VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS ( TITRATION)- 1 Experiment no - 01 2. Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution .

Fix the burette in the

burette stand.
Aim – To prepare M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt and, using this solution find out the
3. Take out 20 ml of standard more mohr salt solution in the conical flask. Add
molarity and strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution.
10ml of sulfuric acid so as to prevent the oxidation of manganese to form
Theory –Mohr’s salt titration with potassium permanganate is also a redox titration.
manganese dioxide.
In this titration, Mohr’s salt acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate
works as the oxidising agent. 4. Note the initial reading of the burette before starting that experiment.
5. Now against the potassium permanganate solution start the titration and
Molecular Equations – slowly still the flask gently.
Reduction Half Reaction - 6. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 will be discharged with ferrous
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5O ammonium sulfate. The appearance of the permanent pink colour indicates
Oxidation Half Reaction - the endpoint. Repeat the for 3 time unless Concordant value is obtained.
(FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O +H2SO4 +O→ Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 +13H2O )x 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Observation Table:
Overall Reaction- The volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken – 20ml.( by Pippette)
2KMnO4+10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+8H2SO4→K2SO4+2MnSO4+5Fe2(SO4)3+10(N Concordant Value
H4)2SO4 +68H2O Burette Reading The volume
Ionic Reactions – S.No. of KMnO 4

Initial Final used in ml

Oxidation half – [Fe2+→Fe3+-e ]5 -

Reduction half - MnO4 + 8H +5e → Mn2++4H2O

- + -

Overall equation - MnO + 8H +5Fe2+→ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

4
- + 1. 0.0ml 19.9ml 19.9ml
Materials Required –
2. 0.0ml 20.0ml 20.0 ml
Apparatus Required – weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, conical flask,
burette, pipette, clamp stand, chemical balance, beakers, burette stand, funnel, 3. 0.0ml 20.0ml 20.0ml 20.0ml
measuring flask, white tile, burnet and wire gauge. distilled water, dilute sulphuric
acid, potassium permanganate solution.
Indicator – KmnO4 is a self indicator. Calculation: part -A. Molarity of KMnO4
End point -- colour change of KMnO4 from colourless to light pink. From the balanced ionic equation 1 mole KMnO4 is reacting with 5 mole of mohr’s
salt solution.
M KMnO4 x VKMnO4 =1
Procedure -
MMohr x V Mohr 5
A. Preparation of 250ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt –
M KMnO4 x 20.0 ml =1
1. weigh 4.9g of Mohr’s salt using a chemical balance and watch glass.
0.05 x 20.0 5
2. dissolve weighed Mohr’s salt conc H2SO4 (5 ml) and 100 ml distilled water in a
beaker. Dissolve the salt and pour in into in 250 ml volumetric flask..Now fill the M KMnO4 = 0.01 M
volumetric flask with distilled water according to the required volume.
part -A Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass
B. Titrating potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous = 0.01 x 158u = 1.58 g/l
ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt) Result – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.01M Strength 1.58 g/l
1. Wash the pipette and the burette with distilled water and then rinse burette Precaution – General.
with KMnO4 and pipette with Mohr salt solution.
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS ( TITRATION)- 2 Experiment no - 02 2. Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution .Fix the burette in the
burette stand.
Aim – To prepare M/50 solution of oxalic acid .Using this solution find out the
3. Take out 20 ml of standard Oxalic acid salt solution in the conical flask. Add
molarity and strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution.
10ml of sulphuric acid so as to prevent the oxidation of manganese to form
Theory –Oxalic acid titration with potassium permanganate is also a redox titration. manganese dioxide.
In this titration, Oxalic acid acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate 4. Note the initial reading of the burette before starting that experiment.
works as the oxidising agent.
5. Now against the potassium permanganate solution start the titration and
Molecular Equations – slowly still the flask gently.
Reduction Half Reaction - 6. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 will be discharged with ferrous
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O] ammonium sulfate. The appearance of the permanent pink colour indicates
Oxidation Half Reaction - the endpoint. Repeat for 3 time unless Concordant value is obtained.
(COOH)2.2H2O +[O]→ 2CO2 + 3H2O )x 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Observation Table:
Overall Reaction- The volume of Oxalic acid salt solution taken – 20ml.( by Pippette), M
2KMnO4 + (COOH)2.2H2O +3H2SO4 → K2SO4 +2MnSO4+ 0CO2 +18H2O Concordant Value of
Ionic Reactions – Burette Reading The volume Volume of KMnO4
Oxidation half – [C2O42- →2CO2 + e-]5 S.No. of KMnO4
used in ml
Reduction half - MnO4- + 8H +5e → Mn2++4H2O} X 2 (जरूर सीखें )
+ - Initial Final
- +
Overall equation - 2MnO4 + 16H + 5 C2O42-→ 2 Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O 1. 0.0ml 15.9ml 15.9ml
Materials Required –
2. 15.9ml 31.9ml 16.0 ml
Apparatus Required – weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, conical flask,
burette, pipette, clamp stand, chemical balance, beakers, burette stand, funnel, 16.0ml
3. 31.9ml 47.9ml 16.0ml
measuring flask, white tile, burnet and wire gauge. distilled water, dilute sulphuric
acid, potassium permanganate solution.
Indicator – KmnO4 is a self indicator. Calculation: part -A. Molarity of KMnO4
End point -- colour change of KMnO4 from colourless to light pink. From the balanced ionic equation 1 mole KMnO4 is reacting with 5 mole of Oxalic
acid salt solution.
Procedure - . M KMnO4 x VKMnO4 = 2
A. Preparation of 250ml of M/50 solution of Oxalic acid – M Oxalic acid x V Oxalic acid 5

