the dislocation of the soil surface will be less than the dislocation of the top
surface of the sub-bedrock. Obviously, the degree of this "absorption" is
related to the engineering nature and thickness of the soil layer. The
structure and soil conditions of the soil layer of each site are often
different, and some are very different, and the current specifications
cannot be stipulated one by one, and can only be roughly specified for the
average situation. As mentioned above, the seismic intensity VIII and IX
degrees mentioned here essentially refer to magnitudes 6.0 and 6.7, and the
misalignment of the bedrock top surface increases with the increase of the
earthquake magnitude, and the value is about 1m to several meters. The thickness
of the soil layer can reduce the misalignment of the surface so that it has no
significant effect on the engineering structure is a problem under study. The
values 60m and 90m are based on the results of a recent large-scale
centrifuge simulation test and are also supported by some numerical
calculations.
The avoidance of the main fault distance is 300m and 500m from the pier
edge to the main fault edge, respectively, which is mainly based on the data
of the fracture width of earthquakes at home and abroad, and the values are
conservative. When it is difficult to avoid hundreds of meters due to various
objective conditions, the relevant provisions of the seismic design code for
bridges in California can be used as a reference to understand the degree of risk.
The California Code states as follows: "In general, the avoidance distance of a site
shall be determined by the geotechnical engineer responsible for the site survey in
consultation with the professional in charge of architecture and planning. With
sufficient geological data to accurately determine the area of the active fault
trace, and the terrain is not complicated, the avoidance distance can be
50
specified as 50 feet (about 16m). Complex fault zones require large avoidance
distances. Tilting faults usually produce multiple ruptures in a wide and
irregular fault zone, the upper disk edge is greatly affected, the lower disk
edge is less disturbed, the avoidance distance can be slightly smaller at the lower
disk edge, and the upper disk edge should be larger. Some fault zones contain local
structures such as squeezed ridges and depressions that do not reveal clear fault
surfaces or shear fracture zones, and should be specially studied by qualified
engineers and geologists, and unimportant structures can be constructed if the
foundation can be resisted by possible ground deformation. ”
When all the piers cannot be arranged on the same disk on the fault, it
indicates that the bridge cannot avoid crossing the seismic fracture; However,
at present, there are no mature engineering measures at home and abroad to
cross seismic faults, so it is appropriate to conduct special research in this
case to propose targeted transseismic fracture measures.

4.2 Liquefaction of foundations

4.2.1 In areas with seismic fortification intensity of VII. degree and
above, and there is saturated sand or saturated silt (excluding loess)
foundation, liquefaction judgment should be carried out; For foundations where
there is a liquefied soil layer, corresponding anti-liquefaction measures should
be taken according to the seismic fortification category of the bridge and the
liquefaction grade of the foundation, combined with the specific situation.

51
Description of the provisions
The provisions of this article are mainly based on the results of
earthquake damage investigations at liquefaction sites. Many data show that the
seismic damage caused by liquefaction to highway bridges in areas below VII.
degrees, that is, in the VI degree area, is relatively light, so this article
stipulates that highway bridges in areas below VII degrees, that is, in the VI
degree area, can not consider the impact of liquefaction.

4.2.2 If there is a foundation of saturated sand or saturated silt

(excluding loess), if the following conditions are not met, it can be
preliminarily judged as possible liquefaction or the impact of liquefaction
should be considered:
1 The geological age of the soil layer is the Late Pleistocene of the
Quaternary ( Q3 ) and before, and the VII degree and VIII degree
regions can be judged as no

Liquefy.
2 The percentage of clay particles (particles with a particle size less
than 0.005mm) content of silty soil, when the VII. degree, VIII degree and
IX. degree are not less than 10, 13 and 16 respectively, can be judged as
non-liquefied soil.
3 For bridges with natural foundations, the effects of liquefaction may
not be considered when the thickness of the overlying non-liquefied soil
layer and the depth of the groundwater table meet one of the following
conditions:
du  d 0
 db  (4.2.2-1)
2
(4.2.2-2)
dw  d 0
 db  3
(4.2.2-3)
du  d w  1.5 d 0
 2 db  4.5

Where: DW - groundwater level depth (m), should be used according to the

annual average maximum water level in the design reference

period, or according to the annual maximum water level in
the near future;
52
 du - the thickness of the overlying non-liquefied soil layer (m), silt
and silty soil layer should be deducted when calculating;

db - foundation embedding depth (m), 2m should be used when not

exceeding 2m ;

d0 - characteristic depth of liquefied soil (m), which can be used

according to Table 4.2.2.

Table 4.2.2 Liquefied soil characteristic depth (m).

Saturated VII. VIII IX.

soil Degree . degr
category degr ee
ee
Silty 6 7 8

Sand 7 8 9

Description of the provisions

The clay content used for liquefaction discrimination is determined by
sodium hexametaphosphate as a dispersant, and should be used when other
methods are used

53
Off the provisions of conversion.

This revision has adjusted the wording of the provisions. 08 The wording
of the Detailed Rules focuses on the scenario where the preliminary judgment
is not liquefied or the impact of liquefaction can be disregarded, but from
the context, no further judgment is required after the preliminary judgment;
Conversely, when the preliminary judgment is that liquefaction is possible or the
effects of liquefaction should be considered, the following articles require further
determination. Therefore, in order to make the context consistent, the wording of
the provisions has been adjusted to emphasize the preliminary judgment as a
scenario where liquefaction may be possible or the effects of liquefaction should
be considered.

4.2.3 When the preliminary judgment believes that further liquefaction

discrimination is required, the standard penetration test discrimination method
should be used to identify the liquefaction of soil within a depth of 15m
below the ground surface. When using pile foundation or foundation with a
buried depth greater than 5m, the liquefaction of soil within 15~20m should
still be judged. When the number of hammer strokes (without rod length
correction) of saturated soil standard is less than that of liquefaction
criterion penetration
When the critical value Ncr of the hammer number is entered, it should be
judged as liquefied earth. When mature experience is available, other
discriminant methods can also be used.

1 Within a depth range of 15m below the ground, the critical value of the
number of hammers penetrated by the liquefaction criterion can be
calculated as follows:

Ncr  N0 0.9  0.13

cd s  d w   （ ds

 15 ） (4.2.3-1) 2 Under the ground 15～

20m In the range, the critical value of the number of hammers
3 c
penetrated by the liquefaction criterion can be calculated as follows:
Ncr  (15  ds  20 ) (4.2.3-2)
N 0 2.4 
0.1dw 

Where: Ncr - the critical value of the number of hammers penetrated by the
liquefaction criterion;
54
 N0 - the reference value of the number of hammers penetrated by the
liquefaction criterion, which should be adopted according to Table
4.2.3;

d s - saturation soil standard penetration point depth (m);

c - percentage of clay content (%), 3 should be used when less than

3 or sandy.

Table 4.2.3 Standard penetration hammer number reference value N0

on
Feature period(s) VII. VIII. IX.
Degree degree degr
zoning charts ee
0.35 6（8） 10（13） 16

0.40、0.45 8（10） 12（15） 18

Note: 1 The characteristic period is obtained on the "China Ground

Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB 18306) according to the

site location. 2 Values in parentheses are used to design areas

with basic ground acceleration of 0.15g and 0.30g.

4.2.4 For the foundation where there is a liquefied soil layer, the depth and
thickness of each liquefied soil layer should be discovered, the liquefaction
index of each borehole should be calculated according to the following formula,
and the liquefaction grade of the foundation should be comprehensively
divided according to Table 4.2.4 .

55
 n
 Ni 
I   1 dan (4.2.4)
the
i1 
N dWand
IRC ø

In
the IlE —— liquefaction index;
for
mul n - the total number of standard penetration test points for each
a: drilling hole within the discriminating depth range;

N i and Ncri - the measured value and the critical value of the
standard penetration hammer number ofi points,

respectively, when the measured value is greater than the

critical value, the value of the critical value should be
taken;

d i - the thickness of the soil layer represented by pointi (m),

which can be half of the depth difference between the upper

and lower standard penetration test points adjacent to the
standard penetration test point, but the upper limit is not

higher than the depth of the groundwater table, and the

lower limit is not deeper than the depth of liquefaction;

W i -i The layer influence weight value (m-1) of the unit soil

thickness of the soil layer, if the discrimination depth is
15m, when the midpoint depth of the layer is not greater than
5m should use 10, zero value should be used when equal to
15m, and the value should be taken by linear interpolation
method when 5~15m ; If the discriminant depth is 20m, 10
should be used when the depth of the midpoint of the layer is
not more than 5m, and zero value should be used when it is
equal to 20m, 5~ At 20m, the value should be taken by
linear interpolation.
Table 4.2.4 Liquefaction Classes of Foundations

Liquefaction grade Light Medium Serious

56
 with
Liquefaction index 0＜ Ithe 5＜ Ithe IlE >15
a discriminant ≤5 ≤15
depth of 15m
with
Liquefaction index 0＜ Ithe 6＜ Ithe IlE >18
a discriminant ≤6 ≤18
depth of 20m
Description of the provisions
This article provides a simplified method of estimating liquefaction
hazards, which can make rough estimates of the degree of water spray and sand
at the site and the possible damage to general shallow foundation engineering
structures, so as to provide a basis for taking engineering measures. The name
of the liquefaction grade is mild, moderate, and severe; The liquefaction index
at all levels, the surface spray and sand spraying and the description of
the degree of harm of the structure are shown in Table 4-1, which is based
on more than 100 liquefaction earthquake damage data in China.
Table 4-1 The corresponding hazard degree of the liquefaction
grade to the structure
The
Liquefac discriminant Water sprays and sand on Hazards to structures
tion depth is 15m the ground
grade
of
liquefaction
index
There is no water spray and sand
slight 0＜ Ithe ≤5
on the ground, or there are only
The harm is small, generally not
to cause obvious earthquake damage
sporadic water spray sand spots on
the depression and river

57
 Water spray has a high probability It is more harmful and can cause
medium 5＜ Ithe ≤15 of sand, from mild to severe, uneven settlement and opening
Most are intermediate Cracks, sometimes uneven
settlement may reach 200mm
Generally, water spraying and sand It is harmful, and uneven settlement
severe IlE >15 are very serious, or only in may be greater than 200mm
depressions, High center of gravity structures
The deformation of the ground is may produce inadmissible tilt
obvious

4.2.5 The anti-liquefaction measures shall be determined according to the

type of seismic fortification of the bridge and the liquefaction level
of the foundation according to Table 4.2.5.
Table 4.2.5 Anti-liquefaction measures
Liquefaction level
Bridge of the foundation
classificat
ion light small middle wait strict heavy
Complete elimination of
Partial elimination of
Class B liquefied settlement, or Complete elimination of
liquefaction settlement, liquefaction subsidence
partial elimination of
or treatment of
liquefied settlement and
foundations and
on the foundation and
superstructures
above
Section structure for
processing
Complete elimination of
The foundations and Foundation and
C 类 liquefied settlement, or
superstructures may be superstructure
partial elimination of
treated or left untaken treatment, or higher
liquefied settlement and
demanding measures
on the foundation and
above
Section structure for
processing
Divisions are carried out
D 类 No action can be No action can be on foundations and
taken taken superstructures
reason, or other economic
measures
Note: Foundation anti-liquefaction measures for Class A bridges should be specifically studied, but
should not be lower than the corresponding requirements of Class B.

Description of the provisions

Anti-liquefaction measures are the comprehensive treatment of liquefied
foundations. According to the classification of seismic fortification of
bridges and the liquefaction grade of foundations, this article puts
forward the requirements for seismic liquefaction measures of foundations.

4.2.6 Measures to completely eliminate the liquefaction and settlement of

the foundation shall comply with the following provisions:
1 When using a pile foundation, the length of the pile end protruding
58
into the stable soil layer below the depth of liquefaction (excluding the
pile tip) should be determined by calculation.
2 When using a deep foundation, the bottom surface of the foundation
should be buried in a stable soil layer below the depth of
liquefaction, and its depth should not be less than that
2m。
3 When using encryption methods (such as vibrating punch, vibration
encryption, squeezed gravel piles, strong compaction, etc.) to reinforce,
it should be processed to the lower limit of liquefaction depth; And the
standard penetration hammer number of the treated composite foundation should
not be less than the critical value of the penetration hammer number of the
liquefaction criterion determined according to Article 4.2.3 of this
specification .
4 When the soil exchange method is adopted, the entire liquefied soil
layer is replaced with non-liquefied soil.
5 When using cryptography or soil exchange method, the processing
width outside the edge of the foundation should exceed 1/2 of the processing
depth under the base surface and not less than 1/5 of the base width .

4.2.7 Measures to partially eliminate the liquefaction settlement of

foundations shall comply with the following provisions:
4.2.8

59
 1 The treatment depth should reduce the liquefaction index of the treated
foundation, and its value should not be greater than 5.
2 The standard penetration hammer number of composite foundations after
reinforcement shall not be less than the critical value of the penetration
hammer number of the liquefaction criterion determined according to Article
4.2.3 of this specification.
3 Processing widths other than the underlying edges shall comply with
paragraph 5 of Article 4.2.6 of this specification.

4.2.9 To mitigate the effects of liquefaction, the following measures can

be used in combination:
1 Select the appropriate foundation embedding depth.
2 Adjust the base area to reduce foundation eccentricity.
3 Strengthens the integrity and rigidity of the foundation.
4 Reduce the load, enhance the overall stiffness and uniform symmetry of
the superstructure, and avoid the use of structural forms that are sensitive to
uneven settlement.
Description of the provisions
4.2.6~4.2.8 stipulates specific measures to eliminate liquefaction
subsidence and mitigate the impact of liquefaction, which are proposed on
the basis of earthquake damage investigation and analysis and judgment.
For the liquefiable soil layer in the foundation, the distribution range should be
ascertained, the degree of harm should be analyzed, and reasonable engineering
measures should be selected according to the actual situation of the project.
There are many specific engineering measures, which can be summarized in essence
as follows: changing the properties of liquefiable soil so that it does not have
liquefaction conditions, such as forming a composite foundation after using vibrating
reinforcement or compacting gravel piles; Improve drainage conditions and limit the
generation and growth of spatochial water pressure during earthquakes;
Replacement of liquefiable foundation soil; Crossing the liquefiable foundation
soil layer, such as using pile foundations; Enclosure can liquefy the
foundation, eliminating or mitigating the hazard of liquefaction damage.
The provisions are the more commonly used methods. If the buried depth
of the liquefied soil layer is shallow and the amount of work is small, the
excavation and soil replacement method can be used, which has low cost, fast
60
construction, thorough treatment, and no future troubles. The strong compaction
method is also used, and the encryption depth can reach more than 10m.

4.2.10 Liquefaction grade is medium and severe paleo channels, modern

riverfronts, seashores, when there is a possibility of liquefaction lateral
expansion or slippage, class A and B bridges built within 100m from the
normal water level should be tested for anti-slip, and measures to prevent
soil sliding should be taken if necessary.
Description of the provisions
This article specifies the most dangerous ranges for sliding soil when
there is a possibility of liquefaction lateral expansion or flow, and
requires soil anti-slip measures.
（1） The width of the liquefaction lateral expansion lot comes from
extensive investigations of the liquefaction lateral expansion area by the
Haicheng earthquake, the Tangshan earthquake and the Hanshin earthquake in
Japan. According to the survey of the Hanshin earthquake, there was a
horizontal displacement and vertical position within 50m of the waterline

61
 The shifts are large; In the range of 50~150m, the horizontal ground
displacement is still significant; After being greater than 150m, the
horizontal displacement tends to decrease, which basically does not constitute
earthquake damage. The above survey results are basically consistent with the survey
results after the earthquakes in Haicheng and Tangshan in China: the landslide range
of the Haihe Old Road, Luan Canal, Xinluan River and steep river bank slope is
about 100~150m from the waterline, and the Liaohe River and Yellow River can
reach 500m.
（2） The lateral thrust of the laterally flowing soil on the structure
is based on the reverse calculation of the affected structure after the
Hanshin earthquake
(1) The lateral pressure exerted by the non-liquefied overlying soil layer
on the structure is equivalent to passive earth pressure, and the movement
direction of the destructive soil wedge is that the soil wedge slides upward
and the soil body after the wedge is downward, which is consistent with the
direction of movement when passive earth pressure occurs;
(2) The side pressure in the liquefied layer is equivalent to 1/3 of
the total vertical pressure;
(3) The area of the pile foundation subjected to side pressure is
equivalent to the width of the pile row perpendicular to the flow
direction.

4.3 Foundation bearing capacity

4.3.1 When the seismic test of the foundation, the combination of seismic
effect and permanent effect should be used.

4.3.2 The allowable value of the seismic bearing capacity of the

foundation should be calculated as follows:
(4.3.2)
 faE  K  f a 
Where:  faE  - the adjusted seismic bearing
capacity allowable value (kPa) of the foundation;

K - the adjustment coefficient of the seismic allowable

bearing capacity of the foundation, which shall be taken
according to Table 4.3.2 of this specification;

 fa  —— The allowable value of bearing capacity (kPa) of the

foundation after the revised depth and width shall be in
accordance with the current "Highway Bridge Culvert Foundation
62
Adopted in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Design Code (JTG
3363).
Table 4.3.2 Adjustment coefficients of seismic allowable bearing capacity of foundation
soils

Rock and soil names and traits K

Rocks, dense gravel soils, dense gravel, coarse (medium) sand, 1.5
clayey and silt of fa 0 ≥300kPa
Medium and slightly dense gravel soil, medium and slightly dense
gravel, coarse (medium) sand, dense and medium dense fine, silty 1.3
sand,

150kPa≤ fa 0 ＜300 kPa of clay and silt, hard loess

Slightly denser fine, silty sand,100kPa≤ fa 0 ＜150kPa of clay and 1.1

silt, malleable loess
Silt, silty soil, loose sand, mixed fill, newly accumulated loess and 1.0
flow-molded loess

Note: fa 0 - the basic allowable value of the bearing capacity of the foundation (kPa) obtained
by load tests, etc.

63
Description of the provisions
Since seismic action is an accidental instantaneous load, the foundation
soil can use a high allowable bearing capacity under the action of short-term
instantaneous load. In the seismic codes of most countries in the world and
other regulations in China, when calculating the seismic strength of the
foundation, most of the values of the seismic allowable bearing capacity are
multiplied by the adjustment factor on the basis of the allowable bearing capacity
of the static design.

4.3.3 When calculating the seismic bearing capacity of the foundation, the
average compressive stress on the bottom surface of the foundation and the maximum
compressive stress at the edge should meet the following requirements:

p   faE  (4.3.3-
1)
pmax  1.2 faE 
(4.3.3-
Where: p - average compressive stress of the 2)
base surface (kPa);
pmax – maximum compressive stress (kPa)
at the edge of the base surface.

Description of the provisions

The provisions of this article are formulated with reference to the
relevant provisions of the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-
2010).

4.3.4 The bearing capacity of the foundation of the liquefied soil layer
and above shall not be adjusted in accordance with the provisions of Article
4.3.2 of this specification. When calculating the bearing capacity of the
foundation below the liquefied soil layer, the gravity of the soil layer
and above the liquefied soil layer should be included.

4.4 Pile foundation

4.4.1 For pile foundations of non-liquefied foundations, when seismic
test is carried out, under the action of E1 earthquake, the seismic
allowable bearing capacity adjustment coefficient of the end bearing pile
can be 1.5, and the seismic allowable bearing capacity adjustment
coefficient of the foundation of friction piles can be taken according to
the type of foundation soil according to Table 4.3.2 of this specification
64
. Under the action of E2 earthquake, the compressive bearing capacity of
the monopile can be increased to twice that of the non-seismic design, and
the tensile bearing capacity adjustment coefficient of the monopile can be
taken according to the type of foundation soil according to Table 4.3.2 of
this specification.
Description of the provisions
Due to the long recurrence period of E2 earthquakes, which rarely occur, and
the seismic action is an instantaneous load, the foundation can directly
take its ultimate bearing capacity under the short-term ground seismic load,
regardless of the safety factor, so the compressive load capacity of the single
pile can be increased to 2 times the original.
4.4.2 When there is a liquefied soil layer in the local foundation, the
bearing capacity (including pile side friction resistance), soil
resistance (foundation coefficient), internal friction angle and cohesion
of the liquefied soil layer can be reduced according to the liquefaction
resistance coefficient Ce. The reduction factor  shall be applied in

accordance with Table 4.4.2 of this specification. The bearing capacity of the
monopile part below the liquefied soil layer may be regulated by the provisions
of Article 4.4.1 of this Code

65
 Decide; The bearing capacity of monopiles in and above the liquefied soil
layer should not be increased.

Cand  N1
N (4.4.2)
cr

In the Ce - liquefaction resistance coefficient;

formul
a: N1, Ncr - the actual standard penetration hammer number and standard
penetration hammer number critical values, respectively.

Table 4.4.2 Reduction coefficients of soil liquefaction

effects

Can ds (m) 
d

ds ≤10 0
Cand ≤0.6
10＜ ds 1/3

≤20

ds ≤10 1/3
0.6 ＜ Cand ≤0.8
10＜ ds 2/3

≤20
ds ≤10 2/3
0.8 ＜ Cand ≤1.0
10＜ ds 1

≤20

Note: ds - standard penetration point depth (m).

4.4.3 When the pile foundation bearing platform is in the liquefied soil
layer in whole or part, the foundation pit should be backfilled and compacted.
When the backfill soil is sand or silt, the standard penetration hammer number
of the soil layer after tamping shall not be less than the critical value of
the penetration hammer number of the liquefaction criterion specified in
Article 4.2.3 of this specification.

66
5 Seismic action
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 Seismic action can be characterized by design acceleration response
spectrum, design ground motion time history, and design ground motion power
spectrum.

5.1.2 The seismic effect of highways and bridges should be considered

according to the following principles.
1 In general, highway bridges can only consider horizontal seismic action,
and straight bridges can consider the direction of X along the bridge
and seismic action of the cross bridge towards Y.
2 When one of the following conditions is met, both horizontal and
vertical seismic effects should be considered.
1) Class A bridges.
2） The seismic fortification intensity is a bridge in the IX. degree area.

3） A bridge with a seismic fortification intensity of VIII degree and a

significant seismic effect caused by vertical seismic action.
Description of the provisions
In areas with a seismic fortification intensity of VIII., arch structures,
long cantilever structures, long-span structures and other special complex
structures may be more sensitive to vertical seismic action, and vertical
seismic action needs to be considered.

5.1.3 The seismic component combination should meet the following

requirements.

1When the ground seismic action in the three orthogonal directions

(horizontal X, Y and vertical Z) is simultaneously considered using the
response spectroscopy or power spectroscopy, X can be calculated separately
The maximum effect of the seismic action in the i calculation direction EiX, Y

earthquake

Acting in i Calculate the maximum effect of direction EiY 与 With To the

earthquake action in i Calculate the maximum effect of direction Efrom 。在 i

Calculate the direction of the2 total

E 2  E design
E iXiYfrom 2 maximum seismic effect Ei Obtain by

pressing the following formula:

67
 Andthe  (5.1.3)

2 When using the time history analysis method, a set of ground motion
time history of two or three directional components should be entered at
the same time to calculate the seismic effect.
Description of the provisions
This article regulates the combination of components of seismic action.
When using the response spectroscopy method or power spectroscopy to
consider the seismic action of horizontal X, Y and vertical Z at the same
time, the horizontal X, Y and vertical Z can be calculated respectively The
effects of earthquakes shall be combined in accordance with the provisions of this
article. For cases where vertical seismic action does not need to be
considered, the vertical seismic effect is treated as 0.

68
 5.1.4 Class A bridges and Class B bridges in areas with seismic
fortification intensity of IX. degree shall determine the seismic effect
according to the seismic safety evaluation of the special engineering
site. For Class B bridges in areas with seismic fortification intensity of
VIII., the seismic effect should be determined according to the seismic
safety evaluation of the special engineering site. The seismic safety
evaluation of the engineering site shall meet the following requirements:
1 When there is geological discontinuity or topographic characteristics
in the site of the bridge connection may cause the ground motion parameters
of each pier to be significantly different, or the total length of the bridge
connection exceeds 600m, it is appropriate to use multi-point non-uniform
excitation to consider the spatial changes of ground motion, including wave
propagation effect, coherence effect and site differences of different towers
and pier foundations. Equivalent consistent excitation can also be used to take
the site envelope response spectrum or envelope power spectrum.
2 When the bridge engineering site is within 30km of a potentially
dangerous fracture of an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 or higher, the ground
motion parameters of the three directional translational components should
be given. The seismic safety evaluation of Class A bridge engineering sites
should meet the following requirements: consider the near-fracture effect,
including the upper disk effect and the directional effect of rupture; Pay
attention to the reliability of the long period period of the design acceleration
response spectrum; The ground motion parameters of 2 horizontal components
along the fracture strike and vertical fracture trend are given. In the
seismic safety evaluation of Class B bridge engineering sites, appropriate
set earthquakes should be selected to consider the near-fault effect.
Description of the provisions
Generally speaking, the seismic effect of a bridge engineering site that has
been evaluated for seismic safety is determined by the results of the seismic
safety evaluation, and the seismic effect of a bridge engineering site that has
not been evaluated for seismic safety is determined in accordance with the
provisions of the following sections of this chapter. This article stipulates
that bridges should be evaluated for earthquake safety.
（1） When there are two or more site types in the continuous
69
superstructure of the bridge, or the elevation and overburden thickness of the
piers, abutments and pylons are very different, or the total length of the bridge
is more than 600m, it may lead to large differences in ground motion at
different piers, abutments and pylons, and it is advisable to consider the
spatial changes of ground motion.
When considering the effects of spatial variations in ground motion, the
response spectrum or power spectrum input by each abutment and pier (or
pylon) may be different. It is difficult to use the response spectrum method to
analyze and consider non-uniform excitation, so the equivalent uniform excitation
can be approximated, and the maximum value of the response spectrum to be
input by each abutment, pier and pylons can be taken at each cycle point to
obtain the envelope response spectrum. Using power spectrum analysis,
enveloped power spectrum or direct multi-point non-uniform excitation can
be used.
（2） The ground motion observation data show that the influence of
different directions of the seismic source below magnitude 6 on the ground
motion distribution is not obvious, and the near fault effect can be ignored.
The near-fault effect of larger earthquakes is significant within 30km and
needs to be considered.

5.2 Design an acceleration response spectrum

5.2.1 The design acceleration response spectrum S(T ) should be determined
by the following equation, as shown in Figure 5.2.1.

70
 Smax (0.6T / T0 
T  T0
0.4) T0  T  Tg
 (5.2.1)
S (T )
 Smax

S Tg  T
 (T /
max
g T  10
)
where: T - period(s);

T 0 - the maximum period of the linear rise of the response spectrum,

take 0.1s;

Tg - characteristic period (s);

Smax - design the maximum value of the acceleration response spectrum

(g).

