Cell Notes
Cell Notes
Cell Notes
F. Virchow
1. In 1858, Rudolph Virchow noted that cells could only arise from ___________________________.
preexisting cells
A. With the development of the cell theory, scientists began to clarify the characteristics of living
organisms.
composed of organized parts
B. All living organisms are ______________________________________________________________.
obtain energy from their surroundings. There are two ways to obtain energy:
C. Living organisms _________________
1. Heterotrophs
a) Heterotrophs
__________________________________________________________________________.
are consumers
b) Heterotrophs cannot __________________________________.
make their own food They get food by
___________________________________________________.
consuming other living organisms
c) Examples: _________________________________________________________________.
All animals and fungi are heterotrophs
2. Autotrophs
a) Autotrophs
__________________________________________________________________________.
are producers
b) Autotrophs can ______________________________
make their own food and are not dependent on outside
sources for their food.
All green plants, some protists, and some bacteria
c) Examples include: __________________________________________________________.
perform chemical reactions
D. All living organisms _________________________________________________________________.
E. change over time or evolve
All living organisms _________________________________________________________________.
F. All living organisms _________________________________________________________________.
respond to their enviroment
G. All living organisms _________________________________________________________________.
reproduce
H. All living organisms _________________________________________________________________
maintain a stable internal environment in a process called homeostasis
__________________________________________________________________________________.
I. All living organisms _________________________________________________________________.
share a common history
J. In addition to the above characteristics shared by all living things, individual cells must be able to
carry out a basic set of functions.
1. Ingestion: ______________________________________________________________________
Taking in food and water.
2. Digestion: Breaking
_____________________________________________________________________
down food into small molecules that can be used by the cell.
3. Movement of materials inside a cell.
Cyclosis: ______________________________________________________________________
4. Respiration: ____________________________________________________________________
Breaking down glucose into simpler substances and releasing
the stored energy in a form the cell can use.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Biosynthesis: ___________________________________________________________________
Using the energy from foods to form new cell parts, as in growth and repair.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. The removal of liquid waste.
Excretion: _____________________________________________________________________
7. Removal of solid waste.
Egestion: ______________________________________________________________________
8. Movement
9. May be sexual or asexual.
Reproduction: __________________________________________________________________
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10. Irritability: _____________________________________________________________________
Responding to a stimulus.
11. Secretions: _____________________________________________________________________
A substance made in one type of cell but used in other cells or tissues.
B. Cell Shape:
1. Different cells have ______________________
different shapes depending on their _______________.
functions Each cell
has a shape that has evolved to allow the cell to _______________________________________.
efficiently perform its function
C. Cell Size:
its surface area-to-volume ratio
1. The size of a cell is limited by _____________________________________________________.
2. The cell membrane is found at the cell surface and is responsible for _______________________
the movement of materials into and out of the cell
______________________________________________________________________________.
nutrients and oxygen
3. The cell membrane controls the passage of _______________________________ into the cell,
and the passage of ____________
wastes out of the cell.
4. As a cell grows, its _____________
volume increases much faster than its ________________________.
surface area
too large
5. If the volume of a cell becomes _________________, the surface area of the cell membrane is not
sufficient to ____________________________________________________________________.
allow for the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Materials could not enter or leave the cell quickly enough _______________________________.
to meet the needs of the cell
surface area-to-volume ratio
6. The size of a cell is limited by its ___________________________________________________.
IV. There are Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
______________________________________________________________________________.
B. Prokaryotic Cells
a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
1. Prokaryotic cells do not have ______________________________________________________.
2. Prokaryotic cells have genetic material (DNA) that is not contained inside a ________________.
nucleus
No membrane separates the __________
DNA from the rest of the cell.
3. Prokaryotic cells are generally _____________________________________________________.
smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
4. Prokaryotic cells do have _________________________________________________________.
a cell wall, cell membrane, and ribosomes
5. ______________________________________________________________________________.
Bacteria are prokaryotes
C. Eukaryotic Cells
1. Eukaryotic cells are generally ________________________________________________
larger and much more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic cells have a ___________________________________________________________.
true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
3. Eukaryotic cells contain a ____________________________________
membrane-bound nucleus which is kept separate
from the rest of the cell.
Plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes
4. ______________________________________________________________________________.
A. Organelles:
1. Organelles are __________________________________________________________________.
2. Each organelle has a _____________________________________________________________.
B. A cell is divided into 2 parts:
1. Nucleus: _______________________________________________________________________
2. Cytoplasm: _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
A. ___________________
___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
___________________
D. ___________________
___________________
E. ___________________
F. ___________________
___________________
G. ___________________
H. ___________________
___________________
I. ___________________
J. ___________________
K. ___________________
L. ___________________
M. ___________________
N. ___________________
5. Chromatin or Chromosome?
a) When the cell is not dividing, the DNA is in the form of a threadlike material called
_____________________.
b) When the cell is actively dividing, the chromatin condenses to form ___________________.