1. weigh 0.63g of Oxalic acid using a chemical balance and watch glass. M KMnO4 x 16.0 ml =2
2. dissolve weighed Oxalic acid in con H2SO4(5 ml) and 100 ml distilled water in a 0.05 x 20.0 5
beaker. Dissolve the salt and pour in into in 250 ml volumetric flask..Now fill the
volumetric flask with distilled water according to the required volume. M KMnO4 = 0.025 M
B. Titrating potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous part -A Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass
ammonium sulfate (Mohr’s salt) = 0.025 x 158u = 3.95 g/l
1. Wash the pipette and the burette with distilled water and then rinse burette Result – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.025 M Strength 3.95 g/l
with KMnO4 and pipette with Oxalic acid salt solution.
All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination EXPERIMENT NO 03 - IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – A
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ____________ Practical chemistry (043) Part A - Physical properties-
Session -20___-20___ M.M. 30 Time – 03:00 Hrs
A. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 04 a. Colour - colourless
Prepapre M/20 solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s). using this b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
solution find out the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution. c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
OR d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
Prepapre M/50 solution of OXALIC ACID. using this solution find out the molarity Part- B Chemical properties
and strength of given KMnO4 solution. S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
B. SALT ANALYSIS 04 1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
To detect one acid radical and one basic radical in given Inorganic Compound. organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution
C. CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT 02
2. Test for carboxylic group- add a No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
To identify the functional group present in given organic solution.
pinch of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent
D. PRACTICAL RECORD AND PROJECT VIVA 05
3 Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample on No change is Alcoholic or carboxyl
blue litmus and red llitmus observed group is absent