Figure 5.2.1 Designing an acceleration response spectrum

Description of the provisions
Seismic design of bridges requires a longer design acceleration response
spectrum period that describes seismic action. A special study in the
preparation of the 2008 edition of this specification demonstrated that the
design reaction spectral period range can be extended to 10 s based on a
comparison of the characteristics of long periodic segments of the analog and
digitally recorded response spectrum. Through the statistical analysis of 823
horizontal strong ground motion records, it is pointed out that as the
response spectrum period range is expanded, some other seismic design
specifications stipulate the minimum value of the design response spectrum or
the slowdown of the rate of response spectrum decline in order to reduce the risk,
resulting in too conservative long period periods. The design of the response
71
spectrum to descend at the rate of T-1 is sufficiently safe, and there is no
T-2
need to specify a descending section of . Equation (5.2.1) follows the
recommendations of this monograph, and the design acceleration response
spectrum is defined by two parameters, S max and T g. In this revision, the
constant on the right side of this specification (5.2.2) has been changed from
the original 2.25 to 2.5, and the response spectrum is 0.1 to adapt to this
adjustment The formula for calculating straight ascent segments up to
seconds has also been revised accordingly.

5.2.2 The maximum value of the design acceleration response spectrum Smax
should be determined by the following equation.

72
 Smax  2.5 C i
C sCd A (5.2.2
)
In the formula: Ci - seismic importance coefficient,
should be taken according to Table 3.1.3-2 of this
specification;

Cs - site coefficient, horizontal and vertical directions shall be

taken according to Table 5.2.2-1 and Table 5.2.2-2 of this
specification , respectively;

Cd - damping adjustment factor, which shall be determined in accordance

with clause 5.2.4 of this specification;

A - The horizontal basic ground motion peak acceleration shall be taken

according to Table 3.2.2 of this specification.

Table 5.2 2-1 horizontal field coefficient Cs

Seismic
fortificatio
Type of venue n intensity
Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ

0.05g 0.1g 0.15g 0.2g 0.3g 0.4g

I0 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.85 0.9

I1 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.95 1.00
Ⅱ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

III 1.30 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00

IV 1.25 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.95 0.90

Note: This table is quoted from Table E.1 in the Zoning Map of Ground Motion
Parameters in China (GB 18306-2015).

Table 5.2 2-2 Vertical field coefficient Cs

Seismic
fortificatio
Type of venue n intensity
Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ

0.05g 0.1g 0.15g 0.2g 0.3g 0.4g

I0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

I1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
Ⅱ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

III 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

IV 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

Description of the provisions

As we all know, site conditions have a significant impact on the amplitude and
spectrum of ground motion. In the United States, based on a large number of strong
73
ground motion observations in the Loma Prieta earthquake, two field coefficients
were used to improve the design of the maximum value of the acceleration
response spectrum and the special period regulations. China's seismic design
code has not been improved accordingly. 08 Based on the statistical average
characteristics obtained from a special study, the detailed rules are the
first to stipulate that the maximum value of the design acceleration response
spectrum is adjusted by site category with reference to the US NEHRP
specification. Considering that China adopts the site coefficient in the seismic
design code for the first time, the adjustment range is conservative. The "Zoning
Map of Ground Motion Parameters in China" (GB18306-2015) was officially
implemented on June 1, 2016 . It was also adopted

74
 The concept of site coefficients. The values in Table 5.2.2-1 of this
specification are directly based on Table E.1 recommended by the standard.
08 The detailed rules use the method of spectral ratio function to
specify the vertical design acceleration response spectrum, which is an
improvement over using a fixed ratio. In use, the design unit reflects that it
is more troublesome, and under some working conditions, the short cycle section
may also appear unreasonable. In this revision, in order to facilitate use, the
vertical design response spectrum adopts the same graphics and the same metric
formula as the horizontal design spectrum, and only the site coefficient and
characteristic period are specified differently. The values in Table 5.2.2-
2 of this specification are summarized from the results of a special study
and express the influence of site conditions on the ratio of the maximum
vertical and horizontal response spectra.
Refer to the definition of basic ground motion peak acceleration in the
"China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB18306).
(5.2.2) The constant on the right is changed to 2.5. In fact, the same
definition was used for the specific study of the 08 rules above, which was
then called EPA. Considering the continuity of the normative system, after repeated
discussions, the 08 Detailed Rules still follow 2.25 of the 89 Specification,
according to which the seismic importance coefficients of various bridges and
the corresponding seismic fortification standards are determined. From the
seismic damage survey data of the Wenchuan earthquake and the subsequent
research results, the seismic fortification standards stipulated in the 08
rules are appropriate. However, considering that with the rapid improvement
of China's economic strength, the country has also put forward higher
requirements for earthquake defense, so it is necessary to appropriately raise
the requirements for earthquake resistance and fortification to meet the
country's major policies. This revision is changed to 2.5, which is equivalent
to comprehensively improving the seismic fortification standards, which is
more safe and economically acceptable, and the construction cost will not be
greatly improved.
5.2.3 The characteristic period Tg(s) of the design acceleration response
spectrum should be adjusted according to the site category after being
checked on the current "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map" (GB

75
18306) according to the area where the bridge engineering site is located
The characteristic period of the vector component should be taken according to
Table 5.2.3-1 and Table 5.2.3-2, respectively .
Table 5.2.3-1 Horizontal design acceleration response spectrum characteristic period
adjustment table
on the zoning Venue
map category
Feature I0 I1 Ⅱ III Ⅳ
period(s).
0.35 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.65
0.40 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.75
0.45 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.65 0.90

Note: This table is quoted from Table 1 in the Zoning Map of Ground Motion
Parameters in China (GB 18306-2015).

Table 5.2.3-2 Vertical design acceleration response spectrum characteristic period

adjustment table
on the zoning Venue
map category
Feature I0 I1 Ⅱ III Ⅳ
period(s).
0.35 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.55
0.40 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.60
0.45 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.75

Description of the provisions

This code adopts the site categories specified in Table 4.1.6 of the
Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010).

76
Sub-scheme, Appendix D of the "China Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map"
(GB18306-2015) also adopts the exact same site category division scheme,
and the Class I site of 08 is further divided into I Two classes, 0 and
I1. Table 5.2.3-1 is directly quoted from Table 1 of GB18306-2015 and
table of Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010). 5.1.4-2 is
also completely consistent. Table 5.2.3-2 is based on the statistical
characteristics of the difference between vertical response spectrum and
horizontal response spectrum obtained from the special study of this
revision.

5.2.4 Unless otherwise specified, the damping ratio of the structure should
be 0.05. The damping adjustment factor in Equation (5.2.2).

Cd should be
given the
following 0.05
formula.
Cd  
 0.08 (5.2.4)
1 0.55
1.6

Description of the provisions

This article is directly quoted from the Code for Seismic Design of
Buildings (GB50011-2010), and formula (5.2.4) is taken from the formula
(5.1.5-3) of this standard. When the calculated damping adjustment factor
Cd value is less than 0.55, 0.55 is taken.

5.3 Design ground motion schedules

5.3.1 For bridge engineering sites that have been evaluated for seismic
safety, the design ground motion time course shall be determined according to
the results of seismic safety evaluation of special engineering sites.

5.3.2 For bridge engineering sites that have not been evaluated for seismic
safety, the acceleration response spectrum can be designed according to this
specification, and the design acceleration time history matching it can be
synthesized. It is also possible to select the actual ground motion plus
velocity record with the set earthquake magnitude and roughly similar
distance, and adjust it to match the acceleration response spectrum designed by
this specification, and the relative error of the reaction spectrum amplitude

77
corresponding to each periodic value should be less than 5% or the absolute
error should be less than 0.01g.
5.3.3 The design acceleration time history should not be less than three
groups, and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient  defined
by equation (5.3.3) in the same direction between any two groups should be
less than 0.1.

a 1 d

  a 2 d d
(5.3.3)
 1 ad2a2 d 2

jj

where a 1j and a 2j are the values of point j of time history a 1 and a2

, respectively.
Description of the provisions
The provisions of Articles 5.3.2 and 5.3.3 mainly refer to the "Seismic
Safety Evaluation of Engineering Sites" (GB17741-2005).

78
, given that some of the provisions are relatively general, also refer to the
specific provisions of the previous two versions of the specification.

5.4 Design ground motion power spectrum

5.4.1 For bridge engineering sites that have been evaluated for seismic
safety, the design ground kinetic power spectrum should be determined according
to the results of seismic safety evaluation of special engineering sites.

5.4.2 For bridge engineering sites that have not been evaluated for seismic
safety, appropriate attenuation relationship can be selected according to
the set magnitude and distance of the earthquake, or the following formula
can be estimated according to the design acceleration response spectrum
(unilateral power spectrum):

S () S（2 T）
T  T (5.4.2)
 
a
2 ln p
ln
 d2T 
Where: S - response spectrum value;

p - do not exceed the probability, take 0.5;

Td - earthquake duration (s), preferably 20~30s;

 – damping ratio;
T - period(s);
ɷ——圆频率（rad/s）， 2/ T 。
Descrip
tion of
the
provisi
ons
Equation (5.4.2) is quoted from an approximate conversion formula for the
response spectrum and power spectrum proposed by Kaul (1978), where the
probability p is not exceeded, which Kaul recommends taking 0.85。 The design
acceleration response spectrum is determined based on statistical averages,
corresponding to super

The more probability should be 50%, to coordinate with it, take a value of 0.5.
The power spectroscopy method is customary to use circular frequency or
79
frequency to express the spectral characteristics of the ground motion
input and structural response, while the response spectrum method is
customary to express the relationship between the ground motion input and the
period in period, and the specific implementation can be converted
according to the correspondence between the circle frequency (or frequency)
and the period.

5.5 Seismic active earth pressure and hydrodynamic pressure

5.5.1 For bridges with ductile seismic design, the influence of
hydrodynamic pressure and active earth pressure during earthquakes should
be considered during the E1 seismic design stage. When the piers of the
bridge enter the plasticity under the action of the E2 earthquake, the
influence of hydrodynamic pressure and active earth pressure during the
earthquake can generally be disregarded; When the piers of the bridge do not
enter the plastic under the action of the E2 earthquake, it is advisable to
consider the influence of hydrodynamic pressure and active earth pressure
during the earthquake.

Description of the provisions

80
 This article refers to the relevant provisions of the Japanese Code for
Seismic Design of Bridges.

5.5.2 Seismic active earth pressure shall be calculated in accordance with

Appendix C of this specification . When the soil filled after the abutment
is non-cohesive, the active earth pressure acting on the back of the
abutment during an earthquake can also be calculated according to the
following simplified formula.
1 When it is determined that there is no liquefied soil layer or soft
soil layer below the surface of the bridge abutment, the active earth
pressure acting on the back of the bridge abutment can be calculated as
follows:
1 3Cand A
It'sher  H (1 (5.5.2-1)
2
K tan)
2
A g

Where: Eea ——The active earth pressure (kN/m) acting on each linear
meter length of the platform back during an earthquake
is located at 0.4H from the bottom of the platform;
Ci - seismic importance factor;

 - Heavy soil on the back of the table (kN/m3);

 - the internal friction angle of the backsoil (°);

H - height of the table (m);

K A - the active earth pressure coefficient acting on the

back of the table when there is no earthquake,
calculated as follows:
2
(5.5.2-2)
body 
KA 
(1
2
sin )

2 When it is determined that there is a liquefied soil layer or soft soil

layer within 10m below the surface of the bridge abutment, the abutment
foundation should pass through the liquefied soil layer or soft soil layer;
When the liquefied soil layer or soft soil layer exceeds 10m , the buried
81
depth of the bridge abutment foundation should reach or exceed l0m below
the surface . The active earth pressure acting on the back of the
abutment can be calculated as follows:

It'sher 1
  2Ci (5.5.2-3)
A
2
H (K A / g )
2
The symbolic meaning in the formula is homogeneous (5.5.2-1).
3 The seismic fortification intensity is the liquefaction area in the IX.
degree area, and the bridge abutment should use pile foundation. The active
earth pressure acting on the back of the table can be calculated according to
the formula (5.5.2-3).
Description of the provisions
Appendix C of this specification follows the provisions of Appendix D
of Rule 08 and is the result of a special study at the time of the
preparation of Rule 08 . In the Code for Seismic Design of Highway
Engineering (JTJ004-89), the seismic earth pressure is calculated on the basis
of the date 1924

82
 This is a simplified provision of the Biology-Okabe calculation formula
(referred to as the M-O formula). The M-O formula is derived under the
assumption that the fill is non-cohesive, and in engineering practice,
bridge abutment fills tend to have a certain cohesion. In the above special
study, with reference to the derivation of the classical generalized coulombic
earth pressure theory, the calculation formula of unified seismic pressure of
sandy soil and cohesive soil is derived from the limit equilibrium
considering the gravity of the slippery wedge, the cohesion force on the
sliding surface, the adhesion force on the contact surface between the
bridge abutment and the soil body, the reaction force on the sliding surface
and the reaction force on the back of the bridge abutment and the uniform load on
the slip wedge. After further simplification, the form is consistent with the
calculation formula of seismic pressure of cohesive land adopted in the Code
for Seismic Design of Water Transport Engineering (JTJ225-98). After four
abutment examples, the seismic earth pressure calculated according to the
simplified formula specified in Appendix C is close to the result
calculated according to the formula in the Code for Seismic Design of Water
Transport Engineering, and is mostly between it and the M-O formula.

5.5.3 For piers immersed in water, when the water depth is less than or
equal to 5m below the normal water level, the influence of seismic water
pressure can not be considered in the seismic design.

Description of the provisions

Existing studies have shown that the effect of ground dynamic water
pressure is minimal when the water depth does not exceed 5m. In this revision,
through a large number of calculations, it is also verified that when the water
depth does not exceed 5m, the effect of ground dynamic water pressure
accounts for a very small proportion compared with other effects, and its
influence can be disregarded.
5.5.4 For the piers immersed in water, when the water depth is greater than
5m below the normal water level, the effect of the ground dynamic water
pressure on the vertical direction of the bridge girder can be disregarded,
and the effect on the horizontal direction of the bridge should be considered
according to the additional mass method. That is, in the calculation model, the

83
hydrodynamic pressure effect is expressed by the mass attached to the underwater
part of the piers, and the total effective mass in the horizontal direction of the
piers immersed in water should be calculated as the sum of the following
masses:
1 The actual mass of the piers (without taking into account buoyancy).
2 The mass of water that may surround the interior of the pier (to
hollow piers).
3 The additional mass of the pier immersed in water, the additional mass
per unit length of water, can be estimated as follows:
1） For circular section piers with radius R(m):

ma  （5.5.4-1）
R 2

Where: m a - additional mass of water per unit length

of the pier (kg/m);

 – Mass density of water (kg/m3).

2） To elliptical section piers with shaft

lengths of 2 a x (m) a n d 2ay (m):

m  ( a 2 cos2 （5.5.4-2）

2 a 2 sandn )
A and X

84
In the formula:  - the angle between the horizontal ground motion
input direction and the elliptical section X-axis (major or minor
axis).

3） The opposite sides are 2 a (m) a n d 2ay (m) and horizontally enter
x
the ground motion edge A rectangular section bridge in the x-axis
direction

Dun:
m  aka 2
a
n （5.5.4-3）

Where: k - additional mass factor of rectangular cross-section, which can be

obtained according to Table 5.5.4 linear interpolation.

aa Direction of seismic action

Direction of nd
seismic action

oan
2t
I
2ax
ax

(a) Oval pier section (b) Rectangular pier section

Fig. 5.5.4 Oval and rectangular pier section size definitions

Table 5.5.4 Additional quality factors for rectangular section piers

a y/ 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0
ax
k 2.23 1.98 1.70 1.51 1.36 1.21 1.14 1.00

Description of the provisions

This article is formulated with reference to the relevant provisions of
the 2005 edition of the European Code for Seismic Design of Bridges, and
the relevant provisions of 08 are removed, and 08 rules follow the provisions
of 89 specification, which is theoretically not rigorous enough. In this
revision, the influence of hydrodynamic pressure is studied, and the results
show that considering the influence of hydrodynamic pressure according to the
additional mass method, the bending moment of the pier bottom and the shear
force ratio of the pier bottom are calculated according to the provisions of
the 08 detailed calculation, and the shear force of the pier bottom is

85
larger, and the deviation is greater as the water depth increases. Therefore,
from the consideration of structural safety and theoretical rigor, the influence
of hydrodynamic pressure should be considered conservatively according to the
calculation of additional mass method. At the same time, the effect of hydrodynamic
pressure calculated according to the additional mass method is also considered,
which is much smaller than other action effects, and the result increase after
the combination of various effects is also very limited, and the impact on construction
costs is very small.

86
6 Seismic analysis
6.1 General provisions
6.1.1 This chapter is suitable for seismic analysis of conventional bridges
such as masonry or concrete arch bridges with a single span span diameter of
150m or more, girder bridges with concrete structures with concrete
structures. For high-pier bridges with pier heights exceeding 40m, the mass
participation coefficient of the first order mode shape of the pier body in
the calculation direction is less than 60%, and the structure enters
plasticity, special studies should be made.
Description of the provisions
This code defines conventional bridges as masonic or concrete arch
bridges with a single span diameter of no more than 150m, and girder bridges
with a concrete structure with a substructure. For high-pier bridges with pier
heights exceeding 40m, the mass participation coefficient of the first-
order mode shape of the pier body in the calculation direction is less than
60%, and the structure enters plasticity, the seismic response and the
plastic hinge formation mechanism of the piers and columns are relatively
complex, and the seismic response characteristics are required to ensure that
their performance meets the requirements under the actual earthquake and plastic
hinge formation mechanism and other special research.

6.1.2 The seismic design flow of conventional bridges can be found in Figure
6.1.2-1 and Figure 6.1.2-2.

6.1.3 According to the complexity of the seismic response of the bridge,

conventional bridges can be divided into two categories: regular bridges and
irregular bridges. Table 6.1.3 Girder bridges within the limited range belong
to regular bridges, girder bridges that are not within the scope of this table
belong to irregular bridges, and arch bridges are irregular bridges.
Table 6.1.3 Definition of regular bridges
Paramete The parameter
rs value
Single span maximum ≤ 90m
span
Pier ≤30m
height
A single pier calculates Greater than 2.5
the ratio of height to and less than 10
diameter or width
Span 2 3 4 5 6
87
 number
Curved bridge center Single span  < 30° and a cumulative  < 90°, while
angle and radius R the radius of the curved beam R≥2 0 b (b is the width of
the bridge).
The maximum span ratio ≤3 ≤2 ≤2 ≤1.5 ≤1.5
between spans and spans
Axial < 0.3
pressure
ratio
Maximum horizontal — ≤4 ≤4 ≤3 ≤2
stiffness ratio of span to
interspan pier
Ordinary plate rubber supports, basin bearings (articulation
Support restraint) and pier beam fastening, etc. The use of
type skateboard supports, allowable ordinary plate rubber
supports and beam bottom or pier top slide, shock absorption
and isolation supports, etc
Irregular bridges
Substructure type The piers are single-column piers, double-column
frame piers, and multi-column row frame piers
Foundati Sites that are not prone to erosion, liquefaction
on and lateral slippage, away from faults
conditio
ns
Description of the provisions
According to the complexity of the dynamic response of the bridge
structure under the action of earthquakes, bridges can be divided into two
categories, namely regular bridges and irregular bridges. For the seismic
analysis, design and verification of regular bridges, based on the accumulated
experience of a large amount of earthquake damage

88
 And the theoretical research results, the simplified calculation method and
design verification steps can be used to grasp its dynamic response
characteristics under the action of earthquakes, and the designed structure can
meet the expected performance requirements of the specification. For irregular
bridges, due to their complex dynamic response characteristics, the
simplified calculation method cannot grasp their dynamic response characteristics
well, so this specification requires the use of more complex analysis
methods and design verification processes to ensure that its performance
under the actual earthquake action meets the design requirements of this
specification.
The seismic response of regular bridges is dominated by first-order mode
shapes, so it can be analyzed using various simplified calculation metric
formulas specified in this specification.
Obviously, to meet the definition of a regular bridge, the bridge structure
should be subject to certain restrictions in terms of span number, geometry, mass
distribution, stiffness distribution, and geological conditions of the bridge
engineering site. Specifically, it is required that the number of spans of the
bridge should not be too large, and the span diameter should not be too large
(to avoid excessive axial force); There should be no sudden changes in the
mass distribution, stiffness distribution and geometry of the bridge
longitudinally and transversely, the stiffness difference of adjacent piers
should not be too large, and the slenderness ratio of the piers should be in a
certain range; There is no sudden change in the topography and geology of the
bridge engineering site, and there is no danger of liquefaction and foundation
failure on the site. For curved bridges and diagonal bridges, the maximum center
angle and diagonal angle should be within a certain range. Bridges with seismic
isolation bearings and/or dampers are not considered regular bridges. In order
to facilitate practical operation, some specific provisions are given for rule
bridges here. So far, there has been no special study on the definition scope of
regular bridge structures in China, which only draws on the provisions of
some foreign bridge seismic design codes and combines some domestic
research results to give a table
6.1.3 of the provisions. Bridges that are not within the scope of this table
are irregular bridges.

89
 Since the seismic response of arch bridges is relatively complex, and its
dynamic response is generally not controlled by first-order mode shapes, arch
bridges are included in the category of irregular bridges in this
specification.

6.1.4 According to the classification of regular and irregular bridges in

clause 6.1.3, the seismic analysis calculation method of the bridge can be
selected according to Table 6.1.4 .

Table 6.1.4 Calculation methods for seismic analysis of bridges

Bridge
classifi
Seismic action
cation
Clas C 类 D 类
s B
rules Non- rules Non- rules Non-
regular regula regula
r r
E1 SM/MM MM/TH SM/MM MM/TH SM/MM MM

E2 SM/MM MM/TH SM/MM MM/TH — —

Note: TH represents linear or nonlinear

time history calculation method; SM

stands for single mode response

spectrum or power spectroscopy

method; MM stands for Multimodal

Response Spectrum or Power

Spectroscopy method.

90
Description of the provisions
Under the action of E1 earthquake, the structure is in the elastic
working range and can be calculated by the response spectrum method, and for
regular bridges, because its dynamic response is mainly controlled by the
first-order mode shape, it can be calculated by a simplified single-mode
response spectrum method. Under the action of E2 earthquake, although the
bridge structure is allowed to enter the plastic working range, the elastic
seismic displacement response of the structure can be modified to represent
the nonlinear seismic displacement response of the structure by using the
principle of equal displacement and the principle of equal energy in structural
dynamics, so the response spectrum method can also be used for analysis. However,
for complex structures such as multi-connected large-span continuous girder
bridges, only the nonlinear time history method can correctly predict the nonlinear
seismic response of the structure.

6.1.5 Under the action of E2 earthquake, when the pier columns of large-
span continuous girder bridges or continuous rigid bridges (main span
exceeding 90m) have entered the plastic working range, and the quality of
the bridge bearing platform is large, and the inertial force of the bearing
platform on the seismic effect of the pile foundation under the action of
earthquake cannot be ignored, the nonlinear time history analysis method
should be used for seismic analysis.

Description of the provisions

For large-span continuous girder bridges or continuous rigid bridges, such
as the mass of the bridge bearing platform is large, the seismic inertial
force of the bridge bearing platform can not be ignored to the seismic
response of the pile foundation, such as the E2 earthquake action of the
pier column has entered the plastic working range, the nonlinear time
history method should be used for seismic analysis.

6.1.6 For continuous girder bridges with 6 spans or more using longitudinal
fixed supports and movable supports, the nonlinear time history analysis
method should be used to consider the friction effect of the movable
support and carry out seismic analysis.
Description of the provisions

91
 For porous one-link continuous girder bridges, such as fixed supports and
movable bearings longitudinally, the sliding friction effect of the movable
supports has a great influence on the seismic response of the structure under
the action of earthquakes, and the sliding friction effect should be
considered by nonlinear time history method.

6.1.7 For inclined bridges and irregular curved bridges, the nonlinear
time history analysis method should be used for seismic analysis under the
action of E2 earthquake.
Description of the provisions
For complex structures such as inclined bridges and irregular curved
bridges, it is difficult to correctly predict the seismic response by
response spectrum method, so the nonlinear time history method should be
used for seismic analysis.

6.1.8 Under the action of earthquake, the seismic inertial force of the
gravity abutment body can be calculated according to the static
method.
Description of the provisions
Under normal circumstances, the mass and stiffness of gravity abutments
are very large, and the static method calculation has sufficient accuracy to
meet the seismic design requirements, so the seismic inertia force of the
abutment body can be calculated according to the static method.

92
 Seismic conceptual design

Classification of seismic fortification of bridges (clause

3.1.1).

Seismic structural Venue division Bridge seismic importance factor

measures class (3.1.3 (Section 4.1.9). (clause 3.1.3).

Seismic measures (Chapter 11).

Seismic action (Chapter 5).

Adjust Regular and irregular bridge Adjust design parameters

design division (Section 6.1.3).
parameters
Regular bridges are irregular bridges

Simplified Model linear or

nonlinear dynamics
No
calculation (Section 6.2).
Yes
Selection of
calculation methods
(Section 6.1 4
articles).
E1 Calculation
of seismic
force at water E1 Calculation of structural
level under forces under earthquake,
seismic action bending strength of piers
(Section 6.6). , Flexural
(sections 7.2, 7.3).
strength of the pier is
checked
(Sections 7.2, 7.3).
No
not
Meet no
satisf be
yes no
Class D bridges, masonic arch
be bridges
be No yes
Class D
bridges
not
Effective bending stiffness of pier columns (clause 6.1.9) Effective bending
stiffness of pier columns (clause 6.1.9).

E2 Calculation of seismic action (Section 6.6).

forces and deformations of
structures under seismic
93
 forces and
E2 deformations of
Calculatio structures under
n of seismic action
seismic

Seismic force calculation of foundation, cover beam, pier shear resistance,

support and other capacity protection members (Section 6.7).

Flow chart of strength and deformation verification of structural

components (Fig. 6.1.2-2).

not
Meet no
Yes
ends

Fig. 6.1.2-1 Overall design flow of a conventional bridge

94
 Strength and deformation
verification of conventional bridge
structural components
E1 Seismic
action
Piers, foundations, main
arch strength and
Support Verification
(Sections 7.2, 7.3).

Class D bridges, be
masonry arch bridges,
Gravity piers and
abutments
not
E2 Seismic
action

arch Gird
brid er
ge brid
ge
Main arch ring, Bridge piers,
bridge deck arched columns,
system Bearings and
Bonds foundations Irregular Regular
bridges bridges
no
Low piers t
be
Strength verification of displacement or Displacem
plastic hinge piers ent check
Competency Verification (Section 7.4) (Section
(Section 7.3). 7.4).
Capacity Protection
Components (Section
6.7 ).
Strength check pier shear inspection basic check cover Support
beam inspection calculation
(Section 7.3). (Section 7.3) (Section 7.3) (Section 7.3 ) (Section
7.5).
Structural
detailing

Pier stirrup Longitudinal Node

construction rib structure of reinforcement
(Section 8.2). bridge piers construction
(Section 8.2). (Section 8.3).
Seismic
measures
Fig. 6.1.2-2 Seismic design flow of conventional bridge structural components

95
 6.1.9 When performing the seismic analysis of the bridge, under the
action of the E1 earthquake, the bending stiffness of all components of the
conventional bridge should be calculated according to the full section;
Under the action of E2 earthquake, when calculating by the equivalent
linear elasticity method, the effective section bending stiffness of
ductile members should be calculated according to formula (6.1.9), but the
bending stiffness of other components should still be calculated according
to the full section.

