Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course CPE18 – Digital Signal Processing
Sem/AY Second Semester/2022-2023
Module No. 1
Lesson Title History and overview of Digital Signal Processing
Week
Week 2-3
Duration
Date August 30 – September 10, 2022
Description
of the In this lesson the students will learn about history and concepts of signals, systems,
Lesson and signal processing. This module will also tackle the different classes of signal and
systems and application of Digital Signal Processing.

Learning Outcomes
Intended
Learning Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Outcomes  Learn the history and concepts of DCP
 Learn about the different classes of signals, based on their mathematical and
physical representations.
 Explain the concept of continuous-time and discrete-time signals and the
systems required for their processing; continuous-time systems, discrete-time
systems, and interface systems between these classes of signal.
 Learn to recognize the differences between analog and digital signal processing
and explain the key advantages of digital over analog processing.
 Learn the application of Digital Signal Processing
Targets/
Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
 Know the history and concepts of DCP.
 Able to identify the different classes of signals, based on their mathematical and
physical representations.
 Familiarize with the concept of continuous-time and discrete-time signals and
the systems required for their processing; continuous-time systems, discrete-
time systems, and interface systems between these classes of signal
 Recognize the differences between analog and digital signal processing and

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
explain the key advantages of digital over analog processing.
 Able to identify the application of Digital Signal Processing

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities
(Synchronous/ A. Online Discussion via Google Meet/Zoom
You will be directed to attend in a Two-Hour class discussion on the
Asynchronous) History and overview of Digital Signal Processing. To have access to the
Online Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on _____________, from ______________.

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is history and concepts of Digital Signal Processing (DSP)?
2. What are the different classes of signals, based on their mathematical
and physical representations?
3. What is the concept of continuous-time and discrete-time signals and
the systems required for their processing and interface systems
between these classes of signal?
4. What are differences between analog and digital signal processing and
explain the key advantages of digital over analog processing?
5. What are the applications of DCP?

Lecture Guide

History of Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Electrical signals are everywhere, since they are used in communications, in

entertainment devices, in measuring instruments, in imaging devices, in control
Offline Activities systems, and in computers. Such signals are of two types: analog, where the
(e-Learning/Self- signals are carried by continuously varying quantities, and digital, where the
signals are restricted to a finite set of discrete values (often just two,
Paced)
symbolized by 0 and 1). The traditional telephone uses analog signals, since
the continuously varying pressure associated with sound waves is converted
into continuously varying voltages of an electrical signal. Computers, by
contrast, usually deal with so-called binary signals, sequences of zeros and
ones.
A historical trend of the last half-century is the replacement of analog signals
by digital signals. For example, music was always recorded and transmitted in
analog form until the 1980s when the CD player made digital recording of

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
music common. When a CD is made in the studio, the music is first converted
into an electrical analog signal by a microphone, but then the electrical signal is
converted into a sequence of zeros and ones by sampling (measuring the
intensity of the sound at specific points in time, many thousands of times a
second) and quantizing (assigning each intensity to one of a finite number of
intensity levels). It is this sequence of zeros and ones that is etched into the
spiral track of the CD.
There are two very important advantages to digital signals. First, digital
signals can be reproduced exactly. Second, digital signals can be
manipulated easily. Since the signal is just a sequence of zeros and ones, and
since a computer can do anything specifiable to such a sequence, you can do a
great many things with digital signals. And what you are doing is called digital
signal processing.
So what is it you might do with the signals? One thing you can do is filter out
unwanted parts of the signal, such as noise. Another thing you can do is
combine several signals into one; this is called multiplexing. Yet another thing
you can do is build in error detection and error correction; you make the signal
longer in such a way that any distortion of the signal during transmission or
recording can be detected and corrected. You can also compress the signal, so
that it can be transmitted more rapidly. Another thing you can do is enhance
certain parts of a signal to make it easier to use. For example, the drought-
affected regions of a continent can be given a different color in a satellite image.
All these things—and many more—are digital signal processing. It was in the
1960s that a discipline of digital signal processing began to form. At that time
digital signals were becoming more common, and advances in microelectronics
(the ability to build extremely complex circuits in a very small space) made it
possible to carry out some of the tasks mentioned above. Today digital signal
processing is a major branch of engineering.