4. Test for phenol – to the given sample NO VOILET PPT Phenolic group absent
add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 soln obtained
CHECKLIST -CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
1.APRON WHITE COAT – Your safety first 5 Sodium metal test- drop a piece of Evolution of Alcoholic group – OH
dried sodium in the given sample . colourless gas confirm
2.FOLDER- To keep copy while exerimenting
3.STRIP FILE- for safety of practical copy of CBSE 6 Ceric ammonium nitrate test- Add Red PPT Alcoholic group – OH
the drops of ceric ammonium nitrate formation confirm
4.PEN PENCIL BOX solution to the given sample
5.PRACTICAL RECORD-SIGNED
7 Ester test- to the 1 ml of given Fruity smell Alcoholic group – OH
6.PROJECT FILE- SIGNED sample add 1 ml acetic acid and few confirm
7. OLD PRACTICAL RECORD – (if Taken) drops of Con. H2SO4 and heat on
water bath
8.LUNCH BOX -- To remain energised
9.SPOON Plastic - To use as spatulla
10 WASTE WIPING CLOTH- To wipe the table Result – The experimental observation shows the presence of Alcoholic group – OH .
Equations – ( write on white side of paper)
CAUTION – AVOID CUTTING IN THE WRITING MATTER.
a) C2H5OH + Na → C2H5ONa + ½ H2
DO NOT PANIC DURING PRACTICAL DURATION b)C2H5OH + (NH4)2Ce (NO3)6→ (C2H5OH)2Ce (NO3)4 + (NH4)2NO3
c) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O
EXPERIMENT NO 04 EXPERIMENT NO 05
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – C
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – B
Part A - Physical properties-
Part A - Physical properties- a) Colour – colourless
a) Colour – colourless/ pink b) Odour – typical foul odour – May be aldehyde
b) Odour – pleasant odour (may be phenol) c) Solubility in Water - soluble in water
c) Solubility in Water - soluble in water d) Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
d) Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl Part- B Chemical properties—
Part- B Chemical properties-
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is 1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution KMnO4 solution
2. Test for carboxylic group- add a pinch No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group 2. Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample on No change is Alcoholic or carboxyl
of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent blue litmus and red llitmus observed group is absent

3. Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample on No change is Alcoholic or carboxyl 3 Test for carboxylic group- add a pinch No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
blue litmus and red llitmus observed group is absent of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent
4. Test for phenol – to the given sample NO VOILET PPT Phenolic group
4. Test for phenol – to the given sample VOILET PPT Phenolic group add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 soln obtained absent.
add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 soln obtained confirm 5. Test for carbonyl group – Add 1 ml of Orange yellow Carbonyl group may
sample add 2-3 ml of 2,4 DNP (dinitro ppt formed be an aldehyde or
5. Azo dye test:-Compound + NaNO2 Orange red dye Phenolic group phenylhydrazine) ketone.
+ conc. HCl and add aniline
confirmed
6. Test for aldehyde group: Added 1ml Red ppt formed -CHO group
Fehling solution to given organic confirmed

compound & heated on water bath.

Result – The experimental observation shows the presence of Phenolic group Ar-OH 7. Added Tollen’s reagent to Silver mirror on -CHO group
confirmed organic compound and warm it in inside wall of confirmed
Equations – ( write on white side of paper) water bath the test tube
Result – The experimental observation shows the presence of aldehyde group -CHO
a) C6H5OH + FeCl3 → [(C6H5O) 6Fe]3- + 3HCl b)
confirmed.

Equations:-
EXPERIMENT NO - 06 EXPERIMENT NO - 07
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – D IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – E

Part A - Physical properties- Part A - Physical properties-

a) Colour – colourless a. Colour - colourless

b) Odour – Nail polish remover/ thinner like smell b. Odour – order of Vinegar – may be carboxylic acid
c) Solubility in Water - soluble in water c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d) Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl

Part- B Chemical properties Part- B Chemical properties

S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline 1 Unsaturation test- To the KMnO4 get Compound is
decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution given organic compound add decolourised saturated (-)
alkaline KMnO4 solution
2. Test for carboxylic group- add a pinch No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
2 Litmus Test – Put a drop of change is observed, Alcoholic or
of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent
sample on blue litmus and red carbonyl group
3 Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample on No change is Alcoholic or carboxyl llitmus blue litmus turn red may be present
blue litmus and red llitmus observed group is absent
4. Test for phenol – to the given sample NO VOILET PPT Phenolic group 3 Test for carboxylic group: Effervescence with
a.Sodium bi carbonate test: evolution of colour
add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 soln obtained absent.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to less and odourless Carboxylic group
small amount of Organic
5. Test for carbonyl group – Add 1 ml of Orange yellow Carbonyl group may gas which turns lime present
compound
sample add 2-3 ml of 2,4 DNP (dinitro ppt formed be an aldehyde or water milky
phenylhydrazine) ketone.
4 B.Ester test: Added ethanol Pleasant fruity smell Carboxylic group
to organic Compound and
6. Test for Ketonic group: Red colour Ketonic group present
then added 2-3 drops of conc.
Added 1 ml sodium nitroprusside appeared confirmed H2SO4 to it and warmed in
solution to given organic
water bath for few min
Compound & then added NaOH
solution dropwise
7. Add 1ml finely powdered m- Violet colour Ketonic group
dintrobenzene to given organic Result – The experimental observation shows the presence of Carboxylic group – OH
appeared confirmed
Compound & then added NaOH soln. .Equations:- a)CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3COO Na + H2O +CO2

Result – The experimental observation shows the presence of ketonic group > C=O b) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O.

( BY – HASIN AHMED Dekho seekho jano 9425761832)

confirmed.
Experiment No 08 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. Experiment No 09 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt.
A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
Solubility- soluble in water Solubility- soluble in water
Soluble in Dil. HCl Soluble in Dil. HCl
Dry Heating Test- Dry Heating Test-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in No redish brown gas NO3- absent 1 Heat a pinch of salt in dry No redish brown gas NO3- absent
dry test tube Sublimation occurs Halide may be present test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent

B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent 1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent Take a pinch of salt in No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent
a test tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) so32- absent a test tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) so32- absent
No reddish Brown gas make H2SO4 No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent
H2SO4 NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black FeSO4 solution black

2. Conc. H2SO4 test HCl gas (suffocating smell) Cl- may be 2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-(oxalate)
Take a pinch of salt in a Give white PPT with AgNO3 present Take a pinch of salt in a may be present
test tube add Conc (soluble in NH4OH) test tube add Conc
H2SO4 H2SO4
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST White PPT – soluble in NH4OH Cl- Confirm 3. CONFIRMATORY TEST White PPT C2O42-(oxalate)
a. To the salt solution a. To the salt solution Confirm
add conc HNO3 and add acetic acid and
AgNO3 solution calcium chloride
b. To the salt add MnO2
C2O42-(oxalate)
Cl2 gas evolves Cl- Confirm b. To the salt solution Pink colour of KMnO4 discharged Confirm
and Conc H2SO4 and
add Dil H2SO4 and warm
heat . add 2-3 drops of KMnO4
c. Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + Red vapours- add NaOH ( yellow solution
solution obtained) add acetic acid Cl- Confirm
Conc H2SO4 & heat
& lead acetate - Yellow PPT
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL 1. To the salt solution add Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be
1. To the salt solution add Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be NaOH solution and heat present
NaOH solution and heat present NH4+ may be
2. Bring a glass rod dipped White fumes appears
2. Bring a glass rod dipped White fumes appears NH4+ may be in Dil HCl over the test present
in Dil HCl over the test present
tube
tube 3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm
3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm
Result- The given salt has NH4+ is cation and C2O42- as anion radical
Result- The given salt is NH4 Cl in which NH4+ is cation and Cl- as anion radical By – Hasin Ahmed Dekho seekho jano 9425761832
Experiment No 10 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. Experiment No 11 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt.
A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
Odour- NO characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be absent Odour- characterstic pungent smell- CH3COO- may be present
Solubility- soluble in water Solubility- soluble in water
Soluble in Dil. HCl Soluble in Dil. HCl
Dry Heating Test- Dry Heating Test-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present 1 Heat a pinch of salt in No redish brown gas NO3- absent
dry test tube NO Sublimation occurs Halide may be absent dry test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
Crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be present No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be
absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent
No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) Take a pinch of salt in No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent
test tube add Dil H2SO4 so32- absent
No reddish Brown gas make a test tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) so32- absent
NO2- absent No reddish Brown gas make
FeSO4 solution black H2SO4 NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test NO2 gas (reddish brown)- NO3- may be
Take a pinch of salt in a 2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colorless vapours of vinegar CH3COO-
turn FeSO4 solution black present
test tube add Conc H2SO4 Take a pinch of salt in a smell (acetate)
test tube add Conc H2SO4 may be
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST Reddish brown gas NO3- Confirm
a. To the salt solution add present
conc H2SO4 and Cu chipps 3. CONFIRMATORY TEST Vinegar smell CH3COO-
then heat. a. To the solid salt add (acetate)
oxalic acid and 2-3 drops Confirm
b. To the salt solution add Dark brown ring NO3- Confirm of water- Rub with finger
FeSO4 soln and Conc CH3COO-
H2SO4 by the side of test b. ESTER TESST- To the Fruity smell of ester
salt solution add ethanol (acetate)
tube .
and Conc H2SO4 and heat Confirm
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add No Smell of ammonia Zero group NH4+ C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
NaOH solution and heat absent 1. To the salt solution add No Smell of ammonia Zero group
2. To the salt add dil HCl White PPT Pb++ may be present NaOH solution and heat NH4+ absent
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST 2. To the salt add dil HCl White PPT Pb++ may be
To the above solution Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm present
I.add KI soln (one part) 3. CONFIRMATORY TEST
ii. add K2CrO4 soln Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm To the above solution Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm

Result- The given salt is -

has Pb++ is cation and NO3 as anion radical I.add KI soln (one part)
ii. add K2CrO4 soln Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm
Result- The given salt is (CH3COO)2Pb in which Pb++ is cation and CH3COO- as anion radical
Experiment No 12 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. Experiment No 13 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt.
A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
Solubility- soluble in water
Solubility- soluble in water Soluble in Dil. HCl
Soluble in Dil. HCl
Dry Heating Test-
Dry Heating Test- S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in dry No redish brown gas NO3- absent
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
1 Heat a pinch of salt in Colourless odourless gas May be CO32-- present No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent
dry test tube which turns lime water milky
No Sublimation occurs Halide absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL 1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green)
test tube add Dil H2SO4 so32- absent
1. Dil H2SO4 test Effervesence of CO2, which CO32- may be No reddish Brown gas make FeSO4 NO2- absent
Take a pinch of salt in turns lime water milky present solution black
a test tube add Dil 2. Conc. H2SO4 test No Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-absent
Take a pinch of salt in a No smell of vinegar CH3COO- absent
H2SO4
test tube add Conc H2SO4 No colourless pungent smell gas Cl- absent
2. CONFIRMATORY TEST CO2 Gas evolved with brisk CO32- Confirm No brown colour gas of pungent smell Br- absent
a. To the salt solution effervescence No voilet vapour of pungent smell I- absent
add Dil HCl No reddish brown gas of pungent
smell
b. To the salt solution 3. Special group test White PPT SO42-(sulphate)
White PPT CO32- Confirm a. To the salt add dil HCl and
add MgSO4 solution. Confirm
filter. To the filtrate add BaCl2