Ec  I
e
M  (6.1.9)
f and
f 
y

In the E - elastic modulus of the pier (kN/m2);

formul c
a:
I eff - moment of bending inertia of the effective section of the pier
(m4);

M y - equivalent yield bending moment (kN·m);

y – equivalent yield curvature (1/m), see clause 7.4.7.

Description of the provisions

E1 The structure works in the elastic range under the action of the
earthquake, focusing on the strength of the structure, in this case, it can
be approximately safe to take the full-section stiffness of the pier for
seismic analysis, because the structural period calculated by taking the
full-section stiffness is relatively short, the calculated seismic force is
large, and the seismic design is safe. Under the action of E2 earthquake,
the structure is allowed to enter an elastoplastic working state, which is
concerned with the deformation of the structure, and strictly speaking, the
elastoplastic nonlinear time history method is required for seismic analysis.
However, the elastoplastic nonlinear time history method is more complicated to
calculate, and the elastoplastic characteristics of the structure should be
reflected by the fiber element model or the plastic hinge element model, which
is costly. The results show that in addition to the more complex structure of
the bridge specified in 6.1.5~6.1.7, nonlinear time history analysis is
required, for other bridges, a simpler linear elastic method can be used for
96
seismic analysis according to the principle of equal displacement and equal
energy, such as response spectrum method or power spectrum method, at this
time, when establishing a calculation model, the ductile member should use the
effective section bending stiffness, To ensure that the deformation of the
structure is not underestimated.

6.1.10 Class D bridges, masonic arch bridges, gravity piers, and

abutments can be analyzed and designed for seismic analysis and design under
E1 seismic action only .
Description of the provisions
This article follows the provisions of Detailed Article 08, because the
mason arch bridges, gravity piers and abutments are generally concrete
structures, with large structural dimensions and basically non-ductility, so
ductile seismic design cannot be considered, and only one-stage seismic design
can be carried out. Class D bridges are secondary seismic bridges located
on Class III and IV highways, and only a first-stage seismic design is
considered.
08 When the detailed rules were prepared, it was considered that the
original "Code for Seismic Design of Highway Engineering" (JTJ004-89) only
did a one-stage seismic design, which was basically equivalent to the seismic
design under the action of the E1 earthquake, and the Class D bridge
and masonry designed according to the specification

97
 Arch bridges, gravity-type piers and abutments perform well in actual
earthquakes, so consider being consistent with the original 89
specification, only requiring that the structure is basically not damaged
under the action of the E1 earthquake, and only the seismic analysis and
design under the action of the E1 earthquake can be carried out.

6.2 Modeling principles

6.2.1 For seismic analysis under the action of E1 and E2 earthquakes, the
spatial dynamic calculation model of the bridge structure should be
established first. The calculation model should reflect the dynamic
characteristics of the actual bridge structure.

6.2.2 The dynamic calculation model of the bridge structure should correctly
reflect the stiffness, mass distribution and damping characteristics of the
bridge superstructure, substructure, support and foundation, so as to ensure
that the inertial forces and major mode shapes caused by the E1 and E2
earthquakes can be correctly reflected. In general, the dynamic calculation
model of the bridge structure should meet the following requirements:
1 The beams and pier columns in the calculation model can be simulated by
space rod elements, and the mass of the elements can be represented by
centralized mass. The unit division of pier columns and beam bodies should
reflect the actual dynamic characteristics of the structure.
2 The support unit should reflect the mechanical properties of the
support.
3 The damping ratio of concrete and composite structures is desirable
to be 0.05; The damping ratio of steel structures is desirable 0.03; For time
history analysis, Rayleigh damping can be used.
4 The computational model should take into account the influence of
adjacent structures and boundary conditions.
Description of the provisions
Due to the complexity of the dynamic characteristics of irregular bridges,
the simplified calculation method cannot correctly grasp the dynamic response
characteristics, and the finite element method is required to establish a
structural dynamic space calculation model. Correctly establishing the dynamic
space calculation model of the bridge structure is the basis for the seismic
design of the bridge. In order to correctly reflect the dynamic
98
characteristics of the actual bridge structure, it is required that at least
three rod units are used for each pier column, and the bridge support is
simulated by the support connection unit, and the mass of the unit can be
represented by the mass of the set (Fig. 6-1).

Figure 6-1 Bridge dynamic space calculation model

Damping is an important factor affecting the seismic response of

structures, and can be used in the analysis of time-history response of
irregular bridges

99
The damping assumption establishes a damping matrix. According to
the Rayleigh damping hypothesis, the damping matrix of a structure
can be expressed as: (6-1)
C a0M
 a1K 

Where: M , K  - mass and stiffness matrix of the

structure;

a0, a1 - can be determined by pressing the following formula:

a0  2 nm 
   

a 
1 (6-2)
1  n m  

 - structural damping ratio, for concrete bridges  = 0.05;

n, m - the nth and mth order circular frequencies of structural

vibration, generally n take the fundamental frequency of the desirable
structure,  m

Take the frequencies of the modes that contribute a lot to the vibration of
the structure in the latter order.

6.2.3 Under the action of E1 earthquake, the overall spatial model should be
used to calculate the seismic response of the bridge. Under the action of E2
earthquakes, local space model calculations can be used. The global and
local space models should meet the following requirements:
1 The overall spatial model should include all bridge structures and
their connection methods, and through the analysis of the overall spatial
model, the spatially coupled seismic response characteristics of the
structure and the most unfavorable input direction of the earthquake should
be determined.
2 The local space model should take out part of the bridge structure
for calculation according to the calculation results of the overall model,
and the local model should consider the influence of adjacent structures
on boundary conditions.
Description of the provisions
When establishing the dynamic space model of general irregular bridges,
it is advisable to establish a full-bridge calculation model, but for very
long bridges, multi-connected bridges with typical structures or special
100
sections or special structures can be selected for seismic response analysis.
The influence of adjacent structures and abutments on boundary conditions should
be considered. The influence of adjacent structures and abutments on boundary
conditions can be simulated by adding a bridge or abutment model at the end of the
calculated model, as shown in Figure 6-2, and local models are generally quite a
few
In the 3rd link, the calculation results of the intermediate joint are
taken for seismic design, and the internal force and displacement response of the
boundary joint itself are calculated according to other local models when it is
used as an intermediate connection.

101
 Figure 6-2 Simulation of local model boundary conditions

For large bridge projects with irregular geometries, such as bridges

containing a large number of curves, inclined bridges, and linear girder
bridges, it is very complex to directly use the overall space calculation model
for time-history response analysis. To simplify the calculations, the seismic
response analysis of the structure can be carried out in two steps:
（1） Firstly, the overall spatial model is established, and the mode
decomposition response spectrum analysis under the action of E1 earthquake
is used to determine the spatially coupled seismic response characteristics of the
structure and the most unfavorable input direction of the earthquake. The overall
spatial model should include all bridge structures in the interchange project
and how they are connected.
（2） Based on the calculation results of the overall spatial model, a
local calculation model is established, and the time history analysis is
carried out by using the local model and the determined most unfavorable
input direction of the earthquake. Local models should take into account the
influence of adjacency structures and boundary conditions.

6.2.4 Rule bridges may use simplified calculation models as required by

Section 6.6 of this specification.
Description of the provisions
The seismic response of regular bridges is dominated by first-order mode
shapes, so it can be analyzed using the various simplified calculation metric
formulas recommended in this specification.

6.2.5 When performing seismic response analysis of linear bridges, the ground
102
motion input along the two horizontal directions of the bridge direction and the
cross bridge can be considered respectively. When performing seismic response
analysis of curved bridges, multidirectional ground motion inputs along the pier
connection (secant) direction at one and two ends and perpendicular to the
horizontal direction of the connection line can be considered to determine
the most unfavorable seismic response.

6.2.6 For nonlinear time history analysis, the nonlinearity of the pier
column should be simulated by elastoplastic space beam and column
elements.
Description of the provisions
According to the principle of seismic fortification of bridges, damage and
plastic deformation of structures are allowed under the action of E2
earthquakes. i.e. in
The bridge can enter the nonlinear working range under the action of E2
earthquake, when the structure is more complex, as specified in 6.1.5~6.1.7

103
Only by performing nonlinear time-history seismic response analysis can the
seismic response of the structure be more realistically simulated.
The elastoplastic properties of the plastic hinges of the beam and column
elements can be represented by the yield surface recommended by Bresler
(Figure 6-3) or by nonlinear beam and column fiber element simulation.

Fig. 6-3 Yield surface of a typical reinforced concrete pier column section

6.2.7 The influence of the support should be considered in the seismic

analysis. The plate rubber support can be simulated by linear spring unit; The
movable basin support and the tetrafluoroskateboard rubber support can be
simulated with a bilinear ideal elastoplastic spring unit, and the recovery
force model is shown in Figure 6.2.7. The calculation method of the
mechanical parameters of the three supports is as follows:
1 Plate rubber support shear stiffness k(kN/m):

Gd Ar
k 
t (6.2.7-1)

In the formula: Gd - the dynamic shear modulus of the plate rubber support
(kN/m 2), generally take 1200kN/m2;

Ar - the shear area of the rubber support (m2);

t - the total thickness of the rubber layer (m).

2 Critical sliding friction Fmax (kN) of movable basin supports

Fmax  d R
(6.2.7-2)
104
The initial
stiffness
is: kF 
max (6.2.7-3)
xand

105
 In the formula: d - sliding friction coefficient, generally take 0.02;

R - the superstructure gravity (kN) borne by the support;

xy - yield displacement of movable basin support (m), generally

take 0.002~0.005m.

3 The initial stiffness of the PTFE rubber support is calculated

according to the formula (6.2.7-1), and the critical sliding friction of the

PTFE rubber support is calculated according to the formula (6.2.7-2).

Fig. 6.2.7 Resilience model of movable basin support and tetrafluoroskateboard rubber
support
Description of the provisions
The test results of a large number of plate rubber supports show that the
hysteresis curve of plate rubber supports is narrow and elongated, which can be
approximated as a linear treatment. Its shear stiffness, although it varies with
the change of maximum shear strain and the change of frequency, can be
approximated as a constant for a given frequency and a maximum shear angle.
Therefore, the restoring force mold of the plate rubber support can be taken as
a linear type, and the stiffness of the support can be determined
approximately according to the maximum shear strain and frequency.
Tests of movable basin bearings and tetrafluoroskateboard rubber bearings
have shown that when the shear force of the support exceeds its critical
sliding friction of Fmax, the support begins to slide and its dynamic hysteresis

curve can be represented by a hysteresis curve similar to that of an ideal

elastoplastic material.

6.2.8 For bridges with pile foundations, the seismic analysis calculation
106
model should consider pile-soil interaction, which can be simulated by equal
soil springs, and the stiffness of equal soil springs can be calculated by m
method.
Description of the provisions
The substructure of a bridge is usually supported by piers on a rigid
platform, and the pile arrangement is adopted under the platform. Therefore,
the pier boundary under seismic load should be elastic constraint rather than
rigid consolidation. Accurately simulating pile foundation boundary conditions
involves complex pile-soil interactions. However, the analysis shows that for
the analysis of the bridge structure itself, satisfactory results can be
obtained by properly simulating the boundary. The most common way to consider
the boundary conditions of the pile foundation is to use a bearing platform

107
 The bottom six degrees of freedom spring stiffness simulates pile-soil
interaction (Fig. 6-4), which are vertical stiffness, thrust stiffness along
the bridge and across the bridge, rotational stiffness around the vertical
axis, and rotational stiffness around two horizontal axes. Their calculation
method is the same as the static calculation, except that the resistance
value of the soil is larger than the static force, and it is generally taken
m
＝（2~3）m 静 。

Figure 6-4 considers the pile-soil joint action boundary unit

Note: K 1 , K , K
2 3 are tension springs in the x, y, z directions, respectively, K , K,
4 5

K6 x, y, respectively Rotating spring in the z direction

6.2.9 The P- effect should be considered when the ratio of the
calculated height of the pier column to the dimensions of the short side of
the rectangular section is greater than 8, or the ratio of the calculated
height of the pier column to the diameter of the circular section is greater
than 6 .
Description of the provisions
When the ratio of pier height to section size is large, the geometric
nonlinear effect of the pier cannot be ignored, and this article directly
quotes the provisions of the U.S. CALTRANS SEISMIC DESIGN CODE.

6.3 Response spectroscopy

6.3.1 Response spectroscopy includes single-mode response spectroscopy and
multi-mode response spectroscopy. The selection of single-mode response
spectroscopy and multi-mode response spectroscopy can be found in Table 6.1.4.
The seismic calculation of regular bridges may be calculated using the calculation
method given in section 6.6 of this specification.

6.3.2 When calculated using the response spectrum method, the response
108
 spectrum shall be determined in accordance with Article 5.2.1 of this
specification .

6.3.3 When calculating by the multi-mode response spectrometry, the mode order
considered should ensure that the mass participation coefficient in the
calculation direction is above 90%. Seismic effects shall be calculated as
follows:
1 The seismic effect (internal force, displacement) in a single direction
can generally be determined by the SRSS method as follows:

F

S i
2
(6.3.3-1)

Where: F - seismic effect of the

structure;

Si - seismic effect of the first

order mode shape of the structure.

109
 2 When the self-oscillation periods T i a n d T j (T j  T i) of

adjacent two-order mode shapes of the structure are close, that is, T

The ratio of i a n d t j T satisfies (6.3.3-2) should be followed by the

CQC method (6.3.3-3) Calculation of seismic effects.

 0
T
.1 (6.3.3-
T
 2)
0.
Tj 1

i


Where:  damping
ratio;

T – period ratio. (6.3.3-

3)
F  SirijS j

In RIJ - correlation coefficient, determined

the
form by the equation (6.3.3-4).
ula: 2
(6.3.3-4)
8 (13
 ) 2
rij  T
2 2
T
(1
T
 ) 
2 2
4  (1  ) T

The symbolic meaning in the formula is homogeneous (6.3.3-2).

Description of the provisions
Since 1943 American M Biot came up with the concept of response spectra,
and the 1948 American G W． Since Housner proposed the seismic computational
dynamic method based on response spectrum theory, the response spectrum
analysis method has been continuously improved and developed in the field of
structural seismic resistance, and has been widely used in engineering practice.
However, because the response spectrum can only give the maximum value of the
reaction of each mode shape of the structure, the information related to the
maximum value and very important for the mode shape combination, such as the time
when the maximum value occurs and its plus or minus sign, makes the combination
of the maximum values of each mode type in a difficult situation. Therefore, even if
the structure of irregular bridges and interchanges is in a linear elastic state,
the response spectrum method cannot completely replace the time history analysis
110
method. Most foreign bridge seismic design codes are only applicable to medium-span
standard bridges, and most seismic design codes point out that time history
analysis is required for complex bridge girders to carry out special
seismic design.
Many experts and scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of
research on the response spectrum method, and proposed various mode shape
combination methods. The simplest and most commonly used is the Square Root of
Sum of Squares (SRSS) method. This method has good accuracy for planar structures
with good frequency separation, but for frequency-dense spatial structures, because
the coupling terms between each mode shape are ignored, the response of the
structure is often estimated too high or too low. In 1969, Rosenblueth and
Elorduy proposed the DSC (Double Sum Combination) method to account for the
coupling term effect between mode shapes, and then Humar and Gupta amended
and improved the DSC law. In 1981, E.L. Wilson et al. regarded ground
motion as a broadband, Gaussian stationary process, and derived the mode
shape combination rule CQC method for linear multi-degree-of-freedom
systems according to the stochastic process theory, which better considered
the mode shape correlation when the frequency was close and overcame
Deficiencies of the SRSS method.

111
6.4 Time history analysis methods
6.4.1 The seismic acceleration time history shall be selected in accordance
with Section 5.3 of this specification.

6.4.2 The final result of the time history analysis, when using 3 sets of
design acceleration time history calculations, the maximum value of the 3
sets of calculation results should be taken; When using a 7-set design
acceleration time history calculation, the average of the 7-set
calculations can be taken .
Description of the provisions
A set of time history analysis results is only a sample of the
structural random response and cannot reflect the statistical
characteristics of the structural response, so it is necessary to count the
analysis results of multiple samples to obtain reliable results. This
specification is provided in accordance with the American AASHTO
specification.

6 . 4 . 3 U n d e r t h e a c t i o n o f E1 earthquake, the calculation result

of the linear time history method should not be less than 80% of the
calculation result of the response spectrum method.
Description of the provisions
The calculation results of the time history analysis method depend on the
ground motion input and the selection of damping parameters, such as poor
selection of ground motion input, or improper selection of damping parameters,
may lead to small calculation results. Therefore, the calculation results of
the linear time history analysis method should be cross-checked with the
calculation results of the response spectrum method to ensure that the
appropriate seismic wave and damping parameters are selected.

6.5 Power spectroscopy

6.5.1 Structures calculated by the response spectrometry can also be
calculated by power spectroscopy. The two methods can be tested against each
other, and the difference between the calculation result of the power rate
method and the response spectrum method should not exceed 20%.

6.5.2 When the spatial variation effect of ground motion input is not taken
into account, the self-power spectrum of the structural response can be
calculated as Appendix B.1; When considering the traveling wave effect, the
112
self-power spectrum of the structural response can be calculated as Appendix
B.2.

6.5.3 The expected extrema of the structural response can be calculated

according to Appendix B.3 from its self-power spectrum S y ().

Description of the provisions

Clauses 6.5.1~6.5.3 stipulate the use of power spectroscopy for bridge
seismic analysis.
With the development of modern engineering science, the power spectroscopy
method based on random vibration theory has attracted the great attention and
popularization of domestic and foreign engineering circles and academic circles,
and has become an indispensable and important design tool in the design of offshore
platforms (such as Norway, the United States, and Chinese specifications).
The European Code for Seismic Design of Bridges, published in 1995, has also
listed the power spectroscopy method as one of the three methods available for
design. In China, in the past ten years, many engineering experts have used the
power spectrum method to analyze the multi-point non-uniform seismic excitation
problem in the seismic calculation of long-span bridges and dams, and have
achieved rich research results.

113
 Strictly speaking, during the entire earthquake process, the ground movement
shows obvious non-stationarity, including two aspects: non-stationary intensity
and non-stationary frequency components. In the generation of acceleration
artificial waves, a slowly variable deterministic modulation function and the
product of a Gaussian stationary random process are often used to form a
pseudo-nonstationary process instead of true nonstationary seismic ground
motion.
At present, in the engineering application of power spectroscopy, seismic
action is usually approximated as a stationary Gaussian random process of finite
duration, and the frequency domain characteristics of ground motion are described
by the stationary power spectral density function. The motion thus described
should be coordinated with the field-related response spectrum. The coordination
between the power spectrum and the response spectrum is that the response
spectrum value of a single degree of freedom system with the same self-resonant
frequency and damping ratio is equal to the average value of the maximum
extremum of the reaction. In earthquake engineering, due to the difficulty of
studying nonstationary stochastic processes, it is sometimes necessary to
use ground motion stationarity assumptions, such as the response spectrum
method CQC mode shape combination rule is based on broadband, Gaussian
stationary stochastic processes.
The random vibration analysis of the structure is carried out using the
ground acceleration stationary power spectrum as input, and the results
obtained are the statistical characteristics such as the power spectral
density function and variance of the structural reaction (displacement,
internal force, etc.), which is much richer than the calculation results of
the response spectrum method, which is very useful for understanding the seismic
response characteristics of the structure. From them, it is easy to calculate the
maximum response of the structure required by the engineer, that is, the amount
equivalent to the result calculated by the usual response spectroscopy. The power
spectrum of the response can be calculated by mode shape analysis. Unlike the response
spectroscopy, the relationship between mode shapes is automatically taken into account here.
The power spectrum of the response can also be obtained by other methods such
as frequency-dependent response matrices. When it is necessary to consider the
non-uniform motion of the fulcrum of the ground, such as the wave passage
114
effect, local effect, and incoherence effect, Since these effects are
conveniently described by the power spectral density at each fulcrum and the
coherence function between them, it is more straightforward to deal with them by
power spectroscopy. Similar to the response spectroscopy, power spectroscopy
should not be used directly for nonlinear analysis unless it is properly treated
with mechanics under certain conditions.

6.6 Regular bridge calculation

6.6.1 For regular bridges that meet the requirements of Article 6.1.3 of
this specification, the structure can be equivalent to a single degree-of-
freedom model according to the analysis method in this section, and the
influence of stiffness such as superstructure, support, pier and foundation
should be considered in the model, and E1 and E2 can be carried out
according to the single-mode response spectrum method Calculation of
internal forces and deformation of structures under earthquakes.
Description of the provisions
The seismic response of regular bridges is dominated by first-order mode
shapes, so seismic analysis can be carried out using various simplified
calculation methods specified in this specification. However, it should be noted
that the simplified single-degree of freedom model is an approximate calculation
method, the calculation error of structural internal force and deformation
comes from two aspects, one is not considering the influence of higher-order
mode shapes, the other is the calculation error of the first-order mode
shape period and single-degree model conversion particle mass, the study
shows that the error of the first-order mode shape period calculation formula
given by this specification is very small, and the calculation error of the
displacement response is also very small, which can generally be ignored, but
when the pier height increases, Internal force response (e.g. pier bottom

115
 Shear force and bending moment) calculation error will also increase,
in this case, in order to reduce the error, you can also refer to the relevant
data to consider the influence of higher-order mode shapes to correct the
internal force.
6.6.2 For a bridge deck discontinuous simply supported girder bridge, the
horizontal seismic force along the bridge and in the cross bridge direction can
be calculated using the following simplified method, and the calculation
diagram is shown in Figure 6.6.2.
1 The horizontal seismic force along the bridge and across the bridge can
be calculated as follows:
Ektp  SM
(6.6.2-1)
t

M t  M sp cp M cp (6.6.2-2)
 p M p

  X 2
(6.6.2-3)
cp

 2
2 2



p 0.16  X 0
 X 1  X 1  X 1 (6.6.2-4)
 2 X X X 
f f 0
f f f
 2 2 2


In the formula: Ektp - horizontal force acting on the top surface of the fixed
support in the bridge direction or acting on the center of mass of the
superstructure in the direction of the cross bridge

(kN) ;
S - the response spectrum value calculated according to clause 5.2.1
of this specification according to the basic period of the structure;
M t - convert particle mass (t);

M sp - the mass of the superstructure of the bridge (t), corresponding

to the mass of a hole beam of the fixed support at the top of the pier;

M cp
- mass of cover beam (t);

M p - the mass of the pier (t), for the expansion of the foundation, the
mass of the pier above the top surface of the foundation;

 p
cp

116
- mass conversion coefficient;
Cover
beam - Mass conversion coefficient of pier body;

X 0 - When considering the deformation of the foundation, the bridge

direction acts on the top surface of the support or the cross bridge
direction acts on the center of mass of the superstructure

the ratio of the horizontal displacement caused by the unit

horizontal force at the calculated height H of the pier body
X f
、 to the horizontal displacement at the unit force;
X —— When considering the deformation of the foundation, it acts on
1
the top surface of the support in the direction of the bridge or on
the upper part in the direction of the cross bridge
f
2

The unit horizontal force at the center of mass of the

structure is calculated as a height H 2 on the general scouring
line or the top surface of the foundation, the pier body

The ratio of the horizontal displacement caused by to the

horizontal displacement at the unit force.

117
 Fig. 6.6.2 Simplified calculation diagram of simply supported girder bridge

2 In general, the basic period of each simply supported girder bridge can
be calculated as follows:
T1  2 M 
t (6.6.2-5)
Where: T1 - the basic period (s) of the simply supported girder bridge along
the bridge or cross bridge;

 ——The horizontal displacement (m/kN) caused by the unit

horizontal force acting on the top surface of the support in the
direction of the bridge or acting on the center of mass of the
superstructure in the direction of the cross bridge should be
calculated separately in the direction of the bridge and the
cross bridge, and the effect of foundation deformation can be
calculated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
current relevant industry standards.
Description of the provisions
When determining the basic period and seismic action of simply supported
girder bridges, they can be considered according to the single pier model. For
simply supported girder bridges with low piers, only the first-order mode shape
is generally considered when determining the seismic action, and the high-order
118
mode shape contribution is omitted. Considering the different stiffness of the
pier body in the cross bridge direction and the bridge direction, different
mode shapes are used in the calculation. After determining the mode shape curve
X 1i (usually using a static deflection curve), the weight of each segment
of the pier can be calculated to the top of the pier by applying the energy
method or instead of the mass method. In this way, when determining the basic
period, it can still be simplified to single particle processing, avoiding the
disadvantage of complicated calculation of basic period in multi-particle
systems.

6.6.3 One of the piers in the continuous girder bridge adopts a fixed
support along the bridge, and the rest are movable supports in the direction of
the bridge, and its seismic response along the bridge can be calculated
according to the following formula:

119
 1 The seismic force acting on the top surface of the fixed
support in the direction of the bridge can be calculated
as follows: (6.6.3-
N 1)
E ktp  SM   t
i

1 (6.6.3-
2)
Mt  M sp
 Mcp p M p

Where: S - the response spectrum value calculated according to

clause 5.2.1 of this specification according to the basic period
of the structure;
M t - the converted particle mass at the top surface of
the fixed pier support (t);

M sp - mass of the superstructure of a bridge (t);

M cp
- mass of fixed pier cover beam (t);

M p - fixed pier body mass (t);

Ri - the constant load reaction force (kN) of the ith movable

support;
i - the friction coefficient of the ith movable support, generally
0.02.

2 The seismic force acting on the top surface of the movable support in
the direction of the bridge can be calculated as follows:

Andthis is it. 
(6.6.3-3)
and
Rand

Ri - the constant load reaction force (kN) of the ith movable

support;

i - the friction coefficient of the ith movable support, generally

0.02.

3 The basic period of a continuous girder bridge in the direction can be

calculated as follows:
T1  2 M 
t (6.6.3-4)
Where: T1 - the basic period (s) of the continuous girder bridge along the
bridge;

——The horizontal displacement (m/kN) caused by the horizontal

force of the unit unit on the top surface of the fixed support
120
 or the center of mass of the superstructure in the direction of
the bridge can be calculated according to the relevant
provisions of the current relevant industry standards.
Description of the provisions
Continuous girder bridges generally have only one fixed support in the
direction of the bridge, and the rest are longitudinal movable supports, so the
seismic response of the structure under the action of earthquake in the
direction of the bridge can be simplified to the calculation of the single
pier model, but the friction effect of each movable support should be
considered.

6.6.4 Continuous girder bridges and bridge deck continuous simply supported
girder bridges and continuous rigid bridges with plate rubber bearings
are in the direction of the bridge
The seismic response to E1 and E2 earthquakes can be calculated in the
following simplified way:

121
 1 The structural calculation model is established, in which the influence
of the stiffness of the superstructure, support, pier and foundation should be
considered, and the displacement v s ( x) of the structure under the action
of the uniform load p0 along the axis of a joint beam body is calculated,
and the calculation diagram is shown in the figure 6.6.4 shown.