6. Nucleolus
a) The nucleolus manufactures the _______________ that
make up __________________.
b) There are 2 subunits:___________________________
____________________________________________
c) These subunits then pass through the pores of the
______________ to the ________________ where they combine to form
_____________________.
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7. Summary Functions of the Nucleus
a) The nucleus is the _________________________________________. Chromosomes are
composed of the ___________ which determine ____________ in living organisms.
b) The nucleus controls the ___________________________ of the cell.
c) The nucleus controls all of the __________________ of the cell.
d) The nucleus directs ____________________________ by sending messages out to the
_______________________.
D. Ribosomes
1. Ribosomes may be found _______________________________________, or they may be found
attached to the __________________________________________.
2. Ribosomes are the most _________________ of the cell’s organelles.
3. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA and are not ________________________________.
4. Ribosomes are the site of _________________________________. All proteins of the cell are
made by the ribosomes.
E. Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. The _______________________________________ of a
cell is known as the endoplasmic reticulum. This system of
membranes is so extensive throughout the cell that it
accounts for more than half the total membrane in a cell.
F. Golgi Apparatus
1. Proteins that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
are ______________________________________________.
2. The Golgi apparatus appears as a __________ of loosely
connected ______________________.
G. Vesicles
1. Vesicles are small, _________________________ that are surrounded by a single membrane.
2. Vesicles are classified according to their __________________.
3. Types of vesicles include __________________________________________________________.
J. Peroxisomes
1. Peroxisomes contain ______________________ and are not produced by the ________________.
2. Peroxisomes break down _________________ and kill _________________, producing
____________________________ as a result. Since hydrogen peroxide is ___________ to cells,
peroxisomes go one step further and convert the hydrogen peroxide into ____________________.
3. Peroxisomes also break down ___________________ which can be used by mitochondria as an
_______________________.
K. Vacuoles
1. A vacuole is a ________________________ inside a cell.
2. A vacuole may store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
L. Mitochondria
1. The mitochondria is the “________________________” of the cell.
2. The purpose of the mitochondria is ___________________________.
Cellular respiration is the process of __________________________
________________________________________________________.
3. Mitochondria have an _____________________________________.
4. The folds on the inner membrane are known as _________________.
5. The cristae increase the ____________________________________.
6. 100's or 1000's of mitochondria may be found in a cell.
7. Mitochondria have their own _________ and carry out their own _________________________.
N. Centrioles
1. Centrioles are _____________________________ at right angle to one another. They are found
near the _____________________________.
2. Centrioles ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
A. A plant cell has many of the same structures and organelles as found inside an animal cell, but there
are a few organelles that are only found in plant cells.
A. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
D. ___________________
E. ___________________
F. ___________________
G. ___________________
H. ___________________
I. ___________________
J. ___________________
K. ___________________
L. ___________________
M. ___________________
N. ___________________
B. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
1. These organelles are never found in plant cells: ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. These organelles are never found in animal cells: ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
C. The Cell Wall
1. The cell wall is a _______________________________ found in the cells of
__________________________. It lies to the ______________ of the cell’s plasma membrane.
2. The main function of the cell wall is to provide ________________________________________.
3. The cell wall is composed mostly of _________________, a tough carbohydrate fiber.
D. Central Vacuole
1. A central vacuole is a very large ___________________________ found in mature ___________.
2. When filled with __________, it creates _______________________ to give strength and support
to the cell. Turgor pressure is ______________________________________________________
___________________________. This allows the plant to ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. It can also serve as a ____________________ for organic compounds.
F. Chloroplasts
1. Structures of the chloroplast:
A: _________________________________
B: _________________________________
C: _________________________________
D: _________________________________
2. Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and other organisms that carry out ________________.
3. A chloroplast is ________________________________________________________________.
4. Chloroplasts ________________________________________ and convert it to the chemical
energy stored in ________________________________________________.
5. A chloroplast is similar to a _______________________________________.
6. Chloroplasts are surrounded by an __________________________________________________.
7. Inside the chloroplast are large stacks of other membranes called _________________________.
These thylakoids contain the ________________________________ which is required for
photosynthesis.
8. Stroma: _______________________________________________________________________
G. Chromoplasts
1. The prefix “chromo” means _____________.
2. Chromoplasts contain pigments of _________________________________________________.
3. Chromoplasts give ______________________________________________________________.
H. Leucoplasts (Amyloplasts)
1. Leucoplasts have ______________________.
2. These plastids __________________________________________.