Name: Matet N.

Sarabia Score:
Section BSN 2C Date: 02/14/22
:
THE MICROSCOPE
Exercise No. 1

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the laboratory period, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the different parts of the microscope,

2. Discuss the function of each part of the microscope, and
3. Name the different kinds of microscope.

I. Label the Parts of the microscope.

Wear protective lab attire: A. Coarse Adjustment

B. Fine Adjustment

C. Arm

D. Body tube

E. Base

F. Eyepiece

G. Aperture

H. Stage

I. Diaphragm

J. Illuminator

K. Condenser
 II. Enumerate the different types of Microscopes and their uses.

Types Uses
Simple microscope A simple microscope or single lens
microscope uses just one lens for
magnification of the sample. It is the
original light microscope that is now
considered primitive. It uses a single,
convex lens that is commonly observed in
the loupe.
Light microscope The light microscope is also called the optical
microscope. This is also a type of compound
microscope that is used to view
microorganisms. The light microscope has
different lens that help magnify images of the
microorganism or specimens loaded on the
stage. The eyepieces have a magnification
power of 10x or 16x. The light microscopes are
the types of microscopes used in anatomy and
physiology to observe small animals, plants,
metal samples, and microorganisms like
bacteria in detail. The light microscope can
magnify a specimen about 1500x and used in
many areas of biology, anatomy and
physiology.

This microscope uses visible light and a system

of lenses to magnify the images of the samples
manifold. The basic type of optical or light
microscopes is very simple. However, many
complex designs have been invented that helps
give better resolution images. Thus, light
microscopes have been divided into two
different configurations: simple microscope
(one lens) and compound microscope.

Compound Microscope
The most commonly used microscope and the
integral part of a school or college lab is the
compound microscope. This compound
 microscope uses two optical parts, called the
ocular lens and the objective lens. The
compound microscope can provide about
2000X magnification. Thus, compound
microscopes are the types of microscopes used
in biology to observe bacterial, algal, protozoa
as well as animal and plant cells.

These microscopes are heavier and larger than

simple microscopes. These microscopes collect
the light from the sample with the help of
multiple lenses. A separate set of lenses is used
to focus the light into the eye (or camera) to
form an image.

Standard compound light microscope

This microscope consists of an eyepiece lens
that is in line with the revolving nose piece.
The nose piece holds two or more objective
lenses. The light passes from the stage through
a hole into the sample. From the sample it
passes to the lenses. The images are enlarge
4X, 10X, 40X or 100X according to the
objective lenses fitted on the revolving nose
piece.
Inverted microscope
An inverted microscope is actually an upside-
down microscope. This involves viewing the
sample from an inverted position that helps the
viewer see an upright image of the sample.
This microscope is useful for viewing liquid
cell cultures. Also helps viewing thick or large
specimens clearly.
Stereo microscope
Dissecting microscope or stereo microscopes
have low magnification power. These too are
types of light microscopes that help in
observing specimens that are a bit larger in
size. It contains two optical paths that are at
different angles and help the user see the
specimen in three dimensions. The dissecting
microscopes are the types of microscopes used
in anatomy and physiology for carrying out
microsurgery, dissection, fine repair, sorting as
well as forensics. The advantage of dissecting
 microscope is that it can be used on living
samples but it has a low magnification power.
Metallurgical microscope
A metallurgical microscope is a microscope
used to observe metal, plastic, ceramic as well
as other material samples. They help in
observing the surface structure, metal fatigue,
etc.
UV microscope  
A UV microscope uses UV light to produce an
image that is twice the resolution seen in
visible light microscopy. Mercury arc or xenon
burner is used as the source of UV light. As
UV light is harmful to human eye, a digital
sensor or photographic film is produce to help
observe the images.
Fluorescence microscope
Fluorescence microscope uses high-energy,
short-wavelenght light that excites the
electrons of certain molecules present within
the sample. This causes the electrons to shift
into a higher orbit and when they come back to
their original energy levels, they emit low
energy, long wavelength light. This light is
within the visible spectrum that helps in
formation of an image.
Digital microscope
A digital microscope uses optical lenses as well
as CCD/ CMOS sensors. It provides a 1000x
magnification power. It is used to achieve high
quality recorded images of the specimen. The
commonly used digital microscope has a 15
inch monitor and 2 million pixel camera. The
digital CCD camera is attached to the
microscope that is in turn connected to an LCD
monitor or computer. Apart from these light or
optical microscopes, there are other
microscopes that are categorized based on the
lighting techniques
III. Give the function of the following parts of the microscope.
Parts Function
1. Mirror  It is used to reflect light from an external light source up
through the bottom of the stage.
2. Condenser Located beneath the stage and serves to gather
wavefronts from the microscope light source and
concentrate them into a cone of light that illuminates the
specimen with uniform intensity over the entire viewfield.
3. Diaphragm To controls how much light enters the substage
condenser and, consequently, the rest of the microscope
4. Coarse Adjustment Knob A rapid control which allows for quick focusing by
moving the objective lens or stage up and down. It is
used for initial focusing.
5. Fine Adjustment Knob A slow but precise control used to fine focus the image
when viewing at the higher magnifications.
6. Body Tube To separates the objective and the eyepiece and assures
continuous alignment of the optics.
7. Objective Lenses To gathers light from the specimen, magnifies the image
of the specimen, and projects the magnified image into
the body tube.
8. Low Power Objective Low power objectives cover a wide field of view and they
are useful for examining large specimens or surveying
many smaller specimens. This objective is useful for
aligning the microscope. The power for the low objective
is 10X. Place one of the prepared slides onto the stage of
your microscope.
9. High Power Objective It is ideal for observing fine details within a specimen
sample. The total magnification of a high-power objective
lens combined with a 10x eyepiece is equal to 400x
 magnification, giving you a very detailed picture of the
specimen in your slide.
10. Oil Immersion Objective A technique used to increase the resolving power of a
microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the
objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil of
high refractive index, thereby increasing the numerical
aperture of the objective lens.
11. Eye Piece To magnifies the primary image produced by the
objective; the eye can then use the full resolution
capability of the objective. The microscope produces a
virtual image of the specimen at the point of most
distinct vision, generally 250 mm (10 in.) from the eye.