Fig. 6.6.4 Calculation model of a continuous girder bridge in the direction of the bridge

2 Calculate the bridge stiffness Kl:

Kl  p
o
(6.6.4-1)
L
in
s,max

Where: po - uniform

distribution load

(kN/m); L - the total

length of a bridge
(m);
vs, max - maximum horizontal displacement under the action of P o (m);

Kl - the equivalent stiffness of the bridge in the direction of the

bridge (kN/m).

3 Calculate the basic period of the structure T 1:

Mt
T1  2
K (6.6.4-2)
l

Formula: M t - the total mass of a bridge, which shall include the mass of the

beam, as well as the mass conversion factor of the pier body

p and the mass conversion factor of the cover beam according to

122
 Article 6.6.2 of this specification The sum of the

equivalent mass of each pier and the mass of the cover beam

(t);

4 Calculate the seismic equivalent uniform load pe:

pSMt e (6.6.4-3)
L
Where: pe - seismic equivalent static load (kN/m).
5 According to the static method, the internal force and displacement
reaction of the structure under the action of uniform load p e are
calculated.
Description of the provisions
For the girder bridge with plate rubber support, the static method is
first used to calculate the equivalent horizontal stiffness of the static force
along the bridge considering the flexibility of the plate rubber support, pier
column and foundation, and on this basis, it is simplified to a single pier
model, and the seismic inertia force along the bridge is calculated by the
beam body particle point, and then the static method is used to calculate the
substructure generated by the inertial force of the beam body

123
 Force and deformation.

6.6.5 The seismic response of continuous rigid bridges and continuous

simply supported girder bridges with a fixed confinement of the cross-
bridge displacement between the full pier girder and the bridge deck can
be calculated as follows:
1 Establish a structural calculation model, in the model should
consider the influence of the stiffness of the superstructure, support, pier
and foundation, and consider the influence of adjacent structures, in general, the
calculation model should take the left and right bridge structures (boundary
connection) as boundary conditions;
2 Calculate the uniform load p0 The maximum structural displacement vs

(x) in the direction of the bridge is calculated along the axis of the

vertical beam body of the calculation model (including the boundary joint

length), and the calculation diagram is shown in the figure 6.6.5 shown:

Figure 6.6.5 Calculation model for the cross bridge

3 Calculate the equivalent stiffness K t: in the cross bridge direction

Kt  p
o
(6.6.5-1)
L
in
s,max

Where: po - uniform distribution load (kN/m);

L - calculate the total length of the model
(including the length of the left and right
boundary joints) (m); vs,max——po under the action
of calculate the maximum horizontal displacement
of the joint transverse (m);
Kt - Equivalent stiffness in the cross bridge direction (kN/m).

124
 4 Calculate the basic period of the structure T 1:

Mt
T1  2
K (6.6.5-2)
t

5 Calculate the seismic equivalent uniform load pe:

pSMt e (6.6.5-3)
L
Where: pe - seismic equivalent static load (kN/m);
6 According to the static method, the internal force and displacement
reaction of the structure under the action of uniform load p e are
calculated.

125
Description of the provisions
In general, the girder bridge adopts rigid constraints between the beams
and piers in the cross-bridge direction, and for regular continuous rigid
bridges, continuous girder bridges and continuous simple support girder
bridges with bridge decks, the seismic response in the cross-bridge direction
is mainly contributed by the transverse first-order mode shape, so it can be
simplified to a single degree of freedom model. This specification considers the
boundary effect of adjacent joints, and uses the static method to calculate the
horizontal equivalent stiffness of the cross bridge, the single-mode response
spectrum method is used to calculate the horizontal seismic inertia force of the
beam crossbridge, and then the static method is used to calculate the internal
force and deformation of the substructure generated by the horizontal inertia force
of the beam bridge.

6.6.6 When calculating the deformation and internal forces of regular

bridges using the multimodal response spectrum method, the relevant
provisions of Section 6.3 of this specification can be consulted.

6.7 Capacity protection component calculation

6.7.1 Under the action of E2 earthquake, when the structure does not enter
the plastic working range, the shear design value of the bridge pier
column, the internal force design value of the bridge foundation and cover
beam can be calculated using the E2 seismic action.
Description of the provisions
For piers with large cross-sectional dimensions, yield may not occur
under the action of E2 earthquake, so it is too conservative to calculate
the capacity preservation method, and the calculation results of E2 seismic
action can be used directly. When determining whether a pier has yielded,
the yield moment can be used as the equivalent yield moment in Figure 7.4.7
of this specification .

6.7.2 The super bending moment of the Where: M

section of the plastic hinge area of n
- super
the pier column should be calculated bending
as follows: moment
along
M n 0 the
M bridge
126
and in the cross bridge direction;

(6.7.2)
Mu - the extreme bending moment of the section along the bridge and

the cross bridge under the action of the most unfavorable

axial force calculated by the actual steel bar according to
the cross-section, using the standard value of material
strength (Fig. 7.4.7);
0 - super coefficient of the ultimate bending moment of the pier,
0 takes 1.2.

Description of the provisions

From the observation of a large number of earthquake damage and test
results, it is found that the actual limit bending moment of the pier column
is greater than its design bearing capacity, which is called the
overstrength phenomenon of the pier column. There are many reasons for the
super bending resistance of pier columns, but the most important reason is
that the ultimate strength of steel bars after yield is greater than its
yield strength, and the actual yield strength of steel bars is greater than
the design strength. If the ultimate bending moment of the plastic hinge of the
pier column appears to be very strong, and the seismic force that can withstand
exceeds the ability protection member, it will cause the ability protection member
to fail first, the preset plastic hinge cannot be generated, and the bridge will be
brittle failure.
In order to ensure that the components that are expected to bend plastic
hinges do not have brittle failure modes (such as shear failure, bond
breakage

127
bad, etc.), and ensure that brittle components and components that are not
suitable for energy consumption (capacity protection components) are in the
elastic reaction range, and when determining their bending moment and shear
design values, the super bending strength coefficient of the pier column 0
0
is used to consider the super phenomenon. The values of  vary widely
from country to country, for reinforced concrete structures, Eurocode 8: Part
0
2, 1998  has a value of 1.375, the US AASHTO specification (2004 version)
has a value of 1.25, and the value of the California Seismic Design
0
Guidelines (2000 Edition) takes a value of 1 2。 Tongji University combined
with China's "Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridge and
Culvert Design Code" to study the value of the super coefficient, the results
show that when the axial pressure ratio is greater than 0.2, the super
strength coefficient increases with the increase of the axial pressure ratio, and
when the axial pressure ratio is less than 0.2, the super coefficient is in
0
Between 1.1~1.3. Here it is recommended that  take 1.2.

Since the change of the axial force of the pier column will cause the
change of the ultimate bending moment of the reinforced concrete pier column,
and the axial force of the pier column is the sum of the constant load axial
force and the dynamic axis force caused by the earthquake, the maximum axial
force of the pier column is the constant load axial force plus the ground
motion axis force (absolute value), and the minimum axial force is the
constant load axial force minus the ground motion axis force (absolute
value). 。 The most unfavorable axial force when calculating the Mu is the
maximum axial force.

6.7.3 When the shear resistance of bridge cover beams, foundations, supports
and pier columns is designed as capacity protection components, the bending
moment and shear design values should be calculated according to the
principle of capacity protection, and the bending moment and shear force values
corresponding to the super bending moment of the section of the plastic hinge
area of the pier column should be taken.

Description of the provisions

The shear failure of reinforced concrete components is brittle failure,
which is a dangerous failure mode, and for seismic structures, pier column
128
shear failure will greatly reduce the ductility of the structure. Therefore, in
order to ensure that the reinforced concrete pier column does not have shear
failure, the shear design of the ductile pier column should be carried out using the
ability protection design principle. According to the capacity protection design
principle, the shear strength of the pier column should be greater than the
maximum shear force that the pier column may withstand in an earthquake
(corresponding to the maximum moment bearing capacity that the plastic hinge
section of the pier column can achieve). The bridge foundation is the most
important stressed component of the bridge structure, and under the action of
earthquake, if damage occurs, it is not only difficult to inspect, but also
difficult to repair, so it is designed as a capacity protection component. If the
bridge support is damaged or damaged in an earthquake, although it can be
repaired or replaced after the earthquake, it changes the force transmission path
of the structure, therefore, the bridge designed according to the type I
structure seismic system should be designed as a capacity protection component and
have a stable force transmission path to achieve the design goal of elastoplastic
deformation of ductile components such as bridge piers and columns and dissipation
of seismic energy.
6.7.4 The super-strong bending moment of the plastic hinge area section of
the single-column pier along the bridge direction and the cross bridge
direction can be calculated according to Article 6.7.2 of this specification
, and the most unfavorable axial force when calculating M u can be taken as

the constant load axial force. The shear design value of the single column
pier along the bridge direction and the cross bridge direction should be
calculated according to the super bending moment of the plastic hinge
section of the pier column.

129
Description of the provisions
The internal force design value (internal force demand) of the ability
protection component should be drawn according to the specific component,
the force diagram of the separation body should be drawn, a static model
should be established, and the corresponding internal force design value
should be calculated according to the super bending moment of the section of
the plastic hinge area of the pier column.
For example, for simply supported girder bridges and continuous girder
bridges, a single column pier can only form a plastic hinge at the bottom, in
which case the design values of the shear forces of the plastic hinge area
section along the bridge and in the cross bridge direction can be
calculated as follows.

V
(6-3)

Mn

c0 Hn

In the Mn - the super bending moment (kN· m) ；

formul
a: Hn - Take the distance from the top of the pier to the center of the
plastic hinge at the bottom of the pier (m) (as shown in Figure 6-5).

Mn

M
Vc0 = φ0 Mnu
Vc0

Fig. 6-5 Shear force design values for a single column pier

For continuous rigid bridges, plastic hinges may be formed at both the
pier bottom and the pier top, at this time, the shear design values of the
plastic hinge area section along the bridge direction and the cross bridge
direction should be calculated according to the following formula.
t
M 
Mb
(6-4)
Vc 0  n n

Mn
130
In the M t - the super bending moment (kN· m) ； M b - the super bending
n
formul
a: moment (kN· m) ； H n - take the distance from the center of the
n

plastic hinge at the top of the pier to the center of the plastic

hinge at the bottom of the pier (m).

6.7.5 The design values of the plastic hinge area section of double
column piers and multi-column piers along the bridge direction of
super bending moment and shear force can be in accordance with
paragraph of this specification
6.7.4 strip calculation, cross bridge direction super bending moment and
shear force design values can be calculated as follows:
1 Assume that the axial force of the pier column is a constant load
axial force;
2 According to the section of the steel bar, the material strength
standard value is adopted, and the super bending moment of the plastic hinge
area of each pier column is calculated according to this specification
formula (6.7.2);

131
 3 Calculate the shear force value of each pier column
corresponding to its super bending moment, and calculate the
sum of the shear force values of each pier column as follows
Q(kN)：
N
(6.7.5)
Q  i Qand
In the formula: the shear value (kN) of the super bending moment of each
pier column of Q i corresponds to the section of the plastic hinge area.

4 Q is applied to the center of mass of the cover beam in the positive and negative
directions, and the axial force generated by each pier column is calculated (as shown in
Figure 6.7.5);
5 After combining the axial force generated by the combined shear force Q
with the constant load axial force, the combined axial force is used and
returned to step 2 for iterative calculation until the sum of the shear forces of
each pier column is within 10% of the adjacent 2 calculations ;
6 Using the combination of the maximum pressure of the axial force in
the above combination, the super bending moment of the plastic section of
each pier column is calculated according to step 2.
7 Calculate the shear design values for the plastic hinge areas of the double
and multi-column piers as step 3.

Plastic hinge
area

Fig. 6.7.5 corresponds to the calculation mode of the axial force when the pier column
reaches a super bending moment

Description of the provisions

For double-column pier and multi-column pier bridges (including tie-beam
double-column piers and multi-column pier bridges), under the action of the
cross bridge to the earthquake, a large dynamic axial force will be
generated in the pier column, and the change of the axial force of the pier
column will cause the ultimate bending moment of the reinforced concrete pier

132
column to change, therefore, this specification recommends the use of static
pushdown analysis method ( Pushover method), the super bending moment of the
plastic hinge area section of each pier column is iteratively calculated.

6.7.6 The seismic horizontal force of fixed bearings and plate rubber
bearings can be calculated according to the capacity protection method; When
calculated according to the capacity protection method, the seismic horizontal
force of the support in the direction of the bridge and the direction of the
cross bridge can be directly taken from clause 6.7.4 and 6.7.4 of this
specification, respectively
6.7.5 strip calculates the shear force values of each pier column along the
bridge and in the cross bridge direction.

6.7.7 When calculating the bending moment design value and shear design
value of double column and multi-column pier cover beam according to
the capacity protection method, the double column sum

133
The bending moment design value and shear force design value of multi-column pier
cover beam can be directly taken from the bending moment and shear force
value of cover beam calculated in Article 6.7.5 of this specification, and
combined with the bending moment and shear force of the cover beam under
constant load.
Description of the provisions

In the seismic design of double-column pier and multi-column pier bridges,

reinforced concrete piers are used as ductile components to produce
elastoplastic deformation and dissipate seismic energy, while cover beams and
foundations are used as ability protection components to maintain elasticity.
Therefore, the design of cover beams should be carried out using the principle of
capacity protection design. According to the design principle of capacity protection,
the bending strength of the cover beam should be greater than the maximum and
minimum bending moments that the cover beam may withstand in an earthquake
(corresponding to the positive and negative moment bearing capacity that the
plastic hinge section of the pier column may achieve). When performing cover
beam inspection, the maximum and minimum bending moments that the cover beam may
withstand as the design bending moment should be calculated first, and then the
inspection is carried out.
6.7.8 The bending moment, shear force and axial force setting values of the
girder bridge foundation should be calculated according to the super bending
moment, shear design value and the constant load axial force of the pier column
that may appear at the bottom of the pier column, and consider the contribution
of the seismic inertia force of the bearing platform itself. For double-column
piers and multi-column piers in the cross bridge direction, the bending moment,
shear force and axial force of the girder bridge foundation shall be calculated
by the bending moment, shear force and axial force generated at the top of
the bearing platform after the joint shear force Q of each pier and column
calculated in this specification formula (6.7.5) at the center of mass of
the cover beam and combined with the constant load axial force.

Description of the provisions

Since during earthquakes, if the foundation is damaged, it is difficult to
find and repair, so it is required to adopt the capability protection design
principle for foundation calculation and design to ensure that the pier column
134
has exceeded its elastic response range before the foundation reaches its
expected strength. The design values of bending moment, shear force and axial
force of the girder bridge foundation along the cross bridge direction and along
the bridge direction should be based on the bottom of the pier column
The bending moment bearing capacity at the plastic hinge (considering the

super coefficient 0), the shear design value and the corresponding pier
column axial force may be calculated, and these design values should be
combined with the internal force generated by the own weight.
6.7.9 For the foundation of a low pile bearing platform, the horizontal
seismic inertia force of the platform itself can be calculated by the
static method according to Equation 6.7.9 ; Right
For the foundation of the high pile bearing platform, elastic analysis
methods, such as the response spectrum method, can be used to calculate the
horizontal seismic inertia force of the bearing platform itself under the
action of E2 earthquake.

Fbp  CiCs AGbp / (6.7.9)

In the g
formul F - horizontal seismic force (kN) acting
bp
a: on the center of mass of the bearing
platform;

Ci and Cs - seismic importance coefficient and site coefficient,

respectively, according to Table 3.1.3-2 and Table 5.2.2 of this
specification ;
A - the horizontal basic ground motion peak acceleration, according
to Article 3.2.2 of this specification;

Gbp - the gravity of the bearing platform (kN).

135
Description of the provisions
For low-pile bearing foundations, assuming that the acceleration of the
bearing platform under earthquake is the same as the acceleration of the ground,
the horizontal seismic inertial force of the bearing platform itself can be
calculated by the static method. For the calculation of high pile bearing
platform, the static method may bring large errors, and the elastic analysis
method, such as the response spectrum method, can be used directly to calculate
the horizontal shear force F T at the top of the platform and the horizontal
shear force F D at the bottom of the platform under the action of E2
earthquake , then the horizontal seismic inertial force Fbp of the bearing
platform itself is:

Fbp  F D  FT
(6-5)

6.8 Abutments
6.8.1 The horizontal seismic forces of the
abutments in the direction of the bridge and
in the direction of the cross bridge can be (6.8.1)
calculated as follows:
Ehau  CiCs agau / g

Where: Ehau - horizontal seismic force (kN) acting on

the center of mass of the mesa;

Ci and Cs - seismic importance coefficient and site coefficient,

respectively, according to Table 3.1.3-2 and Table 5.2.2 ;
A - horizontal basic ground motion peak acceleration, according to
Table 3.2.2;

Gau – the gravity (kN) of the platform above the top surface of the
foundation.

1 For abutments built on bedrock, the horizontal seismic force can be

80% of the value calculated in the equation (6.8.1).
2 When calculating girder abutments with fixed supports, the
horizontal seismic force generated by the superstructure should also be
taken into account, the value of which is calculated according to equation

136
(6.8.1), but Gau takes the gravity of a hole beam.
Description of the provisions
In general, the bridge abutment is a gravity abutment, and its mass and
stiffness are very large, which can be calculated by the static method.

6.8.2 The active earth pressure and hydrodynamic pressure acting on the
bridge abutment shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions
of section 5.5 of this specification.

137
7 Strength and deformation checks
7.1 General provisions
7.1.1 The seismic fortification objectives of the bridge shall meet the
provisions of Article 3.1.2 of this specification.

7.1.2 The shear resistance of Class B and C girder bridge foundations, cover
beams, beam bodies and pier columns should be designed according to the
principle of capacity protection
E2 Earthquake is largely undamaged.
Description of the provisions
In order to make the ductile components of the bridge exert their
ductile deformation ability and energy dissipation capacity under the
action of E2 earthquake and prevent brittle damage of the structure, the
cover beam and beam body should not be damaged under the action of earthquake,
and the shear resistance of the cover beam, beam body and pier column should be
designed according to the design principle of capacity protection. Once the
bridge foundation is damaged, it is difficult to find and repair, so it is
required that the foundation should not be damaged under the action of E2
earthquake, and it should also be designed according to the principle of
capacity protection design.

7.1.3 Under the action of E2 earthquake, the main arch ring, foundation and
main stressed components of the reinforced concrete arch bridge should be
basically free of damage; For tied-rod arch bridges, the seismic performance of the
piers, supports and foundations can be designed according to the requirements of girder
bridges.
Description of the provisions
The main arch ring of the reinforced concrete arch bridge is the main
force-bearing member of the arch bridge, because it bears a large axial force,
the ductility is very small, in order to ensure its seismic safety, it is
required to basically do not damage under the action of the E2 earthquake.
The force characteristics of the piers and foundations of typical tied-bar
arch bridges are close to those of girder bridges, so seismic design can be
carried out according to the requirements of similar girder bridge piers.

7.1.4 Class D bridges, masonic arch bridges, gravity piers, and abutments
can only be tested for strength of structures under the action of an E1
138
earthquake.

Description of the provisions

Clause 6.1.10 of this specification provides that Class D bridges,
masonic arch bridges, gravity piers and abutments may be subject to E1
only
Seismic analysis and design under seismic action, so that only the
strength of the structure under the action of E1 earthquake can be performed.

7.2 Strength verification of Class D bridges, masonic arch bridges, gravity

piers and abutments

7.2.1 After the combination of seismic effect and permanent effect along
the bridge and E1 in the direction of the cross bridge, the strength,
eccentricity and stability of the main arch and foundation of the gravity
pier, abutment, mason arch bridge should be checked according to the
relevant provisions of the current highway bridge culvert design code.

7.2.2 After the combination of seismic effects and permanent effects along the
bridge and in the direction of the cross bridge E1, the strength of the
piers, cover beams and foundations of Class D bridges should be verified
according to the relevant provisions of the current highway bridge culvert
design code.

139
 7.2.3 The seismic capacity of the bearings of Class D bridges and gravity
piers can be calculated as follows.
1 Seismic test of plate rubber bearings
1） Support thickness check

 t 
X E (7.2.3-1)
 X
tan E


X E  d X D  X H  0 .5 (7.2.3-2)
X T

In the formula: XE - the displacement of the rubber support after considering

the combination of seismic action, uniform temperature action and permanent
action;

 t - the total thickness of the rubber layer (m);

tan - the cut tangent of the rubber sheet, take tan 1.0;

XD - horizontal displacement of rubber support under E1 earthquake

(m);

X H - horizontal displacement of the rubber support due to permanent

action (m);

XT - horizontal displacement of the rubber support (m) generated by

uniform temperature action;

d - support adjustment factor, generally take 2.3.

2） Bearing slip stability check:

d R b  E hzh (7.2.3-3)

 d Eh ze  Hzd
Ehzh h (7.2.3-4)
 0. 5EhzT

In the formula: d - the dynamic friction resistance coefficient of the

support, the dynamic friction coefficient of the rubber support and

the concrete surface is 0.25; The dynamic friction coefficient with

the steel plate is 0.20;

Ehzh - support horizontal combined seismic force (kN);

140
 Rb - the reaction force of the superstructure

gravity on the support (kN); Ehze - horizontal

seismic force (kN) of rubber bearings under the

action of E1 earthquake; Ehzd - horizontal force

(kN) of the rubber support due to permanent

action;

EhzT - horizontal force of rubber support caused by uniform temperature

(kN);

d - support adjustment coefficient, generally take 2.3.

141
 2 Seismic calculation of basin bearings and spherical bearings:
1） Movable support

X E
 X max
(7.2.3-5)

2） Fixed
support
Ehzh (7.2.3-6)

In the formula: X max - the allowable sliding horizontal displacement of the

movable support (m);

Emax - the permissible horizontal force (kN) of the fixed support;

Description of the provisions

For Class D bridges, masonic arch bridges, gravity piers and abutments, only
seismic verification under the action of E1 earthquake is required, but for
bearings only under E1 earthquake inspection, it may lead to support failure
and falling beams under the action of E2 earthquake . Therefore, for the
support, it is necessary to consider that E2 is not destroyed under the
action of a seismic action. However, in order to simplify the calculation,
when performing the seismic test of the supports of Class D bridges,
masonic arch bridges, gravity piers, etc., although only the seismic response
analysis under the action of E1 earthquake is performed, a support

adjustment factor d is used to consider E2 Seismic effects, through

extensive analysis,

It is recommended to take d = 2.3.

7.3 Seismic strength verification of Class B and C bridges

7.3.1 After the combination of seismic effects and permanent effects along the
bridge and in the direction of the cross bridge E1, the strength of the piers
should be checked according to the relevant provisions of the current
highway bridge culvert design code.

Description of the provisions

According to the requirements of two-level seismic fortification, the
structure is required to remain elastic and basically free of damage under

142
the action of E1 earthquake, and after the combination of E1 seismic effect
and self-weight load effect, it is inspected according to the provisions of the
current highway bridge culvert design code on eccentric compression components.

7.3.2 For dwarf piers where the ratio of the calculated length to the
dimensions of the rectangular section calculation direction is less than 2.5
(or the ratio of the calculated length of the pier column to the diameter of
the circular section is less than 2.5), the seismic and permanent effects of
E2 along and across the bridge are applied After combination, the strength of
the piers should be checked according to the relevant provisions of the
current highway bridge culvert design code.

Description of the provisions

Under the action of earthquake, the main failure mode of the dwarf pier
is shear failure, brittle failure, and no ductility. Hence E2

143
After the combination of seismic effect and permanent load effect, the strength
of the pier should be checked according to the corresponding provisions of the
current highway bridge culvert design code.

7.3.3 After the combination of seismic effects and permanent effects along the
bridge and E2 in the direction of the cross bridge, the strength of the
main arch ring, coupling system and bridge deck system of the arch bridge
should be verified according to the relevant provisions of the current
highway bridge culvert design specification.

Description of the provisions

The main arch ring is the main force member of the arch bridge, because of
its large axial force, ductility ability is very small, in order to ensure its
seismic safety, it is required that there is basically no damage under the
action of the E2 earthquake, and the strength of the arch bridge main
arch ring, coupling system and bridge deck system should be checked
according to the corresponding provisions of the current highway bridge
culvert design code.

7.3.4 The shear strength of the oblique section of the plastic hinge area
of the pier column along the direction of the bridge and the
direction of the cross bridge should be calculated according to the
following formula:
Vc 0  (Vc (7.3.4-1)
 Vs )
(7.3.4-2)
Vc  0.1vc Ae Pc  0
0， 
at   P 0 fd c (7.3.4-3)
  . 355
c 
  1  fcd  ， Pc  0
c  min
  1.38Ag 1. fcd

  47
s f yh
0.03   
 (7.3.4-4)
0.38  0. 1 0.3

10
 4 A sp
,
/f2.4 (7.3.4-5)
circular cross-
 section
  sD
s yh
2 V , rectangular cross-section
A 144
  bs
  Asp fyh D
0.1 ，圆形截面

2 s 0. fcd
Vs  (7.3.4-6)
0.1 Ain yhh0 , Rectangu
lar 08
f cross-
section Aand
 s
In the
formul
a:

Vc0
- the shear design value (kN), which can be calculated in
Vc accordance with section 6.7 of this specification;

- Shear capacity contribution of plastic hinge concrete (kN);

Vs
- shear capacity contribution of transverse steel bar (kN);
vc
- Concrete shear strength (MPa) in plastic hinge zone;
fcd
- Design value of concrete compressive strength (MPa);
A g —— 2 The full area of the plastic hinge area of the pier
column(cm )；

145
 Ae - core concrete area, take A e  0.8 Ag (cm2);

 - The ductility coefficient of the displacement of the pier member,

which is the ratio of the displacement demand of the member to the
yield displacement of the member, can be pressed
Appendix D of this specification calculates, or
approximates 6.0;
Pc ——
The minimum axial force of the pier column section can be calculated in
accordance with clause 6.7.5 of this specification for the
sp
cross bridge direction of the frame pier (kN);
2
A in —— Spiral stirrup area (cm );

A —— Calculate the2 sum of the area of the stirrup in the

direction (cm );
s ——
spacing of stirrups (cm);
fyh —— Design value of tensile strength of stirrup (MPa);

b —— the width of the pier column (cm);

—— diameter of the spiral stirrup ring (cm);

Of

h0 —— The distance from the compression edge of the core concrete

to the center of gravity of the reinforcement on the tensile
Description of the provisions
The shear failure of a large number of reinforced concrete pier columns in
the earthquake indicates that the shear strength provided by the concrete will
be reduced due to the increase in flexural ductility in the plastic hinge area of
the pier column. To this end, many studies have been carried out on the shear
strength of the plastic hinge area of the pier column, and the US ACI-319-89
requires that coagulation is not considered when the axial pressure ratio is
less than 0.05 in the end plastic hinge area The shear resistance of soil,
New Zealand code NZS-3101 stipulates that when the axial compression ratio
is less than 0.1, the shear resistance of concrete is not considered.
However, China's "Code for Seismic Design of Highway Engineering" (JTJ004-89)
does not make special provisions on the shear design of reinforced concrete
piers under seismic load, and there is no effective basis in engineering
design, and can only apply the oblique section strength design formula used in
ordinary design for design and verification. There are major defects. 08 When
the detailed rules were compiled, the shear calculation formula was
simplified according to the California Bridge Seismic Design Code, and the

146
shear calculation formula was given, but it was found that the formula was too
conservative in use. This revision uses the AASHTO Guide Specifications for
LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2014 year's edition), the calculation is a
little more complicated, but closer to reality.
The displacement ductility coefficients of pier members are described in
the provisions of clause 7.4.2 and, if not calculated, approximate
Taking 6.0 is a very conservative value and underestimates the shear
resistance of the pier column.