In the early 1970s, scientists were beginning to use off-the-shelf TTL discrete
logic chips to implement specialized signal-processing "engines." The early
systems were relatively slow and consumed a lot of space; 2G ICs began to use
bit-slice logic. But at several hundred dollars just for the multiplier chip, the
only customers that could afford such a product were research laboratories,
medical scanning equipment makers and the military.
In 1978, American Microsystems Inc. (AMI) announced the first single-chip IC
designed specifically for DSP--the 12bit S2811. Although based on a truly
innovative circuit design, the chip was implemented in a radical "V-groove"
MOS technology, and never yielded volume commercial products.
The following year (1979), Intel Corp. introduced Intel 2920 "analog signal
processor" chip. The 16bit chip was called so because it was designed as a
"drop-in" analog circuit replacement, complete with on-board A/D and D/A
converters. After all, it processed analog signals digitally.
The first "true" single-chip DSP - which Forward Concepts defines as having

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
parallel multiplier-accumulator (MAC) circuits - was made public in early 1980
by Bell Labs (DSP-1) and NEC (?PD7720). The AT&T chip was for captive use
within AT&T/Western Electric equipment, so the NEC chip was the first true
single-chip DSP offered to the merchant market.
In 1980, TI's Ed Cordell of Texas Instruments designed the initial architecture
of what was to become the firm's first DSP chip. Cordell was earlier involved in
designing TI's popular TMS1000 8-bit microcontroller. Surendar Magar was
hired in the same year to optimize the architecture around DSP algorithms. The
resulting design was introduced to the world in February 1982 through
Magar's classic International Solid State Circuits Conference paper. The final
product, TMS32010, was announced by Cordell in April 1982 at the Paris
France International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing.
Today, this technology is continuously transforming our lives in many ways,
and the programmable DSP is the most visible of a pantheon of DSP-centric
chips. DSP, as a technology, has now become the primary growth driver for the
entire semiconductor market.

Introduction to Signal Processing

Signal processing is a discipline concerned with the acquisition, representation,

manipulation, and transformation of signals required in a wide range of
practical applications. In this module we introduce the concepts of signals,
systems, and signal processing. We first discuss different classes of signals,
based on their mathematical and physical representations. Then, we focus on
continuous-time and discrete-time signals and the systems required for their
processing: continuous-time systems, discrete-time systems, and interface
systems between these classes of signal. We continue with a discussion of
analog signal processing, digital signal processing.

Signals

Signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies as a function of time,

space, or any other variable or variables. Signals convey information in their
patterns of variation. The manipulation of this information involves the
acquisition, storage, transmission, and transformation of signals.

There are many signals that could be used as examples in this section. The
speech signal, shown as a time waveform in figure below, represents the
variations of acoustic pressure converted into an electric signal by a
microphone. We note that different sounds correspond to different patterns of
temporal pressure variation.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

This is the magnetic tape system, used for recording and playback of sounds
such as speech or music, shown in Figure 1.2(a).

(a)
• Sound waves are picked up by a microphone and converted to a small analog
voltage called the audio signal.
• The audio signal, which varies continuously to “mimic” the volume and
frequency of the sound waves, is amplified and then converted to a magnetic
field by the recording head.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
• As the magnetic tape moves under the head, the intensity of the magnetic
field is recorded (“stored”) on the tape.
• As the magnetic tape moves under the read head, the magnetic field on the
tape is converted to an electrical signal, which is applied to a linear amplifier.
• The output of the amplifier goes to the speaker, which changes the amplified
audio signal back to sound waves. The volume of the reproduced sound waves
is controlled by the amplifier

(b)
• The sound waves are converted to an electrical audio signal by the
microphone. The audio signal is amplified to a usable level and is applied to an
analog-to-digital converter.
• The amplified audio signal is converted into a series of numbers by the
analog-to-digital converter.
• The numbers representing the audio signal can be stored or manipulated by
software to enhance quality, reduce storage space, or add special effects.
• The digital data are converted into an analog electrical signal; this signal is
then amplified and sent to the speaker to produce sound waves

The major limitation in the quality of the analog tape recorder is imposed by
the recording medium, that is, the magnetic tape. As the magnetic tape
stretches and shrinks or the speed of the motor driving the tape changes, we
have distortions caused by variations in the time scale of the audio signal. Also,
random changes in the strength of the magnetic field lead to amplitude
distortions of the audio signal. The quality of the recording deteriorates with
each additional playback or generation of a copy. In contrast, the quality of the
digital audio is determined by the accuracy of numbers produced by the
analog-to-digital conversion process. Once the audio signal is converted into
digital form, it is possible to achieve error free storage, transmission, and
reproduction.