C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

1. To the salt solution Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be 1. To the salt solution add No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent
NaOH solution and heat (group 0 absent)
add NaOH solution present
2. To the salt solution add Dil No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent
and heat HCl (group 1 absent)
2. Bring a glass rod White fumes appears NH4+ may be 3. Pass H2S gas to above No Black PPT formed or any PPT Cu++ , Pb++ absent
dipped in Dil HCl over present solution (group 2nd absent)
4. To the salt solution add White PPT formation Al+++ may be
the test tube solid NH4Cl , Con HNO3, present
3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm and NH4OH till smell of NH3
5 To the white PPT add dil HCl A white PPT (suspended in colourless Al+++ may be
few drops of Blue litmus + medium) called a lake, present
NH4OH soln in excess
Result- The given salt is NH4 (CO3)2 in which NH4+ is cation and CO32- as anion
Result- The given salt has Al2 (SO4)3 in which A+++ is cation and SO42- as anion radical
radical By – Hasin Ahmed Dekho seekho jano 9425761832
By – Hasin Ahmed Dekho seekho jano 9425761832
Experiment No 14 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. Experiment No 15 AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt.
A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
A.. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
COLOUR- WHITE AND CRYSTALLINE – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
Odour- characterstic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
Solubility- soluble in water , and in Dil HCl
Solubility- soluble in water , and in Dil HCl
Dry Heating Test-
Dry Heating Test-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in dry Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present
1 Heat a pinch of salt Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present
test tube NO Sublimation occurs Halide may be absent
in dry test tube NO Sublimation occurs Halide may be absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a test No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent 1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
tube add Dil H2SO4 No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) so32- absent Take a pinch of salt No rotten egg smell of H2S s2- absent
No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent in a test tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) so32- absent
FeSO4 solution black H2SO4 No reddish Brown gas make FeSO4 NO2- absent
Conc. H2SO4 test - Take a NO2 gas (reddish brown)- turn NO3- may be present solution black
2.
pinch of salt in a test tube FeSO4 solution black 2. Conc. H2SO4 test No Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-absent
add Conc H2SO4 Take a pinch of salt in a No smell of vinegar CH3COO- absent
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST test tube add Conc No colourless pungent smell gas Cl- absent
a. To the salt solution add conc Reddish brown gas NO3- Confirm H2SO4 No brown colour gas of pungent smell Br- absent
H2SO4 and Cu chipps then heat. No voilet vapour of pungent smell I- absent
No reddish brown gas of pungent smell
b. To the salt solution add FeSO4
soln and Conc H2SO4 by the side
Dark brown ring NO3- Confirm
3. Special group test
a. To the salt add dil HCl and
White PPT obtained
SO42- (sulphate)
of test tube . Confirm
filter. To the filtrate add BaCl2
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
To the salt solution add No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1.
(group 0 absent) 1. To the salt solution add No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent
NaOH solution and heat
NaOH solution and heat (group 0 absent)
2. To the salt solution add Dil No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent
(group 1 absent) 2. To the salt solution add Dil No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent
HCl
HCl (group 1 absent)
3. Pass H2S gas to above No Black PPT formed or any PPT Cu++ , Pb++ etc absent
solution (group 2nd absent) 3. Pass H2S gas to above No Black PPT formed or any PPT Cu++ , Pb++ etc absent
solution (group 2nd absent)
4. To the salt solution add No change is observed (group 3nd absent)
Al+++, Fe+++ absent 4. To the salt solution add No change is observed (group 3nd absent)
NH4Cl and NH4OH in excess
NH4Cl and NH4OH in excess Al+++, Fe+++ absent
5 Pass the H2S gas to above soln No change is observed (group 4th absent)
Zn++, NI++ Co++ absent 5 Pass the H2S gas to above soln No change is observed (group 4th absent)
(group 5th present) Zn++, NI++ Co++ absent
6 To the salt solution add solid White PPT formation
Ba++, Sr++ Ca++ may be 6 To the salt solution add solid White PPT formation (group 5th present)
NH4Cl , NH4OH , (NH4)CO3
NH4Cl , NH4OH , (NH4)CO3 Ba++, Sr++ Ca++ may be
7 Dissolve the white PPT in
CH3COOH and divide it into 2 parts 7 Dissolve the white PPT in
PART – A + K2CrO4 soln NO change or No PPT formed Ba++ absent CH3COOH and divide it into 2 parts
8
PART – B + (NH4)2SO4 solution White PPT obtained Sr ++ confirmed 8 PART – A + K2CrO4 soln YELLOW PPT formed Ba++ CONFIRMED
9
10 Performed Flame test Crimson red flame Sr ++ confirmed 9 Performed Flame test grassy green flame Ba ++ confirmed
Result- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Sr++ is cation and NO3- as anion radical Result- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Ba is cation and SO42- as anion radical
++

By – Hasin Ahmed Dekho seekho jano 9425761832 By – Hasin Ahmed Dekho seekho jano 9425761832
EXPERIMENT 16 EXPERIMENT 17
AIM – Preparation of lyophilic sol of starch.

Aim: The aim of this experiment – to prepare ferric hydroxide sol.

Theory: When water is used as a dispersion medium, starch has the ability to form sol.
This formation is enhanced with the help of heating. To prepare sol the mixture of water Theory:
and starch is heated to about 100° C.
Ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) has the ability to form a lyophobic sol. Sulphides or metal
hydroxides which colloidal solution, when treated with water, are termed as lyophobic
Materials required: colloids. Fe(OH)3 sol is obtained by hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled
water. The reaction is as follows:
1. Tripod stand FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) --------------Fe(OH)3(s) +3HCl(aq)
2. Beaker of about 50 to 250 mL
3. Funnel The hydrochloric acid formed during the hydrolysis destabilizes the ferric hydroxide sol
4. Distilled water and therefore must be removed through the process of dialysis.
5.
6.
Wire gauze
Glass rod
Materials required:
7. Pestle and mortar The apparatus and materials required for this experiment are as follows:
8. Burner
9. Filter paper 1. Glass rod
10. 500 mg starch
2. Round bottom flask
3. Boiling tube
Procedure: 4. Conical flask of 250 mL volume
5. Tripod stand
6. Funnel
1. Take a mortar and add 500 mg of starch to it.
2. Pour a few drops of distilled water and pestle the starch into a thin paste. 7. Beaker of 250 mL volume
3. Transfer the grinded paste to a 50 ml beaker. 8. Burette
4. Take a 250 mL beaker and pour 100 mL of distilled water to it and heat the water 9. Wire gauze
to boiling. 10. Dropper
5. Slowly pour the paste into the boiling water and constantly keep stirring with the 11. Burner
help of glass rod. 12. Wire gauze
6. Let it boil for 10 minutes after you have transferred all the paste into the beaker. 13. Iron stand with clamp
7. Allow it to cool. 14. Boiling tube
8. With the help of a filter paper attached to a funnel you can filter out the contents. 15. Distilled water
9. Label the filtrate as starch sol. 16. Solution of ferric chloride

Precautions to be taken during the experiment: Procedure:

 The apparatus used for the experiment should be washed with distilled water and 1. Take a conical flask of volume 250 mL and steam clean it.
dried before conducting the experiment. 2. To clean the conical flask by steaming out process take the help of the figure given
 Use of distilled water to prepare starch sol. below.
 Make sure to convert starch into a smooth paste before adding to the boiling 3. 3. Prepare 2% solution of ferric chloride by taking 2 g of pure ferric chloride in
water beaker. 100mL of distilled water.
 Keep constantly stirring the mixture while preparing starch sol.
Experimental Setup:

4. Take the conical flask cleaned by steaming out process and add 100mL of distilled
water.
5. Boil the water on a wire gauze.
6. Drop by drop pour 10 mL of ferric chloride solution with the help of a dropper or
burette.
7. Constantly keep stirring the boiling water mixture while adding ferric chloride
solution.
8. Heat the conical flask containing a mixture of distilled water and ferric chloride
solution until you see a brown or deep red coloured ferric hydroxide solution.
9. Allow the mixture in the conical flask to settle at room temperature.
10. Label the flask containing mixture as ferric hydroxide sol.
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
 Fe(OH)3 sol gets affected due to the presence of impurities. Therefore, to avoid
this conical flask is cleaned by steaming out process.
 The FeCl3 solution is added drop wise.
 Heat the mixture of distilled water and ferric chloride solution until brown or
deep red colour is obtained.
 The hydrochloric acid (HCl) formed is removed by the process of dialysis to
avoid destabilization of sol.