7.3.5 The design values and permanent effects of the foundation moment,
shear and axial forces shall be calculated in accordance with section
6.7 of this specification

147
After combining, pile foundation lists are made in accordance with Chapter 4 of
this Code and the current industry standards Code for the Design of Highway
Bridge Culvert Foundations and Foundations (JTG D63) and Code for the
Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and
Culverts (JTG D62). Pile bearing capacity and monopile section strength
verification. When calculating the cross-sectional flexural strength of the
pile foundation, the cross-sectional bending capacity can be calculated using
the standard value of material strength.
7.3.6 The positive section flexural strength and oblique section shear
strength of cover beams shall be verified according to the current Code for the
Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridge
Culverts (JTG D62) according to the combination of bending moment design
values, shear design values and permanent effects calculated in section 6.7
of this specification. When calculating the bending strength of the cover
beam section, the bending capacity of the section can be calculated using the
standard value of material strength.

Description of the provisions

7.3.5~7.3.6 stipulates the seismic inspection of bridge foundations and
cover beams, and bridge foundations and cover beams, as capacity protection
components, require that they basically do not suffer damage under the action
of E2 earthquakes, and should be designed according to the principle of
capacity protection. The relevant provisions of the current highway bridge
and culvert design code can be referred to for verification.

7.4 Deformation verification of pier columns of Class B and C bridges

7.4.1 Under the action of E2 earthquake, the displacement of the pier
roof can be checked according to this specification (7.4.3-1), and the
deformation of the pier may not be checked for low piers with a height-to-
width ratio less than 2.5, but the bending and shear strength shall be
checked in accordance with Article 7.3.2 of this specification. Bridges that
use nonlinear time history for seismic response analysis can check the
plastic rotation angle according to the formula (7.4.3-2).

7.4.2 When performing the pier displacement calculation, the seismic

displacement calculated according to the elastic method should be multiplied by

148
the seismic displacement correction coefficient R d considering the elastoplastic

effect , and the seismic displacement correction coefficient R d

can be

calculated as follows:
1 T 1 T *
Rd  (1    1.0 (7.4.2-1)
)  1.0 ， T
 T  T
*
Rd  1.0  1.0 (7.4.2-2)
T
,

T *
 1.25T
g (7.4.2-3)
Where: T - calculate the first-order self-
oscillation period of the structure in the
direction;

Tg - response spectrum
characteristic period;

 - The ductility coefficient of the displacement of the pier member,

which can be calculated according to Appendix D of this specification ,
or approximated by 6.0.

Description of the provisions

This provision refers to the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic
Bridge in the United States

149
Design" (2014 edition).

Studies have shown that conventional bridges basically meet the conditions of

Equation 7.4.2-2, in which case Rd  1, that is, the displacement does not

need to be corrected, and only in rare cases the displacement needs to be

corrected.

When the conditions of Equation 7.4.2-1 are met , the seismic displacement
correction factor Rd is calculated using the displacement ductility of the
pier members

The coefficient  and the displacement ductility coefficient are the

ratio of the displacement requirements of the component to the yield

displacement of the member, which can be calculated in Appendix D of this
specification. However, it should be noted that since the displacement
ductility coefficient is related to the seismic displacement demand of the
pier column, and the correction of the seismic displacement demand uses the
displacement ductility coefficient, if the correction amount is too large, it
needs to be iteratively calculated, but the study shows that this situation is
based
It will not appear on the book.

7.4.3 E2 Under the action of earthquake, the displacement of the pier in

the direction of the bridge and the cross bridge to the top of the pier or
the plastic rotation capacity of the potential plastic hinge area of the
pier should be checked according to the following formula:

d  u (7.4.3-1)

p  u (7.4.3-2)

In the formula: d - E2 The displacement of the pier roof under the action

of earthquake (cm); When calculating the pier roof displacement

under the action of an E2 earthquake using the elastic method,
it shall be multiplied by the seismic displacement correction
factor specified in Article 7.4.2 of this specification;
u - permissible displacement of piers (cm), which can be calculated in
150
 accordance with Articles 7.4.4 and 7.4.6 of this specification ;
p - plastic angle of the potential plastic hinge area under the
action of E2 earthquake;
u - the maximum allowable angle of the plastic hinge area, which can
be calculated according to this specification (7.4.5).
7.4.4 The permissible displacement of a single column pier can be
calculated as follows:
1 W)
  H 2   (H  (7.4.4-1)

u y u
3 2
Lp1  0.08 H  0.022 f y d s (7.4.4-2)
 0.044 f yd s
2
Lp 2  （7.4.4-3）
b
3
L p  min(Lp1; （7.4.4-4）
Lp 2 )

In the formula:

H - height of the cantilever pier or distance from the plastic hinge

section to the backbending point (cm);

y - the equivalent yield curvature of the cross-section (1/cm), which in

general can be calculated in accordance with clause 7.4.7 of this
specification; But right

151
 For rectangular and circular section piers, it can be calculated in
accordance with Appendix A of this specification;

u - the maximum allowable angle of the plastic hinge area, which can be
calculated according to this specification (7.4.5);
Lp - equivalent plastic hinge length (cm), the smaller value of the
calculation result of equation (7.4.4-2) and equation (7.4.4-3);

b - the dimensions of the short side of the rectangular section or the

diameter of the circular section (cm);

f y - standard value of tensile strength (MPa) of longitudinal steel bars;

ds - diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement (cm).

Description of the provisions
The equivalent plastic hinge length Lp has a great relationship with the
development of plastic deformation and the ultimate pressure strain, due
to the test results

Dispersion is very large and is currently mainly determined by empirical

formulas. This code references the relevant formulas of the American
AASHTO Code for Seismic Design of Bridges.

7.4.5 The maximum allowable angle of the plastic hinge area shall be
calculated according to the curvature capacity of the ultimate
failure state, as follows:

u  L p (u y ) (7.4.5)

/ K ds

Where: u - curvature capacity of the limit failure state (1/cm), in

general, can be calculated in accordance with clause 7.4.8 of

this specification; However, for rectangular and circular

section piers, they may be calculated in accordance with

Appendix A of this specification;

KDS – Ductile safety factor, preferably 2.0.

Description of the provisions

Assuming that the elastic curvature of the section is linearly distributed
along the axial direction of the pier column, the plastic curvature is evenly
distributed in the range of plastic hinges, and the plastic rotation is
concentrated in the center of the plastic hinge (Fig. 7-1), and the length of

152
the plastic hinge is LP, the plastic hinge can be obtained Extreme plastic
angle.

H Lp/2
H

Lp Lp

y in

a) corresponding to the yield of the rebar b) corresponding to the ultimate

curvature

Figure 7-1 Curvature distribution pattern

153
 7.4.6 For double-column piers and row frame piers, the allowable
displacement in the direction of the bridge can be calculated according to
this specification (7.4.4), and the allowable displacement in the direction
of the cross bridge can apply a horizontal force F at the cover beam (Fig.
7.4.6). , nonlinear static analysis, when any plastic hinge of the pier
column reaches its maximum allowable angle, the lateral horizontal
displacement at the cover beam is the allowable displacement.

Fig. 7.4.6 Permissible displacement of a double-column pier

Description of the provisions

For the horizontal bridge direction of the double-column pier, because it is
difficult to directly give the calculation formula for calculating the allowable
displacement of the pier top according to the rotation capacity of the plastic
hinge, it is recommended to use the push-down analysis method to calculate
the allowable displacement of the pier roof.

7.4.7 The equivalent yield curvature of the cross-section y and the

equivalent yield moment M y can be achieved by combining the actual axial
force-moment-curvature

The curve is equivalent to the ideal elastoplastic axial force-bending

moment-curvature curve (Fig. 7.4.7), and the equivalent method can be
obtained based on the equality of the two shadow areas in the figure, and
the most unfavorable axial force combination should be considered in the
calculation.
Bending moment

Mu

M
y
M

y0

154
 φ φy φu curvature
y
0

Fig. 7.4.7 Moment-curvature curve

In the figure: M y 0 and y 0 are the initial yield bending moment and initial yield
curvature of the section, respectively;

M 和 The curvature capabilities

i
of the ultimate bending moment of the section and the ultimate
n failure state are respectively.
in the

Description of the provisions

The plastic bending ability of ductile members of reinforced concrete can
pass through the axial force of the section - the bending moment
according to the characteristics of the material

-Curvature (P  M ) analysis to obtain the axial force-bending moment-

curvature of the section (P  M  ) relationship curve, extractable

155
Calculated using the strip method (Figure 7-2), the basic assumption is:
（1） Flat section assumptions.
（2） The effect of shear strain is negligible.
（3） There is no slippage between the reinforcement and the concrete.
There are two methods for finding the axial force-bending moment-
curvature (PM) relationship by the strip method, namely the step-by-
step load method and the step-by-step deformation method. The main problem of the
step-by-step loading method is that every time the load is changed, the
section curvature and strain must be changed at the same time, and after

loading to the maximum bending moment, the curve enters the softening section,
and it is difficult to determine the corresponding curvature and strain, so the
step-by-step deformation method is generally used (Fig. 7-2).
a) b)
Figure 7-2 Calculation diagram

7.4.8 The curvature capacity of the limit failure state u should be

determined by taking into account the P  M   curve
considering the most unfavorable combination of axial forces
For concrete strain to reach the ultimate compressive strain R , or to
constrain the steel bar to reach the reduction limit strain  , or
longitudinal bar to reach the reduction
cu are

Ultimate strain lu (longitudinal rib reduction limit strain takes 0.1). The
ultimate compressive strain of concretecu can be calculated as follows:
1 .4 
R
 
 f 
with
0 .004 s
are
kh (7.4.8-1)
f
'

cc

Where: s - constrains the volumetric s 

reinforcement content of the reinforcement, for x 
rectangular stirrup: y

156
x, y - the volume reinforcement content of
stirrups in the direction of the bridge and the
direction of the cross bridge, respectively; (7.4.8-2)

fkh - standard value of tensile strength of stirrup (MPa);

fcc' - constrain the peak stress (MPa) of concrete, generally 1.25

times the standard value of concrete compressive strength;

157
 R
R - the reduced limit strain of the constrained rebar,   0.09 ;
your su

Description of the provisions

The ultimate compressive strain of constraining concrete cu is defined
as the concrete compressive strain when the transverse confinement stirrup
begins to break, which can be derived from the condition that the total strain
energy released when the transverse confinement rebar reaches the maximum stress is
equal to the energy absorbed by the concrete due to the restraining action of the
transverse rebar. The conservative estimate of the ultimate compressive
strain of concrete given by Mander in the United States is:

f  R (7-2)
1.4  
s kh are
0.004
with
fcc'

7.5 Class B and C bridge bearings inspection

7.5.1 The seismic test of the plate rubber support should meet the following
requirements:
1 Support thickness check
 t  XB
 (7.5.1-
X 1)
tan B

X B X D
 X H
(7.5.1-2)
 0.5 X T

Where:  t - the total thickness of

the rubber layer (m);

tan - the cut tangent of the rubber sheet, take tan 1.0;

XB - the horizontal displacement of the rubber support resulting from

the horizontal seismic design force of the support calculated
in accordance with Article 6.7.6 of this specification, the
permanent effect and the uniform temperature effect;

X D - Horizontal displacement of the support resulting from the seismic

design force of the support level calculated in accordance with clause
6.7.6 of this specification

158
 (m)；

X H - horizontal displacement of the rubber support (m) due to permanent

action

XT - horizontal displacement of the rubber support due to uniform

temperature action (m).

2 Bearing slip stability check:

d R b  E hzh (7.5.1-3)

Ehzh  E hze  E hzd (7.5.1-4)

 0.5 EhzT

In the formula: d - the dynamic friction resistance coefficient of the

support, the dynamic friction coefficient of the rubber support and the
concrete surface is 0.25; with

159
 The dynamic friction coefficient of the steel plate is 0.20;

Ehzh - the horizontal force (kN) of the rubber support after the

combination of horizontal seismic design force, permanent

effect and uniform temperature effect calculated in accordance

with Article 6.7.6 of this specification;

- support horizontal seismic design force (kN) calculated in

E hze
accordance with clause 6.7.6 of this specification;

Ehzd - horizontal force (kN) of the rubber support resulting from

permanent action;
Administrator
2021-11-13 12:44:46
EhzT – horizontal force (kN) of the rubber support caused by uniform
----------------------------------------
temperature action. ----
The active support limits the horizontal
7.5.2 The seismic assessment of basin bearings and displacement
ball bearings should meet the following
requirements:
Administrator
1 Movable support: 2021-11-13 12:12:57 (7.5.2-1)
----------------------------------------
X B  X max ----
(7.5.2-2)
The horizontal force is 10%-20% of the
 X  X  0.5 X vertical force, and it is calculated
X B D H T
according to the vertical bearing
capacity of the basin rubber support
produced by the manufacturer.
2 Fixed support:

Ehzh (7.5.2-3)

Ehzh  E hze  E hzd (7.5.2-4)

 0.5 EhzT

In the formula: X B
- E2 The sliding horizontal displacement of the movable

support obtained after the combination of seismic effect,

permanent effect and uniform temperature effect (m);

X max - permissible sliding horizontal displacement of movable support

(m);

Ehzh - the design value of the horizontal seismic force of the support

level calculated in accordance with Article 6.7.6 of this

specification, the permanent effect effect and the uniform

160
 temperature action design value (kN);

Emax - the permissible horizontal force (kN) of the fixed support.

161
8 Ductile construction detailing
8.1 General provisions

8.1.1 This chapter applies to the structural detailing of conventional

bridges with ductile seismic design.

8.2 Detail design of pier column construction

8.2.1 For conventional bridges with seismic fortification intensity of VII.

degree and above, the configuration of the encryption stirrups in the
potential plastic hinge area of the pier column should meet the following
requirements:
1
The length of the infill zone should not be less than 1.5 times the

equivalent plastic hinge length LP or the size of the section in the bending
direction or the bending moment on the pier column exceeds 75% of the
maximum bending moment; When the ratio of the height of the pier column to the
width of the short side of the cross-section is less than 2.5, the length of
the stirrup infill area should take the full height of the pier column. For
pile-and-post piers with the same diameter as the pier, the stirrup infill zone
should extend to 3 times the pile diameter below the maximum washout line
at the pile location.
2
The maximum longitudinal spacing of the stirrups along the pier height

in the encryption area should not be greater than 10cm or 6 d s o r b / 4;

where ds is the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement of the pier

column, and b is the width of the short side of the cross-section of the

pier column.
3
The diameter of the stirrup should not be less than 10mm.
4
The spiral stirrup joint should be butt, the rectangular stirrup end
should have a 135° hook, and the length of the hook into the core concrete
should be greater than 6 times the diameter of the stirrup and not less than
10cm.
5
The distance between the hampers in the encryption area should not be
greater than 25cm; When tie ribs are used in the width of the section, at
least one end of the 1350 hook should be used , and the length of the hook
into the core concrete should be greater than 6 times the diameter of the
162
stirrup and not less than 10cm.
6
The stirrups configured in the plastic hinge encryption area should
continue to the cover beam and the bearing platform, and the distance
extended to the cover beam and the bearing table should be determined
according to the maximum distance allowed by construction.
Description of the provisions
The function of transverse steel bar in bridge pier columns mainly has
the following three aspects:
（1） It is used to constrain concrete in the plastic hinge area and
improve the compressive strength and ductility of concrete;
（2） Provides shear resistance;

（3） Prevents longitudinal rebar from bending down.

Special attention should be paid to the detailed structure of transverse

rebar, because the surface concrete protective layer is not bound by
transverse rebar and will peel off under the action of earthquakes, this layer
of concrete cannot provide anchorage for transverse rebar. Therefore, all
stirrups should be closed with equal strength welding, or bent at the end over the
longitudinal reinforcement into the concrete core at an angle of at least 135°.
To prevent buckling of longitudinally compressed reinforcement, the
spacing between rectangular and spiral stirrups should not be excessive,
Priestley passes

163
After analyzing the study, it is recommended that the spacing between the
stirrups should meet:
  f  
su  3  6 (8-1)
1  ds
f 
  
y

 strength and ultimate strength of longitudinal

In the formula: f y, fu - yield
steel bars;
ds - the diameter of the longitudinal ribs.

The length of the stirrup infill zone has been revised with reference to
the 2014 edition of the U.S. AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design Code, and the
provisions for the strup infill zone for pile-type piers have been added.

8.2.2 In the area of earthquake fortification intensity VII. degree and VIII
degree, the minimum stirrup ratio of the encryption stirrup in the potential
plastic hinge area of circular and rectangular pier columns should be
calculated according to the following formulas. Anti-seismic fortification
intensity IX. degree and above the area of IX. degree, circular,

The minimum stirrup ratio s , min of the potential plastic hinge area of

the rectangular pier column should be appropriately increased than that in

the seismic fortification intensity VII. and VIII degree to improve its

ductility ability.

Circular cross-section

  0.14  5.84(  0.1)( 

f  (8.2.2-1)
0.01)  0.028 ck 0.004
s,min k k
t f yh

Rectangular cross-section
  0.1  4.17(  0.1)( 
f  (8.2.2-2)
0.01)  0.02 ck 0.004
s,min k k
t f yh

Where: s,m in — the ferrule ratio for the rectangular section as the cross-

section, and the volumetric ferrule for the circular section

for the helical stirrup.

164
 k - axial compression ratio, which is the ratio of the most

unfavorable combination axial pressure of the structure to the

product of the full cross-sectional area of the column and the

design value of the axial compressive strength of the concrete;

t - longitudinal reinforcement rate;

fck - standard value of compressive strength (MPa) of concrete;

f yh - Design value of tensile strength (MPa) of stirrup.

Description of the provisions
The seismic design codes of various countries have specified the minimum
reinforcement ratio of transverse steel bars in the plastic hinge area.
Table 8-1

165
It is the American AASHTO code, the European code Eurocode 8, the Code for
Seismic Design of Highway Engineering (JTJ004-89) and the Code for Seismic
Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010). Specific regulations on the minimum
reinforcement ratio of transverse rebar. Through a large number of tests and
analysis, combined with the actual situation in China, Tongji University has
studied the minimum reinforcement ratio of transverse steel bars, and
proposed the calculation formulas of formulas (8.2.2-1) and (8.2.2-2).
If it is assumed that the reinforced concrete pier column is a
rectangular section, the strength grade of concrete is C30, the yield
stress of the stirrup is 240MPa, and the ratio of the thickness of the
protective layer concrete to the section size is 1 /20, the relationship
between the minimum reinforcement ratio and the axial compression ratio
specified by national specifications is shown in Figure 8-1 shown.
Table 8-1 Provisions on horizontal construction in national
norms

The canonical name Spiral stirrups or round Rectangu

stirrups lar
 f  Ag  stirrup
 
'
c
f '  Ag 
in 0.45 f  ( ) 1   0 .3 c ( )
A
American AASHTO yh  he  s
f A  1
seismic design yh  he 
或
f'
specification   '
fc
0 .1 2 c 或
v
f yh   0.12
s f yh
  Ag f Ag f yh
 1.4   0.13
yh
(     0.13 ( 
European Code for 
Seismic Design  0.01) 0.01)
wd  k L  wd k L
 Ahe fc '  Ahe fc '

Eurocode 8 或wd  0.18

或wd  0. 12

Code for Seismic Hoop content in the direction of

the bridge and cross bridge
Design of Highway
Engineering s  0.3%
(JTJ004-89).
' '
Code for Seismic
Design of Buildings
f f

c  c
v f v f
（GB50011－2001）
y h y h

Note: A g, Ahe - the area of the cross-section of the pier column and the area of the
core concrete (calculated according to the outer edge length of the stirrup);

fc' – concrete strength;

f yh - design value of tensile strength of stirrup;

166
wd - mechanical hoop content;

 - the coefficient required by the ductility performance;

k - section axial compression ratio;

l - the reinforcement rate of the longitudinal reinforcement;

s - for the rectangular section as the cross-section calculation

direction of the ferrule ratio, for the circular section for the section
of the volume stirrup ratio of the volume stirrup;
v - Minimum hoop characteristic value.

167
 Figure 8-1 Schematic diagram of minimum hoop ratio comparison

8.2.3 The stirrup ratio of stirrups outside the potential plastic hinge
receptive area of the pier column should be gradually reduced, but the stirrup
ratio of the stirrup should not be less than 50% of the ferrule ratio of the
encrypted stirrup in the plastic hinge area, and the diameter and
configuration form of the stirrup should be the same as in the encryption
area.

8.2.4 The longitudinal reinforcement of the ductile pier column should be

symmetrically reinforced, and the area of the longitudinal reinforcement
should not be less than 0.006 Ag , and should not

More than 0.04 A g, where Ag is the total area of the pier column section.
Description of the provisions
Experimental studies have shown that a number of appropriately
distributed longitudinal bars are arranged along the cross-section, and the
longitudinal ribs and stirrups form an integral skeleton (Fig. 8-2), when
the concrete is longitudinally compressed and expanded laterally, the
longitudinal reinforcement will also be subjected to the pressure of the
concrete, and the stirrups give longitudinal reinforcement restraint.
Therefore, in order to ensure the restraining effect on the core concrete,
the longitudinal reinforcement of the pier column should be symmetrically
reinforced.

168
Figure 8-2 Restraining of transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bars in columns

Longitudinal reinforcement has a great influence on the ductility of

restraining concrete pier columns, so the longitudinal reinforcement
content in ductile pier columns is not

169
Should be too low. Through a large number of theoretical calculations and
experimental studies, Chongqing Transportation Research and Design Institute has
shown that if the longitudinal steel bar content is low, even if the stirrup
content is low, the pier column will show good ductility ability, but at this
time, the structure will have a great demand for ductility under the action of
earthquakes, so this situation is also unfavorable to the seismic resistance of the
structure. However, the content of longitudinal steel bar is too high, which is
not conducive to construction, in addition, the content of longitudinal
steel bar is too high will also affect the ductility of the pier column, so the
content of longitudinal steel bar should have an upper limit. The seismic design
codes of various countries have stipulated the minimum and maximum reinforcement
rates of pier columns, among which the longitudinal reinforcement ratio
recommended by the American AASHTO seismic code (2014 edition) is
0.007~0.04; China's "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" (GB50011-2010)
recommends 0.004~0.05; According to the specific situation of bridge
structure in China, this code recommends that the reinforcement ratio of
longitudinal steel bars of pier columns is 0.006~0.04.

8.2.5 The rebar configuration of hollow section pier columns should meet
the following requirements:
1 It should be equipped with two layers of longitudinal ribs inside and
outside, and the reinforcement ratio limit is the same as that of
ordinary section pier columns.
2 At least two layers of closed ring or rectangular stirrups inside and
outside, and multiple closed stirrups or tension ribs should be
configured.
3 The stirrups shall be configured in such a way as to meet the
requirements set forth in Articles 8.2.1, 8.2.2 and 8.2.3 of this
Code.

(a) circular hollow section ( b) rectangular hollow cross-section

Figure 8.2.5 Common hollow section types

170
 8.2.6 The longitudinal reinforcement of the pier column should meet the
following requirements:
1 The longitudinal reinforcement of the pier column should be extended to
the top surface of the cover beam and the bottom surface of the bearing
platform.
2 The anchorage and lap lengths of the longitudinal reinforcement of pier

columns should be added by 10 d s

and d s
to the current Code for Highway

Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridge Culverts (JTG D62). is

the diameter of the longitudinal rebar , and the longitudinal rebar
connection should not be made in the plastic hinge area.
3 When the longitudinal rebar outside the plastic hinge area is connected, the
cross-sectional area of the connecting stressed steel bar in the section
accounts for a percentage of the total cross-sectional area
The number should meet the requirements of the current Code for the Design
of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridge and Culvert
(JTG D62), and the connection of the adjacent two longitudinal
reinforcements should be staggered by at least 60cm.
4 The anchorage length of the ribs protruding into the cover girder and
bearing abutment of the pier should be increased, and for the
reinforcement consisting of 2 bars, it should be increased

171
20% anchorage length, 50% increase in anchorage length for reinforcements
consisting of 3 bars, reinforcements consisting of 4 or more bars cannot be
used in ductile members.
Description of the provisions

In order to ensure that the longitudinal steel bar does not bond and fail

under seismic load, the longitudinal reinforcement of the pier column should

be extended to the top surface of the cover beam and the bottom surface of the

bearing platform as much as possible, and even if the anchorage length of the

longitudinal reinforcement is met, it should be extended to the maximum

distance allowed by the construction. The anchorage and lap lengths of the
longitudinal ribs should be increased by 10 d s from the requirements of the
current highway bridge culvert design code
( ds is the diameter of the longitudinal rib), the longitudinal rib should
not be lapped in the plastic hinge area.

