OPERATING SYSTEM

What is Operating System

 Operating system (OS) is a software that acts as
an interface between the computer and the
user.This is called system software.
 Operating system is a set of instructions which
are stored in the storage device.And it is a group
of programs that manage the resources and
operations of the computer.
 The OS manages all the operations of the
computer.
 There are two categories of operating system :-
◦ Character user interface (CUI)
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Categories of Operating System
 Character user interface (CUI)
 CUI is not user-friendly and commands always
have to be typed to run this OS.
 Eg:- DOS is a CUI operating system.
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 The GUI operating system is user-friendly and
commands do not have to be given to run this
operating system, but the program that has to be
opened has to be clicked with the mouse.
 For example:- Windows is a GUI operating
system.
 The function of OS is to run other
programs and applications and it acts like
a bridge between the hardware and
software of the computer.
 A computer without OS is useless.
 Many programs run at the same time in
multitask operating system.And the
operating system determines which
program will run when and for how long.
Examples of operating systems
 Different operating systems are used for
different tasks. Here I have shared the
operating system list, which most people
like to use.
 Microsoft Windows
 Google’s Android OS
 Apple iOS
 Apple macOS
 Linux Operating System
Operating System Functions
 Although the computer does a lot of
work, but first of all when you turn on the
computer, then the operating system is
first loaded into the main memory means
RAM and after that, it allocates all the
hardware from which user software is
needed. Below are the different functions
of the OS, know more about them in
detail.
1. Memory Management
 Memory Management means to manage primary
and secondary memory. Operating System does
all these things.
 What part of Main Memory will be used, which
will not, how much will be there, how much will
not be.
 In multiprocessing, the OS decides which process
will be given memory and to whom how much
will be given.
 When the process asks for memory, it gives it to
the as per need.
 When the process finishes its work, the OS takes
back its memory.
2. Processor Management
(Process Scheduling)
 When it comes to multi programming environment, the OS
decides which process will get the processor and who will
not get it and for how long.
 This process is called Process Scheduling. Operating System
does all this work.
 Operating System also sees that the processor is empty or is
doing some work, or is free and the process has finished its
work or not. If you want, you can see in Task Manager how
many tasks are going on and how many are not.The program
that does all this work, its name is Traffic Controller.
 The CPU allocates the process.
 When the work of one process is over, then it engages the
processor in other work, and frees the processor when
nothing is working.
3. Device Management
 Drivers are used in your computer, you must know that such
as Sound Driver, Bluetooth Driver, Graphics Driver, WiFi
Driver but they help to run different Input / Output Device,
but these Drivers OS runs.
 So let's see what else this OS does.
 Tracks all computer devices and the name of the program
that does this task is I/O Controller.
 Just like different processes need devices to perform some
task, so the OS also does the work of device allocate. Let's
take an example, if a process has to do some task like playing
video, not taking out print, then both these tasks will be
done with the help of output device monitor, printer. So
when both these devices have to be given to the process, the
OS does this work.
 When the work of the process is over, then it dealslocate the
device back.
4. File Management
 A lot of directories are kept organized in
one file. Because with this we can easily
find the data. So let's know what is the
work of OS in File Management.
 Keeps information, location and status
organized.All this sees the file system.
 Who will get which resource?
 Resource De-allocate is to be done.
5. Security
 When you turn on your computer, it asks
you for that password, this means that the
OS prevents your system from
unauthenticated access.
 This keeps your computer safe.And you
cannot open some programs without a
password.
6.View System Performance
 It sees the performance of the computer
and improves the system.The OS keeps
records of how long it takes to deliver a
service.
7. Reporting Error
 If a lot of errors are coming in the system,
then the OS detects them and recovers
them.
8. Reliability (reliable): - It is very
reliable because any virus and harmful
codes can be detected in it.
Advantage of operating system
 It can be used easily because it has a graphical user
interface.And new users can easily run the computer
through this.
 Through this we can share one data with many users.
 Through this we can share resources like: - Printer.
 They can be updated easily.
 It is secure like: - Windows has a windows defender
which detects any kind of harmful files and removes
them.
 Through this we can install any game or software and
run them.
 Some operating systems (eg:- LINUX) are open
source, we can run them on our computer for free.
Disadvantages of an Operating
system
 Expensive There are some open-source platforms like Linux. But
some operating systems are expensive. Also, users can use free
operating systems but generally, there is a bit difficulty to run them
than others. On the other hand, operating systems like Microsoft
Windows having GUI functionality and other in-built features are
very expensive.
 Virus Threat Operating Systems are open to virus attacks and
sometimes it happens that many users download the malicious
software packages on their system which pauses the functioning of
the Operating system and also slows it down.
 Complexity Some operating systems are complex in nature
because the language used to establish them is not clear and well
defined. If there occurs an issue in the operating system then the
user becomes unable to resolve that issue.
 System Failure An operating system is the heart of the computer
system if due to any reason it will stop functioning then the whole
system will crashes.
Types of Operating Systems
 Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Real-OS
 Mobile OS
Batch OS
 Batch OS is the first operating system for second-generation computers.
This OS does not directly interact with the computer. Instead, an operator
takes up similar jobs and groups them together into a batch, and then
these batches are executed one by one based on the first-come, first, serve
principle.
 Advantages of Batch OS
 Execution time taken for similar jobs is higher.
 Multiple users can share batch systems.
 Managing large works becomes easy in batch systems.
 The idle time for a single batch is very less.
 Disadvantages of OS
 It is hard to debug batch systems.
 If a job fails, then the other jobs have to wait for an unknown time till the
issue is resolved.
 Batch systems are sometimes costly.
 Examples of Batch OS: payroll system, bank statements, data entry, etc.
Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 A distributed operating system is a recent advancement
in the field of computer technology and is utilized all over
the world that too with great pace.
 In a distributed OS, various computers are connected
through a single communication channel.
 These independent computers have their memory unit
and CPU and are known as loosely coupled systems.
 The system processes can be of different sizes and can
perform different functions.
 The major benefit of such a type of operating system is
that a user can access files that are not present on his
system but another connected system.
 In addition, remote access is available to the systems
connected to this network.
 Advantages of Distributed OS
 Failure of one system will not affect the other systems because all
the computers are independent of each other.
 The load on the host system is reduced.
 The size of the network is easily scalable as many computers can
be added to the network.
 As the workload and resources are shared therefore the
calculations are performed at a higher speed.
 Data exchange speed is increased with the help of electronic mail.