Based on the type of input and output signal, there are three classes of
practical system: analog systems, digital systems, and analog-digital interface
systems. From a hardware point of view, A/D and D/A converters are interface
systems that link the analog (physical) world to the domain of discrete
numbers and computers. Quantization of analog quantities is a nonlinear
operation which complicates the analysis and design of digital signal
processing systems. The usual practice, which we adopt in this book, is to
deliberately ignore the effects of quantization.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Mathematical representation of signals

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

To simplify the analysis and design of signal processing systems it is almost

always necessary to represent signals by mathematical functions of one or
more independent variables. For example, the speech signal in Figure 1.1 can
be represented mathematically by a function s(t) that shows the variation of
acoustic pressure as a function of time. In contrast, the monochromatic picture
in Figure 1.3 is an example of a signal that carries information encoded in the
spatial patterns of brightness variation. Therefore, it can be represented by a
function f(x, y) describing the brightness as a function of two spatial variables x
and y. However, if we take the values of brightness along a horizontal or
vertical line, we obtain a signal involving a single independent variable x or y,
respectively. In this book, we focus our attention on signals with a single
independent variable. For convenience, we refer to the dependent variable as
amplitude and the independent variable as time. However, it is relatively
straightforward to adjust the notation and the vocabulary to accommodate
signals that are functions of other independent variables.

Signals can be classified into different categories depending on the values

taken by the amplitude (dependent) and time (independent) variables.
Two natural categories, that are the subject of this module, are continuous-
time signals and discrete-time signals.

The speech signal an example of a continuous-time signal because its value

s(t) is defined for every value of time t. In mathematical terms, we say that s(t)
is a function of a continuous independent variable. The amplitude of a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
continuous-time signal may take any value from a continuous range of real
numbers. Continuous-time signals are also known as analog signals because
their amplitude is “analogous” (that is, proportional) to the physical quantity
they represent.

Discrete-time signals are defined only at discrete times, that is, at a discrete
set of values of the independent variable. Most signals of practical interest arise
as continuous-time signals. However, the use of digital signal processing
technology requires a discrete-time signal representation. This is usually done
by sampling a continuous-time signal at isolated, equally spaced points in time.

Systems
In Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, a system is broadly defined as a “regularly
interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole.” In the
context of signal processing, a system is defined as a process where a signal
called input is transformed into another signal called output. Systems are
classified based on the category of input and output signals.

Continuous-time systems are physically implemented using analog electronic

circuits, like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and operational amplifiers. The
physical implementation of a continuous-time system is known as an analog
system. Some common analog systems are audio amplifiers, AM/FM receivers,
and magnetic tape recording and playback system.

Discrete-time systems A system that transforms a discrete-time input signal

x[n] into a discrete-time output signal y[n], is called a discrete-time system.
The physical implementation of discrete-time systems can be done either in
software or hardware. In both cases, the underlying physical systems consist of
digital electronic circuits designed to manipulate logical information or
physical quantities represented in digital form by binary electronic signals.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Numerical quantities represented in digital form can take on only discrete
values, or equivalently are described with finite precision. Therefore, in
practice every discrete-time system has to be implemented by a digital system.
The term digital is derived from the way computers perform operations, by
counting digits.

Interface systems An analog system contains devices that manipulate physical

quantities that are represented in analog form. In an analog system, the
amplitude of signals can vary over a continuous range of values. In contrast, a
digital system is a combination of devices designed to manipulate physical
quantities that are represented in digital form using logical operations.
Therefore, there is a need for systems that provide the interface between
analog and digital signals.

The different types of System

Signal processing is a discipline concerned with the acquisition, representation,

manipulation, and transformation of signals. Signal processing involves the
physical realization of mathematical operations and it is essential for a
tremendous number of practical applications. Some key objectives of signal
processing are to improve the quality of a signal or extract useful information
from a signal, to separate previously combined signals, and to prepare signals
for storage and transmission.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. Analog signal processing - Since most physical quantities are nonelectric,

they should first be converted into an electric signal to allow electronic
processing. Analog Signal Processing (ASP) is concerned with the conversion of
analog signals into electrical signals by special transducers or sensors and their
processing by analog electrical and electronic circuits. The output of the sensor
requires some form of conditioning, usually amplification, before it can be
processed by the analog signal processor

2. Digital signal processing The rapid evolution of digital computing

technology which started in the 1960s, marked the transition from analog to
digital signal processing. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is concerned with the
representation of analog signals by sequences of numbers, the processing of
these sequences by numerical computation techniques, and the conversion of
such sequences into analog signals. Digital signal processing has evolved
through parallel advances in signal processing theory and the technology that
allows its practical application. In theory, where we concentrate on the
essential mathematical aspects of signal processing, we deal with ideal (infinite
precision) discrete-time signal processing systems, and ideal A/D and D/A
converters. A typical system for discrete-time processing of continuous-time
signals is shown below.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. A sensor that converts the physical quantity to an electrical variable.