8.2.7 In areas of earthquake fortification intensity VII. and VIII, the

potential plastic hinge area of single-box or multi-box hollow pier columns, the
ratio of the inner box size b and wall thickness h in the calculated
direction of rectangular pier columns b/h or the diameter of the inner box
of circular pier columns D1 and wall thickness h The ratio D1/h should not be
greater than 8. When the axial pressure ratio is less than 0.2 under the
action of earthquakes, the minimum hoop ratio s , min can be appropriately

reduced, but no

It should be less than 0.3% and the structural design should be reinforced
to ensure that the longitudinal reinforcement does not yield.
Description of the provisions
This article is based on the 2005 edition of the European Code for
Seismic Design of Bridges.
8.3 Node construction detail design
8.3.1 The principal tensile stress and principal compressive stress of the
nodes can be calculated as follows:

(tf v 2 fh ) 2 in2 ce

c nt fv  fh
 ur
2 
y

172
 (8.3.1-1)

v  v
 10
3 (8.3.1-2)
Vjh
jh jv
bishb

t b
I jh  Tc c (8.3.1-3)
n  C
b
Pt fP 
v 
c c 10 (8.3.1-4)
2bbhc 3

fh Pb 10 (8.3.1-5)

bIhb 3

In the
formul
a:

c ， - nominal principal compressive stress and nominal principal

t tensile stress (MPa) of the node, respectively;

v jh - Horizontal nominal shear stress (MPa) of the node;

173
 in the VU - nominal shear stress ( MPa) in the vertical direction of the
node;

V jh - the nominal shear force (kN) of the node, see Figure 8.3.1;

Tct —— Consider super coefficientso （o  1.2 ）The

longitudinal rib tension of the concrete pier column（kN），See
figure
8.3.1；
c
C —— Consider the compressive stress of the
b resultant
force（kN）， compressive zone of the concrete pier column
o
with a super coefficient o (  1.2).
See Figure 8.3.1;

fin , —— The normal stress (MPa) of the node along the

fh vertical and horizontal directions,
respectively;

b is , —— The width and height of the beam cross-section

c hcb (m), respectively;

bb , —— The width and height of the cross-section of

hc the upper column (m), respectively;

Figure 8.3.1 Node force diagram

8.3.2 For example, the main tensile stress t  0.34 fcd (MPa), the
horizontal and vertical stirrup configurations of the nodes can be
calculated as follows:

174
    0.34 fcd (8.3.2)
 
s,min x y
f yh

175
Where: fcd - design value of concrete compressive strength;

f yh - design value of tensile strength of stirrup;

8.3.3 Such as main (MPa), the horizontal and vertical stirrups of

fcd
tensile stresst the nodes should be carried out according to
 0.34 the following requirements

Disposition:
1 The transverse stirrup ratio in the node shall not be less than the
requirements of Articles 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 of this specification for the mixing
rate of plastic hinge encryption areas, and the configuration of transverse
stirrups is shown in Figure 8.3.3 .
2 Vertical stirrups are provided within the range of cover beams h
b
/ 2 from the side of the pier column, hb is the height of the cover
beam, vertical stirrup

See Figure 8.3.3, the area of the one-sided

vertical stirrup Av can be calculated as
follows (8.3.3-1)

Av  0.174 As

In the formula: As - the longitudinal rib area of the column;

3 Av / 2.
The vertical stirrup in the node can take

HB/ HB/
2 2 Vertical
stirrup
Column Transvers
longitudin e stirrup
al ribs

Figure 8.3.3 Schematic diagram of node reinforcement

176
9 Special bridge seismic design
9.1 General provisions
9.1.1 Special bridges include cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges,
girder bridges with a single span span of more than 150m , and arch
bridges.
Description of the provisions
In recent years, China has built a large number of cable-stayed bridges,
suspension bridges and girder bridges and arch bridges with a single-span
span diameter of more than 150m. However, due to the complexity of these
bridges, each bridge may have its own uniqueness, it is difficult to give a
comprehensive and complete seismic design regulations, therefore, this code
only for the universally applicable common requirements to make provisions,
specific design, should be based on the seismic design requirements given by
this code, consider the bridge's own characteristics, special research and
design. This is also the current practice that is common across countries.
It should be pointed out that special bridges include cable-stayed bridges
and suspension bridges with various spans, and their seismic fortification
classification should be determined in accordance with Article 3.1.1 of this
specification, and the seismic importance coefficient should be determined
according to Table 3.1.3-2 of this specification, but the seismic
fortification performance targets should be implemented in accordance with the
requirements of Class A bridges.

9.1.2 When performing seismic response analysis of special bridges, it is

advisable to consider the spatial variation characteristics of ground
movement in accordance with Article 5.1.4 of this specification.
Description of the provisions
Studies at home and abroad have shown that the spatial variation
characteristics of ground movement, including traveling wave effect, coherence
effect and local site effect, have a great impact on the seismic analysis of
extra-large span bridges, and it is also very complex, and the impact on
different types of bridges may be completely different or very different, so it
is appropriate to carry out seismic analysis of multi-point non-uniform
excitation when carrying out special research on seismic design.

177
 9.1.3 When using pile foundations, the influence of pile-soil interaction
on the seismic response of the bridge should be considered.
Description of the provisions
In the event of an earthquake, the inertial force of the superstructure is
fed back to the foundation through the foundation, causing the foundation to
deform. In harder soil layers, this deformation is much smaller than that
produced by seismic waves. Therefore, when bridges are built on hard
foundations, seismic analysis is often carried out with rigid foundation
models, which is also basically realistic. However, when the bridge is built
on a weak soil layer, the deformation of the foundation will cause the
bridge superstructure to move and oscillate, resulting in a large difference
between the actual movement of the superstructure and the calculation
results of the seismic analysis according to the assumption of the rigid
foundation model. This is caused by the interaction of foundations and
structures.
Pile foundations are the most common form of foundation for bridges built
in weak soil. The dynamic interaction of piles and soil makes the
structure move

178
Seismic analysis that ignores changes in force characteristics, damping, and
seismic response can lead to large errors and unsafe seismic designs.
Therefore, when performing seismic analysis of special bridges with pile
foundations, the dynamic interaction of piles and soil should be considered.

9.1.4 The seismic analysis of special bridges should consider various possible
influencing factors such as general washing, liquefaction, and ground motion
space changes, determine the analysis conditions according to various possible
situations, and carry out multi-condition seismic analysis and seismic calculation.
Description of the provisions
Because earthquakes are small probability accidental events, when an
earthquake occurs, there are many possibilities for the specific condition of
the bridge, such as the foundation may not be washed, or it may be in a general
erosion or maximum local erosion state; The foundation may or may not liquefy
during an earthquake; Seismic action itself may be a uniform or non-uniform
excitation, that is, there is spatial variation. Which situation is the most
unfavorable for the seismic response of the bridge structure is also unknown in
advance, so the seismic analysis needs to consider various possible situations,
establish the corresponding calculation model and determine the corresponding
seismic action mode and input boundary, and carry out multi-working condition
seismic analysis and seismic verification. Whether to consider the maximum
local erosion calculation conditions, and consider the maximum local erosion
when considering how to select the combination coefficient of seismic effects,
the current research work is not sufficient, seismic design, can be determined
according to the specific conditions of the project.

9.2 Seismic conceptual design

9.2.1 The symmetrical structure should be adopted as much as possible, and
the connection structure between the upper and lower structures
should be as uniform and symmetrical as possible.
Description of the provisions
A good seismic structure system should be able to reasonably share the
seismic force of all parts of the structure, so that each part of the
structure can give full play to its own seismic ability, which is more
beneficial to ensure the overall seismic performance of the bridge structure.
The adoption of symmetrical structural forms is a measure conducive to the

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rational sharing of seismic forces among the structures of all parts.
Most of the mass of a particular bridge is concentrated in the
superstructure, so the seismic inertial forces are also concentrated in the
superstructure. The seismic inertial force of the superstructure is
generally transmitted to the pier column through the connection structure
(support, etc.) between the upper and lower structures, and then transmitted
to the foundation by the pier column, and then to the foundation bearing.
Generally speaking, the design of the superstructure is mainly controlled by
constant load, live load, temperature load, etc. The pier column will be
subjected to greater shear force and bending moment under the action of
earthquake, which is generally controlled by seismic response. Therefore, it is
necessary to carefully set the connection structure between the upper and lower
structures. The uniform and symmetrical setting of the connection structure of
the upper and lower structures can make the seismic force evenly shared by each
substructure, which is conducive to improving the overall seismic performance of
the bridge structure.

9.2.2 Cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges built in the areas of

earthquake-resistant fortification intensity VIII. and IX. should select the
appropriate tower and beam beam constraint system scheme; If the selected tower
and beam restraint system scheme causes excessive displacement of the beam end,
appropriate shock absorption devices should be used

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 Reduced seismic response.
Description of the provisions
The seismic performance of cable-stayed and suspension bridges depends
mainly on the structural system. Under the action of earthquakes, the internal
force of tower and beam consolidation system is the largest compared with all
other systems, and should be avoided in areas with high intensity. The internal
force reaction of the tower column of the floating system is small, so it
should be given priority in areas with higher intensity, but the floating system
may lead to excessive displacement reaction, such as the beam end displacement
reaction is too large, the expansion joint is more difficult to set, and may also cause
collision. At this time, appropriate shock absorption devices (such as dampers)
can be added between the tower and the beam to form an elastic restraint
system or damping constraint system for the tower and beam to effectively
reduce the seismic response.

9.2.3 For large-span arch bridges built in areas of seismic fortification intensity
VIII. and IX., the main arch should adopt a cross-sectional form with greater torsional
rigidity and good integrity, and the ribbed arch bridge should strengthen the
lateral connection.
Description of the provisions
Under the action of a strong earthquake, the main arch of the arch
bridge is not only bent in the arch plane, but also twisted outside the arch
plane, and when the foundation is unevenly subsidized due to a strong
earthquake, the main arch will also undergo oblique torsion and oblique
shear. Therefore, the main arch ring of the long-span arch bridge should adopt
the cross-sectional form with large torsional rigidity and good integrity.
Generally, it is appropriate to use closed sections such as box arches and
plate arches, and it is not appropriate to use open sections. When using rib arches,
stone ribs or concrete ribs should not be used, reinforced concrete ribs
should be used, and the lateral connection between the arch ribs should be
strengthened to improve the transverse stiffness and integrity of the main arch ring.
In the arch plane, from the vibration characteristics of the arch bridge,
the incoordination of vibration deformation between the arch ring and the
building on the arch will be more prominent. In order to eliminate or reduce the
incongruity of this vibration deformation, it is advisable to set hinges at the
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ends of arch columns or standing walls to allow some rotation or deformation
in these parts.

9.2.4 The lower bearing arch bridge and the middle bearing arch bridge built
in the area of seismic fortification intensity VIII. degree and IX. degree
should be equipped with wind braces, and the stiffness of the end beam should
be strengthened.
Description of the provisions
Under the action of strong earthquakes, in order to ensure that the long-
span arch bridge does not suffer lateral instability damage, measures should be
taken to improve the integrity and stability of the arch bridge. Wind bracing
is set for the lower bearing and middle bearing arch bridges, and the
stiffness of the end beam is strengthened; The upper bearing arch bridge
strengthens the lateral connection of the arch foot.

9.2.5 The main load-bearing structures (towers, piers and arch bridge main
arches) should be selected with structural forms and materials that are
conducive to improving the ductile deformation ability to avoid brittle
failure.

9.3 Principles of modeling and analysis

9.3.1 Seismic response analysis of special bridges can be performed using time
history analysis, multimodal response spectroscopy, or power
spectroscopy. time

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The results of the course analysis should be checked with the multi-mode response
spectrum method, and the results of linear time history analysis should not
be less than the results of the response spectrum method
80%。
Description of the provisions
The structural structure of special bridges is relatively complex, so the
seismic response is also more complex, such as the influence of high-order
mode shapes cannot be ignored, and the influence of multi-point non-uniform
excitation may be greater. The seismic response of detailed structures that are
more susceptible to damage in earthquakes is often controlled by the
contribution of higher-order mode shapes. In the seismic response of arch
bridges, the effect of multi-point non-uniform excitation can be
considerable.
The response spectroscopy method is simple in concept and convenient to calculate,
and the maximum reaction value of the structure can be obtained with less calculation.
However, the response spectrum method is a linear elasticity analysis method,
which cannot consider the influence of various nonlinear factors, when the
influence of nonlinear factors and multi-point non-uniform excitation is
significant, the response spectrum method may not get the correct results, or the
real weak part of the structure cannot be judged.
Existing studies have shown that dynamic time history analysis should be
used for the seismic response analysis of complex bridge structures. The
dynamic time history analysis method can carefully consider the influence of
pile-soil interaction, spatial changes of ground motion, various nonlinear
factors of the structure (including geometry, materials, boundary connection
condition nonlinearity), and block damping. Therefore, the time history
analysis method is generally considered to be a fine calculation method, but
the results of the time history analysis method depend on the ground motion
input and the selection of damping parameters during seismic analysis, such
as the seismic input is not well selected, or the damping parameter selection
is inappropriate, which may lead to small calculation results.
Therefore, the results of the time history analysis need to be cross-
checked with the response spectrum method to ensure that the appropriate design
ground motion time history and damping parameters are selected. However, the
response spectrum method can only perform linear analysis, so it can only be
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carried out without considering nonlinear factors, through the comparative
analysis of linear time history analysis results and response spectrum
analysis results, and after selecting the appropriate design ground motion
time history and damping parameters under the condition that the time history
analysis results are not less than 80% of the response spectrum analysis
results Nonlinear time history analysis.

9.3.2 The spectral content of the seismic acceleration time history,

response spectrum and power spectrum used in seismic response analysis should
include long-period components such as the first-order self-oscillation
period of the structure.
Description of the provisions
The dynamic response of the structure is closely related to the self-
oscillation period of the structure and the spectral composition of the
ground motion time history input. Special bridges are mostly flexible
structures, and the period of the first-order mode shape is often long and the
contribution is very important, so the spectral content of the seismic
acceleration time history or response spectrum curve provided should
include the long-period components including the first-order self-
oscillation period.

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 9.3.3 In seismic response analysis, the computational model used must
realistically simulate the stiffness and mass distribution and boundary connection
conditions of the bridge structure, and should meet the following
requirements:
1 A spatial calculation model of the coupling of the main bridge and
adjacent bridge holes should be established.
2 Piers, towers, arch ribs and arch columns can be simulated by space
beam elements; The bridge deck system should choose a reasonable calculation
model according to the cross-sectional form; Space truss units can be used for cable-
stayed cables, suspension bridge main cables and booms, arch bridge booms and tie rods.
3 Geometric nonlinear effects such as geometric stiffness and elastic
modulus correction of cable sag effect under constant load should be
considered.
4 When performing nonlinear time history analysis, the support connection
conditions should be simulated using units that reflect the mechanical
properties of the support.
5 E1 Under the action of earthquake, the bending stiffness of the pier
column section should adopt the full-section stiffness; Under the action
of E2 earthquake, the bending stiffness of the pier column section can be
cracked stiff, and the cracking stiffness can be 0.8 times the full-section
stiffness, if the side pier has entered the plastic working state, the
appropriate elastoplastic unit should be selected to simulate.
Description of the provisions
The stiffness and mass distribution of the bridge structure, as well as the
boundary connection conditions, determine the dynamic characteristics of the
structure itself. Therefore, in the seismic response analysis of long-span
bridges, in order to realistically simulate the mechanical properties of the
bridge structure, the established computational model needs to faithfully
reflect the stiffness and mass distribution of the structure, as well as the
boundary connection conditions. When building a computational model of a special
bridge, the following requirements need to be met:
（1） The main bridge of special bridge structure is generally connected
to the small and medium-span approach bridge through the transition hole, so
the main bridge and the approach bridge affect each other; In addition, due to
the difference in the dynamic characteristics of the main bridge of the long-span

185
bridge structure and the medium- and small-span approach bridge, the main and lead
bridges will have a large relative displacement or support damage at the
connection, resulting in the shock damage of the falling beams. Therefore, in
the structural calculation analysis, it is necessary to establish a
calculation model of the coupling of the main bridge and the adjacent bridge
holes (linkage). In addition, the spatiality of a special bridge determines
its dynamic characteristics and the spatiality of seismic response, so it is
necessary to establish a three-dimensional space calculation model.
（2） The geometric nonlinearity of special bridges mainly comes from
three aspects: (1) (of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges) the
cable sag effect, which is generally simulated by equivalent elastic
modulus; (2) The beam-column effect, that is, the coupling effect of axial
deformation and bending deformation of the beam-column element, is generally
simulated by introducing a geometric stiffness matrix, and only considering the
influence of axial force on bending stiffness; (3) Geometric changes caused by
large displacements. However, the results show that the geometric change caused by large
displacement has little effect on the seismic response of the structure, and is
generally negligible.
（3） Boundary join conditions should be simulated on a case-by-case
basis. The response spectroscopy method can only be used for linear
analysis, so the boundary conditions can only be roughly simulated by
master-slave relationship. The time history analysis method can carefully
consider various nonlinear factors, so the boundary conditions of the
structure and the elastoplastic properties of the pier column can be
realistically simulated when the calculation model is established.

9.3.4 When the pile foundation is used, the pile-soil interaction can be
simulated by equal soil spring, and the stiffness of the equal soil spring
can be extracted

186
Calculated using the m method.
Description of the provisions
Isogeneration soil spring simulation can use concentrated six-spring
model or distributed six-spring model, distributed six-spring model is to
simulate pile-soil interaction with six degrees of freedom at each pile,
generally speaking, for high pile bearing platform, the divided six-spring
model should be used. The spring rate calculation method of the concentrated
six-spring model is the same as that of clause 6.2.8 of this
specification, and six rounds are distributed
The spring die spring rate calculation method can be carried out with
reference to clause 6.2.8 of this specification.

9.3.5 Response spectrum and power spectrum analysis should meet the
following requirements:
1 When the foundation of piers, towers and anchors is built on
foundations with different soil conditions, it can be calculated by
envelope response spectrum method or envelope power spectrum method.
2 When performing multimodal response spectroscopy, sufficient mode
shapes should be considered according to the structural characteristics,
and the mode combination should use the CQC method.
Description of the provisions
When considering the effects of spatial variations in ground motion using
the response spectroscopy method, Eurocode applies site-dependent weighted
average response spectra for the two horizontal and vertical components.
Considering that the calculation of the weighted average response spectrum is
quite complex, this specification recommends that it be safe to use the
envelope response spectrum, which is the upper envelope of the horizontal or
vertical response spectrum curve of each pier. When calculating using the
power spectroscopy, multipoint non-uniform inputs can also be directly
considered.
In the seismic response of special bridges, the influence of higher-order
mode shapes is significant. Therefore, when using the response spectrum method
for geoseismic reaction analysis, the influence of higher-order mode shapes
should be fully considered, that is, the calculated mode shape order should be
as many as possible, including all mode shapes with large contributions, and
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the sum of the mass participation coefficients of each mode shape should
not be too low.
Since the response spectrum method can only give the maximum value of the
reaction of each mode shape of the structure, it loses the information related
to the maximum value and very important for the mode shape combination, such
as the time when the maximum value occurs and its plus or minus sign, so that
the combination of the maximum value of each mode type is in a dilemma. In this
regard, many experts and scholars at home and abroad have conducted research and
proposed various mode shape combination methods. One of the simplest and most
commonly used SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of Squares) method, which has
good accuracy for planar structures with good frequency separation, but
often estimates the response of the structure too high or too low for the
frequency-dense spatial structure because the coupling term between the modes
is ignored. In 1981, E.L. Wilson et al. regarded ground motion as a
broadband, Gaussian stationary process, and derived the mode shape combination
rule CQC () for linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems based on stochastic
process theory Complete Quadratic Combination) method better considers the
mode shape correlation when the frequency is close and overcomes the
shortcomings of the SRSS method. At present, the CQC method has been more
and more used in the response spectrum analysis of bridge structures with
its rigorous theoretical derivation and good accuracy, and has been adopted
by bridge seismic design codes around the world. Cause

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 Therefore, this specification recommends the more mature CQC method for
mode shape combination.

9.3.6 Time history analysis should meet the following requirements:

1 The final result of the time history analysis, when using 3 sets of design
ground motion time history calculations, the most of the 3 sets of
calculation results should be taken
large value; When using the 7-set design ground motion time history
calculation, the average of the 7 sets of results can be taken.
2 When calculating the seismic motion time history of each group, the
ground movement time history components of the group in two or three directions
should be entered at the same time.
Description of the provisions
The results of the time history analysis depend on the ground motion input, if
the ground motion input is not selected well, it may lead to small results, Both
European codes and the American AASHTO code stipulate that the ground motion
input time history used should match the design response spectrum during time
history analysis. At the same time, the American AASHTO specification
stipulates that the maximum value of the reaction should be taken when
participating in the calculation of 3 sets of design ground motion time
history, and the average value of the response when participating in the
calculation of 7 groups of design ground motion time history is used. This
Code gives the same provisions as the AASHTO Code in the United States.

9.3.7 In general, the damping ratio can be

determined according to the following
provisions: 1 The damping ratio of
concrete girder bridges and arch bridges
should not be greater than 0.05. 2 The
damping ratio of cable-stayed bridges
should not be greater than 0.03.
3 The damping ratio of the suspension bridge should not be greater than
0.02.
Description of the provisions
Studies have shown that for special bridges, structural forms have a great
influence on damping, and this article is based on existing research results.

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9.4 Performance requirements and seismic calculations
9.4.1 Under the action of E1 earthquake, the structure should be basically
free of damage and remain within the elastic range; Under the action of the
E2 earthquake, the main cable and boom of the suspension bridge, cable-
stayed cable, arch bridge main arch ring and boom should be basically not
damaged, and the main tower of the suspension bridge and cable-stayed
bridge, the main pier of the girder bridge and the bridge foundation and main
girder and other important structural stressed components can be slightly damaged
locally, and can continue to be used after the earthquake without repair or
after simple repair.

9.4.2 Under the action of the E2 earthquake, the components that are easier to
repair in the bridge structure such as side piers can be designed according to
the ductile components, but the degree of damage should be controlled as
much as possible to ensure that it can be repaired as soon as possible
after the earthquake.
Description of the provisions
In order to achieve the special bridge seismic performance targets
specified in Articles 9.4.1 and 9.4.2, the following seismic tests may be
used

190
First, the bridge tower and pile sections are divided into fiber elements
(Fig. 9-1), and the actual stress-strain relationship between steel and
concrete is used to simulate the steel and concrete elements, respectively.
Secondly, the cross-section moment-curvature analysis (considering the
corresponding axial force) is carried out by numerical integration method to
obtain the cross-section moment-curvature curve shown in Fig. 9-2. In

Figure 9-2, M y 0 is the initial yield moment corresponding to the first

yield of the outermost reinforcement of the cross-section; Mu is the section

limit bending moment; M y is the cross-sectional equivalent bending yield

moment, that is, the equivalent bending yield moment when the actual moment-
curvature curve is equivalent to the elastoplastic bilinear restoring force
model shown in the figure.
（1） Under the action of E1 earthquake, the cross-section of the bridge
tower and the cross-section of the pile foundation require that the cross-
sectional bending moment under seismic action should be less than the initial
yield bending moment of the cross-section (taking into account the axial
force) M . Since M
y 0 y 0 is the initial yield moment corresponding to the
first yield of the outermost steel bar of the cross-section, the entire
section remains elastic when the seismic response moment is less than the
initial yield moment. The research shows that the crack width of the section
will not exceed the allowable value, and the structure is basically free of
damage, which meets the performance goal of the structure working in the elastic
range.
（2） Under the action of E2 earthquake, the cross-section of the bridge
tower and the cross-section of the pile foundation require that the cross-
sectional bending moment under seismic action should be less than the equivalent
bending yield moment M y of the cross-section (taking into account axial

forces). M y is the equivalent bending yield moment obtained when the actual
moment-curvature curve is equivalent to the ideal elastoplastic bilinear
model shown in the figure. From the ideal elastoplastic bilinear model, when

the seismic response is less than the equivalent bending yield moment M y, the
overall response of the structure is still in the elastic range. In fact,

191
during the earthquake, corresponding to the equivalent bending yield moment M y,
part of the steel bar on the section still enters the yield, and the study
shows that the crack width of the section may exceed the allowable value, but
the concrete protective layer is still intact (corresponding to the bend of
the protective layer damage The moment is the cross-section limit bending

moment M u , M y  M u ). Due to the relatively short duration of the

seismic process, after the earthquake, under the action of the structural
self-weight, the cracks carried out locally during the earthquake process can
generally be closed, meeting the local minor damage that can occur under the
action of the E2 earthquake, but basically does not affect the performance
target requirements of vehicle traffic.
（3） Under the action of the E2 earthquake, the components and approach piers in
the bridge structure such as side piers that are easier to repair can be
pressed
Ductile component design to meet the performance target requirements of non-
collapse. Because if the seismic performance target is required to be
consistent with the main pier, main tower, etc., and the design is designed
according to only allowing local minor damage, in some cases it may lead to too
much economic cost or difficult construction implementation. However, the
degree of damage should be controlled as much as possible when designing
according to the ductile components to reduce the difficulty and repair time of
repair. If there is no difficulty in design, its seismic performance target
should be as consistent as possible with the main pier, main tower, etc., that
is, according to the design that only allows local minor damage.

192
 Bending moment

Mu

M
y
M

y0

φ φy φu curvature
y
0

Fig. 9-1 Cross-sectional fiber unit division Fig. 9-2 Bending moment-curvature
curve

9.4.3 The arch columns of arch bridges, the piers of cable-stayed bridges and
the piers of suspension bridges may be seismically inspected in accordance with
the relevant provisions of Chapter 7 of this specification; Connecting
components such as bridge bearings shall be subject to seismic inspection in
accordance with the requirements of Section 7.5 of this Code, and seismic
structural details shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
Chapter 8 of this Code.

9.5 Seismic measures

9.5.1 At the intersection of the tower and beam, buffer devices should be
set on both sides of the beam body from the cross bridge.
Description of the provisions
In the event of an earthquake, in order to protect the beam body and the tower body
from rigid collision, it is advisable to set up special buffer devices (such as rubber
pads) between the tower beams, and studies have shown that the installation
of elastic buffer devices can effectively reduce the seismic response of
the structure.

9.5.2 For special bridges with simple support transition holes, the width of
the cover beam of the transition pier at the connection between the main
bridge and the approach bridge should be widened, and measures should be
taken to prevent falling beams.
Description of the provisions
Due to the difference in dynamic characteristics between the main bridge
of the special bridge and the small and medium-span approach bridge, the
connection between the main and the lead bridge will produce a large relative

193
displacement, resulting in the vibration damage of the falling beam. In recent
major earthquakes, there have been several cases of long-span bridges falling
through the apertures. In order to prevent the shock damage of the falling beam due to
excessive relative displacement, it is necessary to widen the width of the cover beam at
this place and take appropriate measures to prevent the falling beam.

9.5.3 When selecting beam end expansion joints, the beam end displacement
under earthquake should be considered.
Description of the provisions
Under the action of earthquakes in special bridges, the beam ends will
generally produce large displacement. Therefore, when selecting beam end
expansion joints, the beam end displacement under the action of earthquake
should be considered. If the expansion joint selected is not enough to expand
and expand, under the action of earthquake, the main beam of the main bridge
and the approach bridge will collide, endangering the safety of the bridge.

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10 Bridge seismic isolation design
10.1 General provisions
10.1.1 Bridges that meet one of the following conditions can be designed
for seismic isolation:
1 The piers are rigid piers, and the basic cycle of the bridge is
relatively short.
2 When the height of the piers is quite different.
3 The expected ground motion characteristics of the bridge engineering
site are relatively clear, and the main energy is concentrated in the
high frequency band.

10.1.2 When one of the following conditions exists, it is not appropriate

to use seismic isolation design.
1 Under the action of earthquakes, the site may fail.
2 The stiffness of the substructure is small, and the basic cycle of the
bridge is relatively long.
3 Located in a weak location, extending the period cannot avoid the
seismic wave energy concentration band.
4 Negative reaction forces may occur in the support.
Description of the provisions
The seismic isolation design referred to in this chapter is mainly for
bridges with seismic isolation bearings. In the seismic design of bridges, the
purpose of introducing seismic isolation technology is to use seismic
isolation devices to extend the self-vibration period of the structure and
increase the damping to achieve the purpose of consuming seismic energy and
reducing the seismic response of the structure under the premise of meeting
the normal use function requirements. Therefore, for the seismic isolation
design of bridges, the most important factor is to design reasonable and
reliable seismic isolation devices and make them fully play a role in structural
earthquake resistance, that is, most of the energy consumption and plastic
deformation of the bridge structure should be concentrated in these
devices, allowing these devices to undergo large plastic deformation and
certain residual displacement under the action of E2 earthquake, while the
response of other components of the structure is basically elastic.
However, the application of seismic isolation technology is not suitable in
all cases. For sites where the foundation soil layer is unstable and liquefied
195
can occur, the stiffness of the substructure is small, the basic vibration
period of the bridge structure itself is relatively long, the special period
of the site is relatively long, and the extended period cannot avoid the
seismic wave energy concentration frequency band and the possible large negative
reaction force in the support, etc., it is not suitable to use seismic
isolation technology.
Existing studies have shown that in the case of relatively stable site
conditions, seismic isolation technology can be used, especially when the basic
cycle of the bridge is short, or when the height of each pier is different,
the use of seismic isolation support on the low pier, which can play a good
role in seismic isolation.

10.1.3 Bridges with seismic isolation design can only be designed and
verified for seismic design under the action of E2 earthquakes. However, it is
appropriate to conduct seismic analysis on the corresponding non-seismic
isolation bridge at the same time to test whether it is suitable for using
seismic isolation design and seismic isolation effect.

196
Description of the provisions
This specification adopts a seismic design process of two-level
fortification and two-stage design, but for bridge beams with seismic
isolation design, even under the action of E2 earthquake, the energy
dissipation parts of the bridge are located in the upper and lower
connecting members (supports, energy-consuming devices) of the bridge, and
the superstructure, piers and foundations are basically undamaged and remain in
a flexible state, so there is no need to proceed further E1 Seismic
calculation under seismic action.

Whether it is suitable to use seismic isolation design and seismic

isolation effect, the most direct method is to determine through the
comparative analysis of non-seismic isolation bridges, therefore, the use of
seismic isolation design of bridges, it is appropriate to carry out seismic
analysis of non-seismic isolation bridges at the same time.

10.1.4 For bridges with seismic isolation design, the seismic isolation
device should have sufficient initial stiffness and yield strength to meet
the requirements of normal use conditions. Sufficient clearances must be set
between adjacent superstructures at abutments, piers, etc. to meet displacement
needs.
Description of the provisions
Bridge seismic isolation design reduces the seismic force of the
structure by extending the basic period of the structure and avoiding the
periodic range of seismic energy concentration (response spectrum platform
segment and its vicinity). However, while prolonging the structural cycle, it
will inevitably make the structure relatively soft, which may lead to harmful
vibration of the structure under normal use load, so it is required that the
seismic isolation structure should have sufficient initial stiffness and
yield strength to ensure that harmful yield and vibration do not occur in
the structure under normal use load (such as wind, vehicle braking force,
etc.).
In order to ensure the expected performance of the seismic isolation
bridge under the action of earthquake, sufficient gaps should be set between
adjacent superstructures, and reasonable design of expansion joint devices,
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limit devices between adjacent beams, anti-falling beam devices, etc., and the
construction quality should be clearly stipulated.

10.2 Seismic isolation device

10.2.1 The structure of the shock absorption and isolation device should
be simple, the performance should be reliable and insensitive to
environmental temperature changes, and it should be used within the range
of its performance is clear; Shock absorbers should be replaceable and
should be regularly maintained and inspected.
Description of the provisions
From the principle of bridge seismic isolation design, it can be seen that
the main component of energy consumption of seismic isolation bridge is the
seismic isolation device, and these components are allowed to be damaged in
earthquakes. This requires reliable seismic isolation devices and the ability
to maintain these components after an earthquake. In addition, in order to
ensure that the seismic isolation device can play its proper role in an
earthquake, it is also necessary to determine it

198
 period of inspection and maintenance.

10.2.2 The main mechanical parameters required in seismic analysis should

be verified by experimental tests. The deviation between the measured value
and the design value of the main mechanical parameters should be within 10%
of the ± of the design value.

10.2.3 According to the relevant product standards and testing procedures,

the performance and characteristics of the seismic isolation device should
be strictly tested and tested.
Description of the provisions
Since seismic isolation devices are an important part of seismic isolation
bridges, they need to have the expected performance required by the design.
Therefore, this specification requires that the performance and characteristics
of the shock isolation device should be strictly tested before the actual use of
the shock isolation device. In principle, prototype test results are required to
confirm that the performance of the seismic isolation system in the event of an
earthquake corresponds to the design. The detection test mainly includes the
characteristic test of the seismic isolation device under dynamic load and static
load, as well as the temperature special test, wear and fatigue test. The items and
parameters of different types of seismic isolation device testing tests may also be
different, and should be tested and tested in accordance with relevant product
standards and inspection procedures.

10.2.4 Commonly used seismic isolation devices are divided into two
categories: integral type and separation type, when the horizontal
displacement of the two types of seismic isolation devices increases
from 50% of the design displacement to the design displacement, the
increase in its recovery force should not be less than 2.5% of the weight
of the superstructure it bears.
Description of the provisions
The design displacement of the seismic isolation device refers to the
horizontal displacement after the combination of its seismic effect,
permanent effect and uniform temperature effect, which can be calculated
according to Equation 7.5.1-2.

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 Under the action of earthquake, in order to control the shock absorption
device from excessive deformation and ensure that it can be automatically reset
after the earthquake, the shock absorption device requires damping in addition
to requiring damping, and at the same time requires the shock absorption
device to have a certain post-flexion stiffness. This article is formulated
with reference to relevant research results in the United States and the
relevant provisions of the AASHTO Bridge Seismic Isolation Design Code
(2010 Edition), when the horizontal displacement of the seismic isolation
device is increased from 50% to the design displacement, Its resilience
increment must be greater than 1.25% of the weight of the superstructure it
bears, and the relevant research results suggest that it should be greater
than 2.5%, so this specification should not be lower than 2.5%.

10.2.5 Commonly used integral shock isolation devices are:

1 Lead core rubber support.
2 Highly damping rubber bearing.
3 Friction pendulum type shock absorbing support.

200
10.2.6 Commonly used separation type shock isolation devices are:
1 Rubber support + metal damper.
2 Rubber support + friction damper.

10.3 Principles and analysis methods of modeling of seismic isolation

bridges
10.3.1 When calculating the seismic effect of seismic isolation bridges, it is
advisable to take the whole bridge model for analysis, and consider the influence
of telescopic devices, pile-soil interaction and other factors.
Description of the provisions
Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the seismic isolation device,
the seismic analysis of the seismic isolation bridge should be carried out
by nonlinear dynamic time history analysis method or multimodal response
spectrum method, so it is necessary to establish a three-dimensional full-
bridge model.

10.3.2 In addition to satisfying the provisions of Chapter 6 of this

specification, the calculation model of the seismic isolation bridge shall
correctly reflect the mechanical characteristics of the seismic isolation
device. When the average average temperature of the coldest month of the ambient
temperature is lower than 0oC, the seismic analysis and calculation of the
earthquake isolation bridge under low temperature conditions should also be
carried out according to the influence of low temperature on the mechanical
characteristics of the seismic isolation device.
Description of the provisions
Temperature may have a great influence on the mechanical properties of
some shock isolation devices, such as the shear and cutting modulus of rubber
shock absorbing support increases with the decrease of temperature. At an
ambient temperature below 0oC, the mechanical properties of the damping device
are significantly different from those at room temperature, which will lead to
large errors in the seismic analysis results. Therefore, if the probability of
use of the seismic isolation device in an environment below 0oC is high, in
addition to seismic analysis and verification according to the mechanical
characteristics at room temperature, seismic analysis and verification should
also be carried out according to the mechanical properties at low temperature.

201
The influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of the shock
isolation device can be determined according to the relevant product
standards or relevant tests.

10.3.3 In general, the restoring force model of elastoplastic and

friction seismic isolation supports can use bilinear models and should
comply with the following regulations.
1 The restoring force model of lead-core rubber support and high-
damping rubber support is shown in the figure 10.3.3-1 As shown, the
equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping ratios are:
F Q d
K  d = d (10.3.3-1)
 K
eff
Dd D d

eff 2Q d (Dd 
(10.3.3-2)
 )
 y 2
Dd eff
K
In the formula:

202
 Dd —— Horizontal design displacement

 —— of seismic isolation support

and

—— (m); yield displacement of the

Qd
seismic isolation support (m);

The characteristic strength (kN) of the shock isolation

support, that is, the cross value of the positive
direction of the hysteresis curve and the shear axis;
Keff —— Equivalent stiffness of seismic isolation support (kN/m);

Kd —— Flexion stiffness of the shock isolation support (kN/m);

ef —— Equivalent damping ratio of the shock isolation support.

f

fo
rc
e Fd
Kd
Qd Fa
nd

Keff

 Dd displ
and ace
men
t

Fig. 10.3.3-1 Restoring force model of lead core rubber support and high damping rubber
support

2 The model of the restoring force of the friction pendulum support is

shown in Fig. 10.3.3-2 with a stiffness after buckling:
3
W
K  (10.3.3-3)
d
R
The
equivalent
stiffness K W (10.3.3-4)
 
is: W

eff d
R Dd

The da i g atio is:

equivalent mp n r
203
 Dd

e f f  2 d (10.3.3-5)
 / R 
( d )

In the
formul
a: W —— Vertical reaction force of support under constant load (kN);
R - radius of curvature of the sliding surface of the support
(m);

204
 Dd - horizontal displacement of the support design (m);

d - the sliding friction coefficient of the support.

fo
rc
e
dW W/ R
1
K eff

Dd bit 移

Fig. 10.3.3-2 Restoring force model of friction pendulum support

4 The restoring force model of the rubber support + metal damper can be
represented by the bilinear model of Fig. 10.3.3-1 with an initial
stiffness:
Ku  Kr  K j
(10.3.3-
6)
In the
formula:
- Shear stiffness of
K rubber supports
r

- The initial
K stiffness of the metal
j damper

The post-
flexion
stiffness Kd  (10.3.3-7)
is: Kr

Yield strength Fy Take the yield strength of the metal damper;

5 The restoring force model of the rubber support + friction damper can
be represented by the bilinear model of Figure 10.3.3-2 with a yield
stiffness of:

Kd  Kr (10.3.3-8)

The yield strength Fy takes the critical friction force of the friction
damper.
205
Description of the provisions
In general, the recovery force model of the shock isolation device can be
represented by a bilinear model, and its main design parameters are
represented

206
There are: characteristic strength, yield strength, yield displacement and post-
yield stiffness, according to these parameters can calculate the displacement of
the seismic isolation device under the action of earthquake, and the
equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping ratio can be calculated.

10.3.4 The seismic analysis of seismic isolation bridges can use response
spectrum method, time history method and power spectrum method. A nonlinear
dynamic time history approach must be used when the basic period (seismic
isolation period) of a seismic isolation bridge is greater than 3s, or the
equivalent damping ratio of the seismic isolation bridge exceeds 30%, or
vertical seismic action needs to be considered.
Description of the provisions
Response spectrum method and power spectrum method are linear elastic
analysis methods, the method is concise, under certain conditions, the
equivalent linearization treatment of seismic isolation bridges, response
spectrum method and power spectrum method can be used for seismic analysis of
seismic isolation bridges. The results show that the multimodal response
spectrometry and power spectroscopy can obtain better calculation results
through iterative calculation. The single mode response spectrum method and
power spectrum method can not consider the influence of the second order and
above mode shapes, the error is larger than the multi-mode response spectrum
method and the power spectrum method, but this method is simple and easy,
especially in the preliminary design stage, it can help designers quickly grasp
the dynamic characteristics and response value of the structure, so this
method is still a very important analysis method in the analysis of seismic
isolation bridges.
Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the shock isolation device, the
displacement response of the shock isolation device is unknown at the
beginning of the analysis, so its equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping
ratio are also unknown, so the elastic response spectroscopy analysis process is an
iterative process. It is precisely because of the nonlinear characteristics
of seismic isolation devices and the sensitivity of the seismic response of
seismic isolation bridges to anti-falling beam devices such as telescopic
devices and stops, and other factors, if the influence of these factors needs
to be reasonably considered, the nonlinear dynamic time history analysis method
207
should be adopted. When considering vertical seismic action, because vertical
seismic action and horizontal seismic action may have nonlinear coupling
effects, the response spectrum method cannot be used, and only the nonlinear time
history method can be used for seismic calculation. When vertical seismic action is
not considered, in general, seismic analysis can be carried out by multimodal
response spectroscopy and power spectroscopy.

10.3.5 When the following conditions are met at the same time, the
seismic analysis of seismic isolation bridge can be carried out by single-
mode response spectroscopy method or single-mode power rate spectrometry in
the preliminary design stage, but except for the beam displacement response
and first-order period, other response quantities should be corrected by
considering the influence of second-order mode shape of each pier.
1 The bridge geometry meets the requirements of clause 6.1.3 of this
specification for regular bridges and the pier height does not exceed 15m;
2 The nearest active fault is greater than 15km;
3 The effects of vertical seismic action can be disregarded;
4 The type of site is I., II., III., and the site conditions are stable;
5 The basic period of the seismic isolation bridge (seismic isolation
period) does not exceed 2.5s;
6 The equivalent damping ratio of seismic isolation bridges does not exceed
30%.
Description of the provisions

208
 Strictly speaking, seismic isolation bridges are irregular bridges, due to
the nonlinearity of seismic isolation devices, it is generally advisable to use
nonlinear time history method or multi-mode response spectrum method for seismic
analysis. Since the single-mode response spectrum method and the power
spectrometry method do not consider the influence of the second-order and above
mode shapes, the equivalent total mass and the calculation of the first-
order mode shape period also have certain errors, the results show that the
single-mode response spectrum method calculates the first-order mode shape
period and beam displacement error is very small, but the calculation of pier
bottom shear force and pier bottom bending moment and other errors are large,
and the calculation results are generally small, but this method is simple and
easy to implement, which can help designers quickly grasp the structure Dynamic
characteristics and response values, and the response quantities such as pier
bottom shear force and pier bottom bending moment can be corrected by considering
the influence of the second-order mode shape of each pier, so as to improve the
calculation accuracy. Therefore, this specification stipulates that for seismic
isolation bridges with relatively regular geometries, when certain conditions
are met, the seismic response calculation model can be simplified to the equivalent
single-degree-of-freedom model at the preliminary design stage, which can be
analyzed by single-mode response spectrum method, and corrected by
considering the influence of second-order mode shapes of each pier.

10.3.6 When seismic analysis is carried out by single-mode response

spectroscopy, the seismic response in the forward and transverse directions
should be calculated by iterative methods, and the specific calculation
process is as follows:
1 The full bridge is simplified to an equivalent single-degree-of-
freedom system model, and the quality M sp of the equivalent single-
degree-of-freedom system model is desirable

The mass of the superstructure beam body and the stiffness are the sum of the
combined stiffness values of each pier, abutment and the equivalent spring of
the upper seismic isolation support in series, which can be calculated
according to the formula (10.3.6-3).
2 The horizontal displacement of the beam body in the direction of the
bridge and the cross bridge can be calculated as follows:

209
 2
d Teq S (10.3.6-1)
42

Where: d - horizontal displacement of the beam body in the direction of the

bridge or cross bridge (m);
Teq - equivalent period (s) of seismic isolation bridges in the
direction of the bridge or the cross bridge;

S - corresponding to the equivalent period Teq of the seismic

isolation bridge (along the bridge or in the cross bridge direction), the

design acceleration response spectrum value (g) corrected by the equivalent

damping ratio of the full bridge.

3 When the horizontal displacement of the beam body is d, the

equivalent period Teq of the seismic isolation bridge can be as
follows(10.3.6-2)~(10.3.6-6).

Compute; The horizontal displacement di of the support can be calculated

according to the formula (10.3.6-7); The horizontal displacement d p,i of

the pier roof can be calculated as (10.3.6-8).

Msp
Teq 
2

K
(10.3.6-2)
eq,i
i

210
  K   Keff ,i . (10.3.6-3)

K p,i and

K
p,i
eq,
i K
i eff K in 1 i
i ,i p,i

and
Keq,i K p,i (10.3.6-4)
1i

Keff ,i Q d d
(10.3.6-5)
 ,i ,i

di
K

K d
  d ,i (10.3.6-6)
i Qd ,i
K p,i d  Q
d ,i

dand  d
(10.3.6-7)
1
i

d p,i  d  di (10.3.6-8)

In each of the above:

M sp
——The mass of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system
model, which can take the mass of the superstructure beam body (t);
Keq,
i - the combined stiffness value of the ith pier, abutment and
the equivalent spring of the upper damping support in series
(kN/m);
K
p,i - the thrust stiffness (kN/m) of the ith pier and abutment;

Keff - the equivalent stiffness (kN/m) of the seismic isolation

,i
support on the ith pier and abutment;

Qd ,i - the characteristic strength (kN) of the seismic isolation

support on the ith pier and abutment;

Kd , i
i


211
 - s (kN/m) of the seismic isolation support on the ith pier and
the abutment;
flexion
stiffnes - calculation of coefficients;

di - horizontal displacement of the seismic isolation support on

the ith pier and abutment (m);

d p,i - Horizontal displacement of the top of the ith pier and

abutment (m).

4 The equivalent damping ratio of the whole bridge of the seismic

isolation bridge can be calculated as follows:
2 [Q d ,i (d i
  (10.3.6-
  y ,i ) ] 9)
[K eq, (  d ) ]
eq 2

i
da p,i
nd

In the formula:  y,i - the yield displacement of the ith pier and the
seismic isolation support on the abutment, other symbols as before.

212
 5 The seismic displacement response in the direction of the bridge and
the direction of the cross bridge was calculated respectively by
iterative method.
6 Under the action of the first-order mode shape, the horizontal seismic
force at the top of the ith pier of the seismic isolation bridge can
be calculated as follows:
EId1,i  Keff ,idi
(10.3.6-
10)

Where: EId1, i - the horizontal seismic force (kN) of the first order mode shape
acting on the ith pier and abutment top, the other symbols are the same

Former.
Description of the provisions
Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the damping device after yield,
the seismic calculation by the response spectrum method is actually an
equivalent linearization calculation method, which should be calculated by
equivalent stiffness, equivalent damping ratio and revised response spectrum
with equivalent damping ratio. At the same time, because the equivalent damping
ratio and equivalent period of the seismic isolation bridge are related to the
horizontal displacement of the seismic isolation device, and the horizontal
displacement is unknown at the beginning of the calculation, it needs to be
iteratively calculated. However, the self-vibration characteristics of
bridges along the bridge and the cross bridge are different, so the
iterative process of seismic calculation along the bridge and the cross bridge is
also different, so it can only be calculated separately. The iterative
calculation process of the single mode response spectrum along the bridge or
across the bridge is as follows
（1） Assuming the initial value d 0 of the displacement of the

superstructure (beam), generally speaking, it can be assumed that the

initial value of the equivalent period Teq of the seismic isolation bridge is

equal to 1s, and the equivalent damping ratio is  The initial value of e q

is 0.05, and the initial value d of beam displacement can be calculated

according to the formula (10.3.6-1) of the article 0 ；

（2） The equivalent stiffness of the full bridge is calculated according

213
 to the Chinese formula (10.3.6-3);
（3） The full-bridge equivalent period is calculated according to the
Chinese formula (10.3.6-2);
（4） The equivalent damping ratio of the whole bridge is calculated
according to the Chinese formula (10.3.6-9);
（5） According to the equivalent damping ratio, the response spectrum is
corrected to obtain the design acceleration response spectrum
corresponding to the equivalent damping ratio.
（6） Calculate the beam displacement d according to the Chinese formula
(10.3.6-1);

（7） Compare the calculated beam displacement d and the initial

value d 0, if the difference between the two is greater than 3%, re-assume

the beam displacement d 0  d , Return to the second step for iterative

calculations until the calculated beam displacement d and the assumed

initial values

When the error between d0 is within 3%, the iteration is terminated.

10.3.7 The influence of the second-order mode shape of each pier on the

seismic response can be approximated according to the equivalent of each

pier and its upper support as a single freedom system model, and the
damping ratio is taken as 0.05, and the equivalent stiffness of each support
is Keff, i The results of iterative calculation of the first-order mode shape

can be taken. The direction of the bridge and the direction of the cross
bridge should be calculated separately, and the specific calculation
process is as follows:

214
 1 The displacement of the pier roof (cover beam top) of each pier and
the seat movement of its upper support can be calculated as follows:

Ti  2
Mi
(10.3.7-1)
K
i

Ki  K p,i
 Keff (10.3.7-2)
,i

(10.3.7-3)
M and  p,i M p,i

 M c p,i

  0.16(1 X 2
 2 X 2
X (10.3.7-4)
 X X )
p,i f f f f 1 1
2 f2
1
2
2
T
d p,i  (10.3.7-5)
and Sand
42
(10.3.7-6)
d i  d
p ,i

In each of the above:

Ti - the period (s) of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system

model of the ith pier;

ki - the stiffness (kN/m) of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom

system model of the ith pier;

Mi - mass of the equivalent single degree-of-freedom system model of the

ith pier (t);

M p,i, Mcp,i - the mass of the pier body and the mass of the cover beam (t)
of the ith pier , respectively;

p,i - the mass conversion factor of the pier body of the ith pier, for the cross-bridge
direction of the multi-column pier, p,i should take 1.2 of the calculated
value Fold;

X f 、 X1 f ——When considering the deformation of the foundation, it

acts on the top of the pier (cover beam top) in the direction of the
bridge or the cross bridge
2

The horizontal displacement caused by the unit horizontal force on the

general scouring line or the top surface of the foundation, the ratio of
the horizontal displacement caused by the calculated height H/2 of the pier
body to the displacement of the pier roof (cover beam top);
215
 S i - corresponding to the equivalent period Ti, the design acceleration
response spectrum value (g) of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom
system of the ith pier.

2 Under the action of the second-order mode shape, the horizontal

seismic force at the top of the ith pier of the seismic isolation
bridge can be calculated as follows:
EId 2,i  Si Mi
(10.3.7-7)

Where: EId 2,i - the horizontal seismic force (kN) of the second-order mode
shape acting on the top of the ith pier.

10.3.8 The total horizontal seismic force at the top of the ith pier can be
calculated using the SRSS combination method as follows:

EId ,i E2 (10.3.7-8)
 E2
Id1,iId 2,i

216
Where: Eid, i
- the total horizontal seismic force (kN) at the top of the ith
pier.

10.3.9 According to the total horizontal seismic force of each pier roof
and abutment, the seismic internal force effect of each pier, abutment and
foundation is calculated. The total displacement of the pier top and the total
displacement of the support can be calculated according to the SRSS
combination method using the first-order mode shape effect and the second-
order mode shape effect.
Description of the provisions
In this revision, the writing group has carried out research on the
calculation of seismic isolation bridges by single-mode response spectrum
method, and the results show that for seismic isolation bridges under the
limited conditions of this specification, the single-mode response spectrum
method is used to calculate the results, and compared with the calculation
results of the multi-mode response spectrum method, the calculation error of
beam displacement is generally within 10%, and the influence of second-order mode
shapes can be ignored. However, the calculation errors of support seat displacement,
pier top displacement, pier bottom shear force and pier bottom bending moment
are large, and the influence of second-order mode shape should be considered for
correction, and the corrected calculation error can generally be controlled
within 20%.
10.3.10 When using the multi-mode response spectrum method for seismic
analysis, the seismic response in the forward and transverse directions should
be calculated by iterative methods, and the specific calculation process is
as follows:
1 The initial calculation model of the structure is established, and
the initial stiffness of each support of the initial calculation model can
be obtained before yield, and the equivalent damping ratio of the whole
bridge eq can be 0.05.

2 According to the multi-mode response spectrum method, the seismic

calculation is carried out, and the seat movement of each branch is
obtained, and according to the seat movement of each branch,
according to the formula
(10.3.6-5) Calculate the equivalent stiffness of each support, and calculate
217
the full-bridge equivalent damping ratio eq for the equivalent single-

degree-of-freedom system according to the formula (10.3.6-9).

3 The model was calculated according to the equivalent stiffness

correction of each support, and the response spectrum value of 0.8 times the
first-order mode shape cycle and above was corrected according to the
equivalent damping ratio of the full bridge, and the revised design
acceleration response spectrum was obtained.
4 The seismic calculations were re-performed to get new seat moves.
5 Compare the difference between the new seat displacement and the
previous calculation result, if the difference between the two is greater
than 3%, replace the previous value with the new seat displacement,
recalculate the equivalent stiffness of each support and the equivalent damping
ratio of the full bridge, return to step 3 and iteratively calculate until
the error between the calculated displacement result and the previous
calculated value is 3% , the iteration ends.
Description of the provisions

When seismic analysis of seismic isolation bridges using the multi-mode

response spectrum method, the equivalent damping ratio of the full bridge eq

refers to the damping ratio of the equivalent single degree of freedom system

of the full bridge, so it can be calculated according to 10.3.6. The design

adopts the full-bridge equivalent damping ratio correction

218
 The acceleration response spectrum is actually a response spectrum value
corresponding to the first-order mode shape (isolation mode) in the
correction calculation direction, and the damping ratio corresponding to
the second-order and above mode shape is still 0.05, and the response
spectrum does not need to be corrected, so only 0.8 times the response
spectrum value of the first-order mode shape period and above is corrected,
As shown in the following figure.

Acceleration response spectrum

A capital with a The damping ratio is

damping the mode of GEQ

A1
ratio of 5%.

The damping ratio is

5% of the response
spectrum
A2 ratio is
The damping

Cycle of non-
A3 the response
seismic isolation spectrum of ζEQ
bridges Period(s).

0.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
Cycle
Cycle of seismic
changes
Fig. 10-1 Schematic diagram of the acceleration response spectrum correction of the design
isolation bridges
of a seismic isolation bridge

10.4 Performance requirements and seismic calculations

10.4.1 Under the action of E2 earthquake, the piers, abutments and
foundations can be slightly damaged locally, but they are still in a
flexible state, and they can continue to be used after the earthquake
without repair or after simple repair.

10.4.2 After the combination of seismic effect and permanent effect along
the bridge and E2 in the cross bridge direction, the strength of the pier,
abutment and foundation should be verified according to the relevant
provisions of the current highway bridge culvert design code, and the
material strength standard value can be used for seismic verification. When
the average average temperature of the coldest month of the ambient
temperature is lower than 0oC, the seismic performance of the bridge under low
temperature conditions should be calculated.
Description of the provisions
Under the action of E2 earthquake, the performance target of the piers,
abutments and foundations of the bridge is that minor local damage can
219
occur, but it is still in an elastic state, considering the general phenomenon of
super strength of reinforced concrete structures, so the standard value of
material strength can be used in seismic calculation.

If a seismic isolation device is used under extreme low temperature

conditions, according to the requirements of Article 10.3.2, in addition to
seismic analysis and verification according to the mechanical
characteristics at room temperature, seismic analysis and verification
should also be carried out according to the mechanical properties under
extreme low temperature conditions.

10.4.3 The shock absorbing and isolation device should be checked as

follows:
1 The performance of the seismic isolation device under normal use
conditions should be calculated, and the horizontal force of various
non-seismic forces should be checked

220
Next, according to the design specifications, the strength of the support
connection and the support seat movement should be checked, which should meet
the normal use requirements.
2 In accordance with the requirements of Article 10.2.4, the horizontal
displacement of the damping device is increased from 50% to the incremental
restoring force at the time of the design displacement. The design
displacement can be calculated according to Equation 7.5.1-2.
3 The vertical load-bearing capacity of the seismic isolation device,
without horizontal displacement, should be greater than 3 times the sum of
the constant load effect and the live load effect it bears. The vertical
bearing capacity of the rubber type support under the design displacement should
be greater than the sum of the seismic effect and the 1.2 times the constant
load effect it bears.
4 Under the action of an E2 earthquake, the seismic isolation support
should not be tensile.
5 For rubber-type seismic isolation supports, the shear strain generated
by E2 seismic action is less than 250%. According to the displacement of the
support seat under the action of the E2 earthquake, the strength of the
support connector, the thickness of the support, and the gap that allows
the deformation of the support along the bridge and the cross bridge
direction should be checked.
6 Non-rubber shock absorption and isolation devices should be checked
according to specific product performance indicators.
Description of the provisions
The seismic isolation device is an important part of the seismic isolation
bridge and should have the performance required by the design. Therefore, an
examination is required. Generally speaking, under the action of various
horizontal loads (such as wind load, automobile brake load, temperature load,
etc.) under normal use conditions, the seismic isolation device should not
enter yield (maintain an elastic state) to avoid production If the large
displacement occurs, the seismic isolation device enters yield during the
earthquake to dissipate the seismic energy and reduce the internal force response
of the earthquake, and there should be sufficient recovery force after the
earthquake to ensure that the beam body is reset. At the same time, the shock
absorption and isolation device should have sufficient deformation space in the

221
direction of the bridge and the cross bridge.
The vertical load-bearing capacity of the rubber-type support under the
design displacement is calculated according to the area of the overlapping

parts of the upper and lower surfaces of the rubber layer of the support when
the design displacement is deformed, as shown in Figure 10-2 .

Fig. 10-2 Schematic diagram of the overlapping area of the upper and lower surfaces
of the rubber type support after deformation

222
11 Seismic measures
11.1 General provisions

11.1.1 The selection of the seismic measure level of various types of bridges
shall be determined according to Table 3.1.3-1.

11.1.2 The use of bridge seismic measures should not lead to a large
change in the seismic response of the main components of the bridge,
otherwise, the impact of seismic measures should be considered when conducting
seismic analysis. Seismic measures should be designed according to the seismic
effects to which they are subjected.
Description of the provisions
Due to the uncertainty of earthquakes that may be suffered by engineering
sites and the incomplete understanding of the seismic failure mechanism of
bridge structures, the earthquake resistance of bridges cannot actually rely
entirely on quantitative calculation methods. In fact, the seismic damage of
previous earth earthquakes shows that some structural measures summarized
from earthquake damage experience or inspired by basic mechanical concepts
have proved to be effective in mitigating the earthquake damage of bridges. For
example, appropriate connection measures between the main beam and the main
beam or between the main beam and the pier can prevent the falling beam.
However, these structural measures should not affect the normal use function of
the bridge, and should not prevent the role of seismic isolation and energy-
consuming devices.
If the use of structural measures has a large influence on the
quantitative calculation results of the seismic response of the bridge, the
calculation results may fail, in which case, the impact of seismic measures
should be considered in the seismic analysis.
The stronger the seismic response of the bridge structure, the more likely it is
to cause serious damage such as falling beams, and the more important structural
measures are, so bridge structures in high-intensity areas need to pay
special attention to the use of structural measures.

11.1.3 The support cushion stones at the transition piers and abutments
should be flush with the outermost edge of the piers and abutments
along the bridge.

223
11.2 Class I seismic measures
11.2.1 There should be a certain distance from the end of the superstructure
of simply supported girder bridges and continuous girder bridges to
the edge of the pier, table cap or cover beam (Fig
11.2.1)。 Its minimum value a (cm) shall be calculated according to the
equation (11.2.1) and shall not be less than 60cm.

(11.2.1)
a  50  0.1 L  0.8H +0.5Lk
In the
formula:
L —— Total length of a joint superstructure (m);
H —— The average height of the piers supporting a joint
superstructure (m), the height of the abutment is 0;
LK —— The maximum single-aperture span (m) of a joint
superstructure.

224
 Fig. 11.2.1 Minimum distance a from the beam end to the edge of a pier, cap, or
cover beam

Description of the provisions

a  70  0.5 L is the value of the 2008 edition of the Seismic Design
Rules for Highway Bridges, a  50  L is Values from the 1989 edition of
the Code for Seismic Design of Public Road Works. The above two standard lap length
formulas do not consider the influence factors of bridge pier height, and the
results are large for low pier bridges, and the results may be small for high
pier bridges. In this revision, combined with the American ASSHTO code,
comprehensively considering the bridge pier height and beam length and other
factors, the male formula for calculating the lap length of the superstructure of
the girder bridge is given. The calculation formula is applicable to simple
support beams, continuous beams and other structural forms, which expands
the scope of application.

11.2.2 When the conditions of equation (11.2.2-1) are met, the minimum
distance a (cm) from the end of the inclined bridge (plate) to the edge of
the pier, table cap or cover beam (as shown in Figure 11.2.2) shall be as
follows( 11.2.2-2) and (11.2.1) are calculated, taking the largest value.
When the conditions of the foot type (11.2.2-1) are not met, the minimum
distance a ( cm) shall be calculated according to Equation (11.2.1). For
continuous inclined girder bridges, when the beam end is provided with a
transverse limit device and a longitudinal anti-falling beam device, it can
be unconstrained by the formula (11.2.2-2).

WITHOUT 2 B
L (11.2.2-1)
2 
225
 a  50L(sin sin( toE ))(11.2.2-2)

In the
formul
a:

L —— Total length of a joint superstructure (m);

b —— Total width of the superstructure (m);
 —— diagonal angle (º );

226
 E - limit shedding angle ( º), generally take 5º.

Figure 11.2.2 Minimum edge distance of a diagonal crossing

Description of the provisions

Due to the structural characteristics, the narrow and long inclined bridge
may cause falling beams caused by the rotation of the superstructure, so the
lap length of the pier beam should be set considering the influence of
rotation. As far as inclined bridges are concerned, they also include simply
supported girder bridges and continuous girder bridges. When the inclined
bridge rotates with the center of gravity as the rotation center and only
rotates at the critical shedding rotation angle, the solution is
calculated by considering the center point of the superstructure end
falling off from the beam lap joint, and the formula (11.2.2-2) can be
obtained. Referring to Japanese seismic codes, the critical shedding
rotation angle is generally set at 5 degrees. When the support lines at both
ends of the superstructure are not parallel and the bevel angles at the two ends
are different, the rotation around the center point of the bridge axis should
be assumed and a small diagonal angle should be used to find the lap length
of the pier beam.

11.2.3 When the conditions of equation (11.2.3-1) are met, the minimum
distance a (cm) from the end of the curved bridge to the edge of the pier,
table cap or cover beam (as shown in Fig. 11.2.3) shall be as
follows( 11.2.3-2) and (11.2.1), whichever is greater. When not satisfied
(11.2.3-1), the minimum distance a (cm) from the end of the curved bridge to
the edge of the pier, cap or cover beam shall be as follows
(11.2.1) Calculation. For curved bridges, when the beam end is equipped
227
with a transverse limit device and a longitudinal anti-falling beam device,
it can be unconstrained by the (11.2.3-2) binding.
115
body 1
 b (11.2.3-1)
 1 body L
a  
sin 
30
(11.2.3-2)

And

cos/
(11.2.3-3)
2

In the E  0.
formul 5 70
a:

E
- the amount of movement of the ends
of the superstructure to the outside
(cm);

L - the arc length of the centerline of a joint superstructure (m);

228
  - the center angle of the curved beam ( º );

Figure 11.2.3 Minimum edge distance of a curved bridge

Description of the provisions

Due to structural characteristics, narrow curved bridges may cause falling
beams caused by the rotation of the superstructure and movement in the direction
of the outside of the curve, so these effects should be considered to set the lap
length of the pier beam. This specification gives the lap length calculation
formula of curved bridges with reference to the Japanese seismic code for
bridges, and takes a large value compared with the calculation results of
the linear bridge formula.

11.3 Secondary seismic measures

11.3.1 Bridges with secondary seismic measures shall comply with the
provisions of this section in addition to the provisions of the
first level.

11.3.2 For bridges with simple support beams and continuous bridge decks, the
pier height should not exceed 40m. The height of the pier is more than
40m
The bridge should adopt continuous rigid structure
or other structural forms that are favorable to
earthquake resistance.
Description of the provisions
For simply supported girder bridges and bridges with continuous bridge
decks, the higher the piers, the greater the risk of falling beams under the
action of earthquakes, so this code stipulates that the pier height should not
229
exceed 40m.

11.3.3 The foundation of the arch bridge should be placed on a hard soil
or rock with consistent geological conditions and similar terrain on both
sides. Solid belly arch bridges should reduce the thickness of the filler
on the arch, and should use lightweight filler, and the filler must be
compacted layer by layer.

11.3.4 The abutment chest wall should be properly strengthened, and

rubber pads or other elastic pads should be installed between the beam and
the abutment chest wall to ease the impact and limit the displacement of the
beam body. At the same time, the rubber mat or other elastic liner installed
should not restrict the free expansion and expansion of the beam body during
normal use. Its construction is shown in Figure 11.3.4.

230
 Elastic
pads

Fig. 11.3.4 Cushioning between girder and abutment

11.3.5 When building bridges in soft cohesive soil layers, liquefied soil
layers and unstable river banks, for large and medium bridges, the bridge
length can be appropriately increased, and the bridge holes can be reasonably
arranged, so that the piers and platforms can avoid the slippery bank slope or
unstable terrain that may occur during earthquakes. Otherwise, measures should be
taken to enhance the stiffness of the foundation against lateral displacement and
increase the depth of foundation embedding; For small bridges, support beams can
be set between the two abutment foundations or the riverbed can be covered
with pulp pieces (blocks).

11.3.6 Pillar-type row frame piers should be equipped with pile top tie
beams; Row frame pile piers that are not equipped with cover beams and
whose height is greater than 7m should be equipped with pier top tie beams.
When the pier height is between 10m and 20m , it is advisable to set at least
one intercolumn tie beam; When the pier height is between 20m and 30m , it is
advisable to set up two tie beams between columns; When the pier height is
above 30m, it is advisable to appropriately increase the number of inter-column
tie beams.

Description of the provisions

Setting inter-column tie beams can effectively reduce the pier bending moment
of the bridge under the action of the cross bridge to earthquake, which is
beneficial to the bending resistance of the structure, and can improve the force
of the pile foundation, which is also beneficial. However, setting the intercolumn
tie beam will increase the shear force of the pier bottom, which is not conducive
to the shear resistance of the pier, in addition, it will also increase the shear
231
force of the support, which is unfavorable to the shear resistance of the support.
Therefore, the design of the intercolumn tie beam should comprehensively consider
its favorable and adverse effects on the structure, combined with the results of
static analysis and seismic analysis, and make full use of the favorable
influence of the intercolumn tie beam by adjusting the number of settings, the
setting position and the setting stiffness, and control its adverse effects
within an acceptable range. This provision is based on the summary of the
results of a large number of calculations and analyses by the writing team.
11.3.7 Girder bridges should be provided with stops or seismic anchors in
the cross-bridge and longitudinal directions to prevent the
superstructure from falling beams.

11.4 Level 3 seismic measures

11.4.1 Bridges with Class III seismic measures shall comply with the
provisions of this section in addition to Class II regulations.

11.4.2 The main arch ring of the arch bridge should adopt the cross-
sectional form with greater torsional rigidity and good integrity, such as
box arch, plate arch, etc. When reinforced concrete ribbed arches are
employed, the lateral connection must be strengthened.

232
 11.4.3 Reasonable limit devices should be used to prevent excessive
relative displacement of adjacent members of the structure.
Description of the provisions
The coordination between the internal force response and the displacement
reaction of the bridge structure can be achieved using transverse and
longitudinal limit devices. In general, the gap of the limit device is small,
the internal force reaction increases, and the displacement reaction decreases; On
the contrary, if the gap of the limit device is large, the internal force response
decreases, but the displacement response increases. The use of transverse and
longitudinal limit devices should achieve a certain balance between the internal
force reaction and the displacement reaction; In addition, the moving capacity of
the limit device in the direction of the bridge shaft should be adapted to the
supporting part. The setting of the limit device shall not hinder the play
of the structural function of the anti-falling beam.
The limit device can use a similar structure as in Figure 11-1 .

Fig. 11-1 Bolt or pin type limit device

11.4.4 Continuous girder bridges should take measures to make the

horizontal seismic load generated by the superstructure be borne by each
pier and platform, so as to avoid excessive force on the fixed support
pier.

11.4.5 The side pier of the continuous curved beam and the superstructure
should be connected by anchor bolt or other reliable methods to prevent the
side pier from separating from the beam.

11.4.6 The pier (table) cap of a stone or concrete pier (platform) is

connected to the pier (platform) body, and the pier (platform). Measures to
improve shear resistance should be taken at the connection between the body
233
and the foundation, the cross-section mutation place, and the construction
joint.

11.4.7 The bridge abutment should adopt a strong overall structural type.

11.4.8 The minimum mortar strength grade of stone or concrete piers,

platforms and arches shall be increased by one level in accordance with the
requirements of the current Code for the Design of Highway Bridge and Culvert
Bridges.

11.4.9 When the lower part of the bridge is a reinforced concrete structure,
its concrete strength class should not be lower than C30.

11.4.10 The foundation should be placed on bedrock or hard soil. The

base surface of the foundation should be flat. When the foundation is
placed on bedrock, it can be in the form of a step.

234
 11.4.11 For simply supported beam (plate) bridges with discontinuous
bridge decks, measures to prevent longitudinal and transverse falling beams
such as stops, bolted connections and steel cleats should be used (Fig. 11.4.11
). For continuous girder and bridge deck continuous simply supported girder
(plate) bridges, measures should be taken to prevent large lateral
displacement.

Steel plate
limit device

(a) Steel plate connection type (b) Prestressed steel strand

connection type

pier
Cabl
e

(c) Cable connection

Fig. 11.4.11 Commonly used limit devices

11.5 Level IV seismic measures

11.5.1 Bridges with Class IV seismic measures shall comply with the
provisions of this section in addition to Class III regulations.

11.5.2 The lateral connection between the girder bridges must be

strengthened to improve the integrity of the superstructure. When using
truss systems, lateral stability must be enhanced.

11.5.3 Concrete or reinforced concrete without hinged arches, it is

advisable to configure or add appropriate steel bars at the upper and lower
edges of the arch feet, and extend into the pier (platform) arch according
to the requirements of the anchorage length.

11.5.4 Arch piers, arches on platforms, concrete strength grade should not
be lower than C30, and should be equipped with an appropriate amount
of steel bars.

11.5.5 The filler of the back of the bridge abutment and the cone slope
should not be sand-like soil, and the fill should be compacted layer by
235
layer. And pay attention to drainage measures.
11.5.6 Measures to limit the vertical displacement of the movable support
of the girder bridge should be taken.

236
Appendix A Calculation of yield curvature and limit curvature for circular
and rectangular sections

A.0.1 Cross-sectional yield curvature

For circular and rectangular sections, the yield curvature of the

section can be calculated as follows:
Circular
y D  （A.0.1-1）
cross- 2.213y
（A.0.1-2）
section: y H 
1.957y
Rectangula

r cross-

section:
Where: y - cross-sectional yield curvature (1/m);

y - corresponding to the strain when the rebar yields;

D - diameter of circular section (m);

H - the cross-section height (m) in the direction of the rectangular
section calculation.

A.0.2 Cross-sectional limit curvature

1 Circular cross-section
The limit curvature of the cross-sectionu (1/m) can be calculated
according to the following two equations, taking small values.
3 P 
u D  3
 6,850with )  18.638 cu )
 （A.0.2-1）
(2.826 10 (8,57510 
 f A 
 ck g 
23
P 
u D  1.179s )   0.656   （A.0.2-2）
(1.635 10 (28.739s 0.010) s

 f A 
 ck
g 
1.4
 R
f  
0.004 are
s kh
(A.0.2-3)
with
f '
cc

237
Where: P - the axial force (kN) of the cross-section;

fck - standard value of compressive strength of concrete (kN/m2);

Ag - concrete cross-sectional area (m2);

s - the ultimate tensile strain of the rebar, preferables  0.09

;

cu - the ultimate compressive strain that constrains concrete;

s - constrain the volumetric reinforcement content of the rebar,

for rectangular stirrup:

238
 s  x  y

fkh - standard value of tensile strength of stirrup (kN/m2);

fc' ——Constraints on the peak stress of concrete (kN/m2), generally desirable 1.25 times
c
the standard value of the compressive strength of concrete;
 R - the reduced
R limit strain of the restraint of the rebar,
preferably   0.09.
your su

2 Rectangular cross-section
The limit curvature of the cross-sectionu (1/m) can be calculated
according to the following two equations, taking small values.
3 P 
3
H  (4.999
10 11.825 ) 
7.004 10 
44.486  （A.0.2-4）

u
with
 f A 
with

 ck g 

2 4
P 
u H  1.097s )   0.039   （A.0.2-5）
(5.387 10 (37.722s 0.015) s

 f A 
 ck g 

The symbolic meanings in the equation are homogeneous (A.0.2-1), formula

(A.0.2-2), and equation (A.0.2-3).

239
Appendix B Principles for the Implementation of the Power
Spectroscopy Method

B.1 Calculation of the power spectrum of the structural response when the
ground is evenly moved

B.1.1
In the effective frequency range L, U , m frequency points are
selected at equal intervals . Construct a virtual for each
frequency
Quasi-harmonic ground acceleration excitation x (t)  S (
)eit 。 If this is caused by the structural steady state simple
harmonicence caused by x (t). Yes
g a g

( Displacement, internal forces, etc., can be calculated according to

the ordinary finite element method) is expressed as y(, t )  y ( e
i t
, where
Y   Yr   iYi  is a plural. The self-power
spectrum of the response y can be calculated as follows

S ()  And () 2  （B.1.1）

a
And
n
2
()  And
r 2
()

B.1.2
The lower bound L and upper bound U of the effective frequency
range can be determined by the following equation

L  0. 71 ,
U  （B.1.2）
1. 2q

Where: 1 - basic circle frequency;

q – the self-resonant circle frequency of the q t h (i.e. highest)
paravibratory mode shape. Frequency spacing is generally desirable
 0.05(1/ s) 。

B.2 Calculation of the structural response from the power spectrum when
considering the traveling wave effect

B.2.1
The virtual simple ground acceleration excitation vector for
constructing all N piers according to the wave velocity v along the
bridge (which can represent v p o r v s):

240
  T2 T j
{

x }  {1, e ,, e ,, （B.2.1-1）
e TN }iTt S
()e
g a

Where: Tj - the time when the wavefront of the seismic wave travels from pier
1 to pier j. If X is in the direction of the bridge, remember

X j is the X coordinate of pier J (along the bridge direction),

then

Xj
Tj  （B.2.1-2）
X1
in

B.2.2
Any steady-state simple harmonic response y of the structure under the
action of simple harmonic excitation (B.2.1-1) is calculated , and
its self-work is calculated

241
The rate spectrum can still be calculated according to Equation (B.1.1).

B.3 Calculation of structure response requirements

Calculate the expected extrema (i.e. demand) y of the structural

response (which can be displacement, internal force, or other quantity
linearly related to displacement) y from the self-power spectrum S y

(). ˆ , can be implemented as follows:

B.3.1
Calculate the ith order spectral moment of y by taking i=0, 2 as
follows

 
U
 i   m 
 
i i
    （B.3.1）
Sy (
S y ( )d  )d l 1 l
Sy l
i
0 L

Where: 2 - the second-order spectral moment of y;

 - zero-order spectral moment (variance) of y,  2 ;
0 0 and

y – the standard deviation of y.

B.3.2
This section assumes seismic excitationIt is a zero-mean stationary
normal stochastic process; And the arbitrary linear response of the
structure y(t) 也 Have the same probabilistic characteristics, remember ye

2 0 parameters
for its extreme value. Define dimensionless

 ande  ,  （B.3.2-1）
y
2

 The expected value is approximate

E
1 2
  2 l nT
   2 lnT （B.3.2-2）

12
d d

Where:  - Euler's constant,   0.5772 ;

Td - earthquake duration (s),

preferably 20~30s. And the expected

value of the extreme value ye is
242
 approximated

andˆ  E ( ye )  E ()y （B.3.2-3）

The expected extreme value (demand) here yˆ is an amount comparable to the

demand calculated in the response spectrum method.

243
 Appendix C Seismic earth
pressure calculation formula for
cohesive fills

C.0.1 Seismic active earth pressure

The seismic active earth pressure is

calculated as follows:
 1 
E2  H body K 
 qH (C.0.1-1)
 2cHK
she  a ca
 2 body

)

In the formula:  - viscous fill heavy (kN/m3);

H - abutment height (m);

q - uniform load on the slip wedge (kN/m);
 - the angle between the back of the abutment and the vertical
direction (º);

 - the angle between the fill surface and the horizontal plane (º );
c - cohesion coefficient of
cohesive fill;

Ka - seismic active earth

pressure coefficient; body2
2
（C.0.1-2）
()
K a

bodybody
 2 body sin( ) without( ) 
 
)
1 
cos( ) cos( )

 - the internal
friction angle of the
fill (º);

 - Friction angle (º) between the fill and the back of the abutment.
 - seismic angle, follow the table C.0.1 to take the value:
Table C.0.1 Seismic angle value table

Seismic VII. VIII IX.

fortification Degr . degree
intensity ee degr
ee
Earthqu On the 1.5 3.0 6.0
ake water
244
 angle underwat 2.5 5.0 10.0
er
(º)

Kca - coefficient, calculated according to the equation (C.0.1-3).

Kas
1

without （C.0.1-3）

body


The schematic diagram of the seismic earth pressure calculation is shown

in Figure C.0.1.

245
 q C

A B
C
In
A
K
H
F
D E
Pasp R

Figure C.0.1 Schematic diagram of seismic earth pressure calculation

C.0.2 Earthquake passive earth pressure

The seismic passive earth pressure is calculated as follows:
 1
E2  H cos   2cHK （C.0.2-1）
 qH
 K
ep
 2 body
psp cp


)

Where: Kpsp - seismic passive earth pressure

coefficient, calculated by the following
formula;
2
（C.0.2-2）
body2
Kpsp  ()
sin() without( ) 
bodybody2body) 
 body ) body)
  

kcp - coefficient, calculated by the following equation;

Kcp  sin() （C.0.2-3）

 cos
coscos

He symbolizes the homogeneous (C.0.1-1).

C.0.3 The location of seismic earth pressure
At q = 0, the seismic earth pressure position can be taken at H/3 from the
bottom of the abutment ; When q ≠ 0, H is added q
246
Converted fill height.

247
Appendix D Calculation method of displacement ductility coefficient of
bridge pier columns

D.0.1 For bridges with equivalent linear elastic simplification method (SM
or MM) for seismic analysis under E2 seismic action, the displacement
ductility coefficient of the double-column pier or multi-column pier cross
bridge direction μ Δ can be used as ( D.0.1-1)~(D.0.1-6) is calculated to
determine that the process utilizes the following assumptions:
1）
The plastic rotation p is concentrated in the center of the plastic
hinge;
2）
The elastic curvature is linearly distributed along the pier column
axis.
3）
The plastic curvature is constant in the range of the equivalent plastic
hinge length LP .

pd  pd (D.0.1-1)

 Lp

(D.0.1-2)
pd  (col
 y )
2
H
 
Dand (D.0.1-3)
and
3
Lp
Dpd  (H  (D.0.1-4)
pd )
2

Δd  Δ (D.0.1-5)
y  Δpd

  (D.0.1-6)
Δd

Dy

col Ö L p L p 
 1 1 0.5 (D.0.1-7)
1
3 

 
 H  H ø
yi
In each of
the above:

col
—— Pier curvature corresponding to the maximum displacement

248
 requirem column (can structure the maximum displacement requirement D
ents of
Push-down analysis for the target displacement, see Figure
the pier
D.0.1);

 —— The equivalent yield curvature of the plastic hinge section of

y
the pier column can be calculated according to clause 7.4.7 of this
specification;
pd
—— Plastic curvature requirements of pier
columns;

Lp —— The length of the equivalent plastic hinge

area of the pier column can be calculated
according to clause 7.4.4 of this
specification;
H —— The distance from the plastic hinge section

249
  —— The maximum displacement requirement of the pier
d
column member is the maximum relative horizontal
displacement from the reverse bending point of the
 pier column to the plastic hinge section;
and

—— The horizontal yield displacement of the reverse bending point

 of the pier column member relative to the plastic hinge section of
pd
the pier column.

—— The plastic displacement requirement of pier column

members is the maximum horizontal plastic
displacement of the reverse bending point of the pier
column member relative to the plastic hinge section
of the pier column.

D.0.2 For bridges that use elastoplastic dynamic model and nonlinear time
history method for seismic analysis under E2 earthquake action, the
d is pl ac em en t du ct il it y co ef fi ci en t of t he c ro ss b ri dg e
d ir ec ti on o f th e do ub le -c ol um n pi er o r mu lt i- co lu mn p ie r me mb er
c an b e de te rm in ed a cc or di ng t o th e no nl in ea r ti me h is to ry
a na ly si s re su lt s
(D.0.1-6) Directly out.

D.0.3 The displacement ductility coefficients of double-column piers or

multi-column piers along the bridge direction, single-column piers along the
bridge direction and cross bridge direction can be directly obtained from
the maximum displacement requirements of the pier top according to the
formula (D.0.1-6).
D.0.4 When calculating the yield displacement and plastic displacement
requirements of the pier column, the influence of the flexibility of the
foundation and the elasticity of the cover beam or superstructure should be
excluded, that is, the translation of the rigid body of the member and the
displacement caused by the rotation of the rigid body should be subtracted.
When the overall displacement is mainly contributed by the deformation of the
pier column, the global displacement ductility coefficient can be used
instead of the component local displacement ductility coefficient, but when
the calculated value of the global displacement ductility coefficient is
250
less than 3.0, the component local displacement ductility coefficient should
be 3.0.
D.0.5 Pier columns with plastic hinges at both the top and bottom of the
pier will have two displacement ductility requirements, which should be
controlled by the larger one.

and
pd

H H-L p/2

Lp

pd y
Rigid
foundati
col
on
Pier column deformation diagram Pier column curvature distribution map

Fig. D.0.1 Pier column deformation and curvature distribution diagram

251
 Description of the wording of this specification

The following wording is used for the strictness of the implementation of the
normative provisions:
1 Words that are strict and must be used:
The positive word uses "must"; The opposite word is "strictly prohibited".
2 Words that express strictness and should
normally be done under normal
circumstances: "shall" for positive
words; The opposite word is "shall not"
or "must not".
3 Words that indicate that a slight choice is
permitted, and should be done first when
conditions permit: "desirable" for positive words;
The opposite word is "inappropriate".
The word "may" is used to indicate that there is a choice, and under
certain conditions it can be used.

252