CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which were used by the

researchers as an outline of the study to conceptualize this project and provide guidance to the

researcher for better understanding.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Use of E-mobile Technology in Building Risk and Disaster Management Systems

In the study conducted by Mtumbuka et al. (2021) The researchers developed a

responsive application for managing disaster operations such as floods, droughts, and pandemics,

such as COVID-19. The Chancellor College within the Fibonacci Research Group participated

by three-member team of young researchers from the University of Malawi, in the symposium

and designed operations research (O.R.)-based solution to challenges faced by DoDMA in

managing disaster strike effects in Malawi. The e-mobile-based emergency response system

(prototype) provides an opportunity for the rapid response team to reach out to the large

masses of people through its capability to run on any Android-based mobile device. Such a

model supports the required community’s capacity over management of disaster strikes and

their impacts in Malawi. The model is built on the principles of vehicle routing problems

(VRPs), disaster-prone rural areas with planted satellite towers that can communicate real-time

road status using GPS devices mounted on emergency vehicles.

Smartphone-based Self Rescue System for Disaster Rescue

According to Zhou (2018) the researcher stated that the increasing proliferation of

powerful wireless devices, like smartphones, they can be assumed to be abundantly available

among the disaster victims and can act as valuable resources to coordinate disaster rescue

operations. The researcher developed a smartphone-based self-rescue, and RescueMe is another

name for it. to assist with disaster rescue and relief operations. The main idea of RescueMe is to

set up a set of smartphones carried by survivors trapped or buried under collapsed forms of

infrastructure in a one-hop network and send distress signals in an energy-efficient manner to

nearby rescue crew to assist in rescue operations.

Developing an Agent-Based Simulation Model of the Use of Different Communication

Technologies in Inter-Organizational Disaster Response Coordination

According to Arros and Gibbons (2018) The researchers focused on communications

between a variety of institutions that coordinate fast catastrophe disaster responses. The

researchers built an agent-based simulation model of inter-organizational communications

happening via their Web-based Emergency Operations Center, email, phone calls, and face-to-

face conversations as support requests were addressed and fulfilled within the context of FEMA's

National Response Coordination Center. FEMA documents, observations, interviews, and

exercise data were used to create the model. The researchers outlined the model building process

and provided specifics about our simulation model in order to highlight and solve some of the

particular issues that arise when designing disaster response simulation models.
The Standardized Disaster-Information Products for Disaster Management: Concept and

Formulation

According to Makoto et al. (2017), the goal of this study is to consider the most important

concept in formulating standardized information that supports effective disaster response. The

researchers learned from past catastrophes that disaster response groups could not function

properly without exchanging information. The goal of "information sharing" in the context of

disaster response is to guarantee that everyone is aware of the disaster situation. During the

Kumamoto earthquake, the researchers provided disaster response groups with a set of disaster

information products to support their rescue operations. The researchers extracted challenges of

information sharing between various organizations based on real-world disaster response

experience. The study is also analyzed the Central Disaster Management Council's Basic

Disaster Management Plan and extracted a disaster-information set for government agencies. As

a result, the researcher developed the "Standard Disaster-Information Set" (SDS), which

addresses the majority of disaster response information needs. Based on the SDS, the

reseachers create "Standardized Disaster-information Products," which are intermediate

information products for disaster response that deliver consistent information of best-effort

quality (SDIP). Disaster response organizations can use the SDIP to consolidate the common

awareness of disaster situations without having to worry about data availability, update

timeliness, or dependability.

Analysis and Implementation of a Platform for Natural Disaster Management: Case of Flood in

Douala Town

According to Steve and Tagne (2019), natural disasters are becoming more common.

Natural disasters not only take the lives of many people and animals, but also cause damage to
properties. Unfortunately, because of their "natural" character, they cannot be avoided; but the

resulting damage can be mitigated. The ability to gather and use near-real-time information on

what is happening on the ground can go a long way toward guaranteeing that persons impacted

by natural disasters receive fast and efficient help. The purpose of this research is to

analyze disaster management, namely floods in Douala, and develop a prototype system to

handle them. For analysis and design, the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is utilized. For

implementation, the agile software development methodology is used. Google Maps provides

accurate information. The developed tool is made up of three primary components: a mobile

platform, an Application Program Interface (API), and a web-based geographic information

system (GIS). Individuals affected by the disaster will use the mobile platform. The web

component is a geographic information system that administrative authorities may access from

anywhere on the globe. This enables authorities to obtain near-real-time data in the form of

geographic location, voice, and textual data sent by disaster victims. This platform can also

provide other information, such as critical sectors. Using such platforms effectively in the event

of flooding can go a long way toward saving multiple lives in a situation where time is a valuable

resource.