 Disadvantages of Distributed OS
 The setup cost is high.
 Software used for such systems is highly complex.
 Failure of the main network will lead to the failure of the whole
system.

 Examples of Distributed OS: LOCUS, etc.

Distributed OS
Multitasking OS
 The multitasking OS is also known as the time-sharing operating system as
each task is given some time so that all the tasks work efficiently. This
system provides access to a large number of users, and each user gets the
time of CPU as they get in a single system. The tasks performed are given
by a single user or by different users. The time allotted to execute one task
is called a quantum, and as soon as the time to execute one task is
completed, the system switches over to another task.
 Advantages of Multitasking OS
 Each task gets equal time for execution.
 The idle time for the CPU will be the lowest.
 There are very few chances for the duplication of the software.
 Disadvantages of Multitasking OS
 Processes with higher priority cannot be executed first as equal priority is
given to each process or task.
 Various user data is needed to be taken care of from unauthorized access.
 Sometimes there is a data communication problem.
 Examples of Multitasking OS: UNIX, etc.
Network OS
 Network operating systems are the systems that run on a server and
manage all the networking functions. They allow sharing of various files,
applications, printers, security, and other networking functions over a small
network of computers like LAN or any other private network. In the
network OS, all the users are aware of the configurations of every other
user within the network, which is why network operating systems are also
known as tightly coupled systems.
 Advantages of Network OS
 New technologies and hardware can easily upgrade the systems.
 Security of the system is managed over servers.
 Servers can be accessed remotely from different locations and systems.
 The centralized servers are stable.
 Disadvantages of Network OS
 Server costs are high.
 Regular updates and maintenance are required.
 Users are dependent on the central location for the maximum number of
operations.
 Examples of Network OS: Microsoft Windows server 2008, LINUX,
etc.
Real-Time OS
 Real-Time operating systems serve real-time systems. These
operating systems are useful where many events occur in a short
time or certain deadlines, such as real-time simulations.
 Types of the real-time operating system are:
 Hard real-time OS
 The hard real-time OS is the operating system for mainly the
applications in which the slightest delay is also unacceptable. The
time constraints of such applications are very strict. Such systems
are built for life-saving equipment like parachutes and airbags, which
immediately need to be in action if an accident happens.
 Soft real-time OS
 The soft real-time OS is the operating system for applications
where time constraint is not very strict.
 In a soft real-time system, an important task is prioritized over less
important tasks, and this priority remains active until the
completion of the task. Furthermore, a time limit is always set for a
specific job, enabling short time delays for future tasks, which is
acceptable. For Example, virtual reality, reservation systems, etc.
 Advantages of Real-Time OS
 It provides more output from all the resources as there is
maximum utilization of systems.
 It provides the best management of memory allocation.
 These systems are always error-free.
 These operating systems focus more on running applications than
those in the queue.
 Shifting from one task to another takes very little time.
 Disadvantages of Real-Time OS
 System resources are extremely expensive and are not so good.
 The algorithms used are very complex.
 Only limited tasks can run at a single time.
 In such systems, we cannot set thread priority as these systems
cannot switch tasks easily.

 Examples of Real-Time OS: Medical imaging systems, robots,

etc.
Mobile OS
 A mobile OS is an operating system for smartphones,
tablets, and PDA’s. It is a platform on which other
applications can run on mobile devices.
 Advantages of Mobile OS
 It provides an ease to users.
 Disadvantages of Mobile OS
 Some of the mobile operating systems give poor
battery quality to users.
 Some of the mobile operating systems are not user-
friendly.
 Examples of the Mobile OS: Android OS, ios,
Symbian OS, and Windows mobile OS.