The output of the sensor is subject to some form of conditioning, usually
amplification, so that the voltage of the signal is within the voltage
sensitivity range of the converter.
2. A analog filter (known as pre-filter or antialiasing filter) used to
“smooth” the input signal before sampling to avoid a serious sampling
artifact known as aliasing distortion.
3. A A/D converter that converts the analog signal to a digital signal. After
the samples of a discrete-time signal have been stored in memory, time-
scale information is lost. The sampling rate and the number of bits used
by the ADC determine the accuracy of the system.
4. A digital signal processor (DSP) that executes the signal processing
algorithms. The DSP is a computer chip that is similar in many ways to
the microprocessor used in personal computers. A DSP is, however,
designed to perform certain numerical computations extremely fast.
Discrete-time systems can be implemented in real-time or off-line, but
ADC and DAC always operate in real-time. Real-time means completing
the processing within the allowable or available time between samples.
5. A D/A converter that converts the digital signal to an analog signal. The
DAC, which reintroduces the lost time-scale information, is usually
followed by a sample-and-hold circuit. Usually, the A/D and D/A
converters operate at the same sampling rate.
6. 6. An analog filter (known as reconstruction or anti-imaging filter) used
to smooth the staircase output of the DAC to provide a more faithful

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
analog reproduction of the digital signal.

Application of digital signal processing to the solution of real-world problems

requires more than knowledge of signal processing theory. Knowledge of
hardware, including computers or digital signal processors, programming in C
or MATLAB, A/D and D/A converters, analog filters, and sensor technology are
also very important.

3. Mixed-signal processing The term mixed-signal processing is sometimes

used to describe a system which includes both analog and digital signal
processing parts. Although, strictly speaking, the system in figure above is a
mixed-processing system, we often use this term to emphasize that both analog
and digital components are implemented on the same integrated circuit. Once
we have decided to use DSP techniques, the critical question is how close to the
sensor to put the ADC. Given the existing technology trends, the objective is to
move the ADC closer to the sensor, and replace as many analog operations
before the ADC with digital operations after the ADC. Indeed, with the
development of faster and less expensive A/D converters, more and more of
the analog front end of radar and communication systems is replaced by digital
signal processing, by moving the ADC closer to the antenna.

Applications of Digital Signal Processing

Digital signal processing has an extremely diverse range of applications, from

consumer electronics to radar systems. A look at the list in below, which is by
no means complete, shows the importance of digital signal processing
technology in real-world applications. In terms of computational requirements,
digital signal processing applications can be classified in three major classes:
(a) low-cost high-volume embedded systems, for example, modems and
cellular phones, (b) computer-based multimedia, for example, modems, audio
and video compression and decompression, and music synthesis, and (c) high-
performance applications involving processing large volumes of data with
complex algorithms, for example, radar, sonar, seismic imaging, hyperpectral
imaging, and speech recognition. The first two classes rely on inexpensive
digital signal processors, whereas the third class requires processors with
maximum performance, ease of use, user-friendly software development tools,
and support for multiprocessor configurations.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks
PT 1
Directions:
A. Laboratory: Download and install MatLab.

B. Assignment 1 for Module 1

Understanding Directed Assess

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
As per standard grading system, we’ll be using base-50 for our grading system, the student shall attain at least 50%
of the total items to have a passing mark in every engaging activities and performance tasks

Learning Resources
Manolakis, Dimitris G. Applied digital signal processing : theory and practice / Dimitris G. Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingle. p.
2011
https://ethw.org/Digital_Signal_Processing
https://archive.eetasia.com/www.eetasia.com/ART_8800310261_499489_NT_a653224d.HTM

CONTACT INFORMATION

I am your Faculty-in-Charge. There is more information about me in our course website in LMS. You
may reach me at:

Name of Faculty: Engr. Jennedes Rosaliza M. Estay

Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: jennede.estay@lspu.edu.ph
Mobile: 09175964279

Technical support contact information:

Program Coordinator (ECE): Engr. Rachael Alimbuyog
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: rachael.alimbuyog@lspu.edu.ph
Mobile: 09175708356

Student support contact information (Dean’s Office):

Dean/Associate Dean: Engr. Paul Enrico Puyo
College: College of Engineering
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: paulenrico.puyo@lspu.edu.ph
Mobile: 09283590148

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
(CPE18)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing