FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
EEE 4321
POWER QUALITY
ASSIGNMENT 1
SEMESTER 1, 2022 / 2023
LECTURER’S NAME:
PROF. MADYA IR. DR. MOHAMMAD LUTFI BIN OTHMAN
STUDENTS’ NAME (MATRIC NO.) Group 7:
MD AL EBNA SHAHADAT HOSSAIN (191391)
NALAN A/L SUBRAMANIAM (202738)
RAVINDER SINGH A/L SANTOK SINGH (200448)
Answer-
Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT)
• CVT is a type of step-down transformer (potential transformer). These are used
in transmission lines to reduce the level of voltage for measuring purposes.
These can be used in place of normal potential transformers.
• There transformers are used for voltage levels more than 100 kV at the cost of
the potential transformers for such high-level voltages is high.
Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of CVT
Working principle: Works on Capacitive voltage divider principle.
Components of CVT-
1. Inductive element.
2. Auxiliary transformer- This minimized volt at receiving end is reduced by
auxiliary transformer.
3. Potential divider - Minimizes increased voltage signal to low volt signals.
CVT is connected between line and earth whereas phase voltage will be applied.
CVT usually has the ferroresonance damping circuit inbuilt itself.
Voltage across C1 & C2 can be calculated as-
VC1 = (VPH * C2) / (C1 + C2)
VC2 = (VPH * C2) / (C1 + C2)
Figure 2: Phasor diagram of CVT
These transformers provide the benefit of voltage divider capacitor and simple in
design and lighter in weight, also comparatively less expensive.
These and it CVT can be easily tuned on the baule frequency line.
These CVT’s find application in voltage calculation, automatic management
devices and protective relay devices.
Answer-
UPS:
UPS is also known as an uninterrupted power supply. It is connected to the circuit for
providing proper backup to the circuit. If the supply gets OFF then UPS gets ON
providing backup through the battery bank.
Explanation for step 1-
The hybrid UPS means UPS can be connected to load at all times or UPS cannot
connect to load at all times but switches when the main supply gets OFF.
The hybrid UPS:
The hybrid UPS works in two modes:
1. Short-break mode.
2. No break mode.
Short-break mode:
In short break mode the line is not always directly connected to the UPS. It takes 4 μs to
5 μs to connect to the UPS. The line is connected to a rectifier that converts AC power
from the line to DC power. The converted DC power charges the battery bank and is
sent to the inverter. The inverter converts DC power to AC power connected to a
ferroresonant transformer. The normally off part and the normally on part connected to a
normal line. If the normally OFF contact of the
ferroresonant transformer is closed and the normally ON contact is open, it means that
the UPS is working. If the normally ON contact of the
ferroresonant transformer is closed and the normally OFF contact is open, it means that
the UPS load is not operating and is connected directly to the line.
No break mode:
In no break mode, the line is always connected directly to the UPS. The line is
connected to a rectifier that converts AC power from the line to DC power. The
converted DC power charges the battery bank and is sent to the inverter. Inverters
convert DC power to AC power. AC power is connected to a ferroresonant transformer
(usually the ON part, usually the OUT part) and connected to the normal line. If the
normally ON contact of the
ferroresonant transformer is closed and the normally OFF contact is open, it means that
the UPS is operating. An ON contact normally connected to the inverter means that the
circuit is always connected to the UPS and load.
Explanation- A ferro resonant transformer contains two circuits, a normally-on circuit
and a normally-off circuit. When the inverter is connected to an always-on circuit, the
inverter is in no-break mode. If the inverter is connected to a normally off circuit, it
means it is in
short circuit mode.