Application of Computational Intelligence Technologies in Emergency Management

Bai et al. (2017), they stated that because of the disasters occur so regularly across the

world, emergency management is a popular study topic aimed at stabilizing crises and

minimizing possible harm to people, property, and the environment. The use of observable data

and the integration of available resources are vital to timely and effective emergency

management. Computational intelligence is one of the most fast-growing fields of

computer technology. Big data has a deep influence and challenge on effective data processing
and intelligent decision-making today. In the context of big data, computational intelligence

technologies play a critical role during the lifespan of emergency management.

Case Studies of Communications Systems During Harsh Environments: A Review of

Approaches, Weaknesses, And Limitations to Improve Quality of Service

Khaled and Mcheick (2019) Failure of communications networks could have catastrophic

impacts on human life and economic activities, as individuals would be unable to interact with

one another in a timely and convenient manner. As a result, the exchange of information is more

than required for people in their daily lives or in risky situations to avoid the deaths and injuries

of thousands of people. The study of communications system behavior in harsh environments

helps mostly in design or choosing of more resilient technologies capable of operating in difficult

conditions. During severe events, this article examines existing approaches, significant causes of

failure, and communication system weaknesses. First, the researchers emphasize the importance

of communications systems, as well as related works, such as how communication might fail and

the effect of this failure on human life in general and during response to severe events.

Furthermore, based on several case studies, the researchers investigate and analyze how

communications are utilized throughout various stages of severe events, as well as identify the

key vulnerabilities and limitations that communications systems may face. Finally, the

researchers identify and analyze key qualities, needs, and suggestions for communications

systems that operate well in severe environments and decrease the chance of communication

failure.

Scientific evidence on natural disasters and health emergency and disaster risk management in

Asian rural-based area

 Chan et al. (2019), they stated that based on disaster epidemiology studies, Asia has the

greatest rate of natural disasters. Natural disasters have a severe impact on rural communities,

who have distinct healthcare needs than urban areas. This paper's goal is to provide an overview

of health impacts and current evidence for designing programs and policies connected to rural

health emergency and disaster risk management, with a focus on Asian countries (health-

EDRM). In rural areas, earthquakes are the most researched natural disaster. Rural communities'

medical burden and health needs were most frequently reported by populations of extreme age.

To influence global policy formation, evidence on the effectiveness of interventions, long-term

health outcomes, local and cultural consistency, and sustainability of health relief provided by

Health-EDRM initiatives in rural areas is urgently needed.

Architecture for Responsive Emergency Communications Networks

According to Alvarez et al. (2017) Self-organizing Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

based on Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) are effective tools for maintaining or restoring

telecommunications after natural disasters or other infrastructure disruptions. However, in

comparison to infrastructure-based networks, such networks have often very limited bandwidth,

indicating that they are unable to meet all demands. Filtering or prioritizing is thereby essential if

the most critical traffic is to be provided in a timely manner. This study sets out a design solution

and includes simulations and field findings to prove. The architecture was developed with the

help of several emergency and disaster response organizations to ensure that essential systems

needed by residents during a disaster were included. In both simulation and a field experiment of

an existing emergency communications system, a proof-of-concept implementation is provided,

resulting in orders of magnitude reductions in message delivery time.

Three Factors Leading to Failed Communications in Emergency Situations

 The study of Burroughs (2018), stated that failures in communication, particularly

interoperability, between police and firemen responding to dangerous situations have led in death

or harm to themselves or those they want to protect. Using Grebner, Shannon, and Weaver's

conceptual frameworks of communication theory as a basis, the goal of this comprehensive

qualitative study was to determine, from the perspective of first responders, what hurdles exist

that may obstruct communication system interoperability. Semi-structured interviews were used

to obtain data from 18 first responders from California, New York, and Texas. The data from the

lectures were deductively coded and submitted to theme analysis. According to key results,

participants viewed differences in technology between agencies as a major source of frustration

and an impediment to complete interoperability.  Participants also noted policy barriers, a lack of

inter-agency training opportunities, and funding limits as impeding interoperability initiatives.

The study's positive social change implications include recommendations to policymakers and

first responder agency leadership to support policy change, including appropriations, that

encourage increased interoperability among first responder agencies to foster a faster response to

large-scale emergencies.

Smartphone-Assisted Location Identification Algorithm for Search and Rescue Services

According to Al-Sadi et al. (2017), they stated that the mobile device localization and

location-based services have become an integral part of our lives, particularly since the advent

and widespread usage of Smartphones. As a result of the advanced features and technology

included in smartphones, including the Global Positioning System and Wi-Fi, people have grown

relevant and engaging to and reliant on them in their daily lives. Victims of natural or man-made

disasters may become trapped under rubble, where the global positioning system or cellular

phone signals are either unreachable or unreachable to make a call or provide accurate location
information; keep in mind that infrastructure is usually dismantled during disasters. Locating and

rescuing individuals in such situations is a difficult and time-consuming task. This paper

describes a new algorithm that allows rescuers and victims to work together smoothly on their

smartphones to estimate the victims' locations without relying on infrastructure. Based on well-

known mathematical communication theory concepts, the program employs both the Received

Signal Strength Indicator of Wi-Fi signals and the global positioning system location information

of the rescuers' phones to estimate the locations of the victims. The algorithm's performance was

evaluated using computer simulation, and the findings showed that the victim's position may be

calculated quite rapidly and accurately under appropriate practical conditions.

SmartDR: A Device-to-Device Communication for Post-Disaster Recovery

In the study conducted by Hossain et al. (2018) The researchers developed a Smartphone

Assisted Disaster Recovery (SmartDR) method for post-disaster communication using

Smartphones. In Fifth Generation (5G) networks, SmartDR uses device-to-device (D2D)

communication technology, which allows direct communication between nearby devices without

the requirement for a network infrastructure such as mobile access points or mobile-

based stations. Natural calamities, such as earthquakes, may cause havoc on society and cause

enormous damage. During disasters, buildings and other structures may collapse, causing injuries

and deaths to those trapped under debris and rubble. It becomes extremely hard for first

responders and rescuers to locate and save trapped persons especially following a natural

disaster. The researchers examine a scenario of multi-hop D2D communication where

smartphones carried by trapped victims and other people in disaster affected areas can self-detect

the occurrence of a disaster incident by monitoring the radio environment and then can self-

switch to a disaster mode to transmit emergency help messages with their location coordinates to
other nearby smartphones. To locate other nearby smartphones also operating in the disaster

mode and in the same channel, each smartphone runs a rendezvous process. The emergency

messages are thus relayed to the functional base station or rescue center. To facilitate routing of

the emergency messages, the researchers propose a path selection algorithm, which considers

both delay and the leftover energy of a device (a smartphone in this case). The SmartDR method

can guide search and rescue operations and increase the possibility of saving lives immediately

aftermath a disaster incident. To make emergency message routing easier, the researchers

propose a path selection technique that takes into account both delay and a device's remaining

battery (a smartphone in this case). To overcome the higher energy depletion rate at devices

associated with single shortest path routing, the SmartDR method includes a multi-channel

channel hopping rendezvous protocol to improve victim localization or neighbor discovery, and

an energy-aware multi-path routing (Energy-aware ad-hoc on-demand distance vector or E-

AODV) protocol. The SmartDR method can help lead search and rescue operations and increase

the chances of saving lives in the early aftermath of a disaster.

SOS Message Distribution for Searching Disaster Victims

Kashihara et al. (2017) designed and implemented an SOSCast application that allows for

the distribution of SOS messages for the purpose of looking for victims in a disaster-affected

area. People may be harmed or trapped in collapsed buildings and debris after catastrophic

disasters such as an earthquake or tsunami. In instances like this, it's vital to conduct rescue

operations within the first 72 hours to rescue as many lives as possible. Contact infrastructures

are also severely destroyed during these disasters, making it harder for victims to request

assistance due to a lack of communication channels. In such a case, victims can use the SOSCast

program to automatically exchange SOS messages by connecting directly between cellphones

with no hassle. By collecting these SOS messages, rescuers can find the existences of the victims

as mapped on their smartphones.

Smart Phone Assisted Location Identification System for Natural Calamities

Sai and Srinu (2022) they stated that the climate change has increased the risk of natural

disasters across the world. A major hurdle to disaster mitigation is the lack of communication

and location of survivors in disaster zones (particularly in rescue operations). For fast and precise

rescues, this article suggests a framework for disaster rescue operations that employs direct

communication on smart hand-held devices such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The

researchers aimed to construct an application-layer, ad hoc network for usage with smart devices

instead of relying on centralized cellular networks or wireless access points. This study also

includes a mobile localization tool to help in disaster rescue operations. These goals include

finding survivors with more accuracy, speeding up the search for victims, and cutting down on

the amount of computation required to save energy on mobile devices.

E-Darwin2: A Smartphone-based Disaster Recovery Network Using Wi-Fi Tethering

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.
v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.
v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.

v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.
v
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of natural
disasters is an ever alarming
phenomenon. Natural disasters
not just cause the death of
several human and animal lives,
but also cause damage to a lot
of property. Unfortunately by
their "natural" character, they
are not avoidable, however,
their resulting devastation can
be mitigated. Being able to
obtain and use near-to-real-
time information on what is
happening on the ground, can
go a long way to provide timely
and effective assistance to those
affected by natural disasters.
The purpose of this study
is to analyse disaster
management, in particular,
floods in the town of Douala,
and
implement a prototype tool for
its management. The Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
is used for analysis and design.
The agile method of software
development is then adopted
for implementation.
Representative data is gotten
from Google Maps. The
implemented
tool uses trending technologies
and is made up of three main
components including a
mobile platform, an Application
Program Interface (API) and a
geographical information
system (GIS) accessible over
the web. The mobile platform is
to be used by individuals
affected by the disaster. The
web component is a geographic
information system that can
be used by administrative
authorities anywhere in the
world. This helps authorities to
get
near-to-real-time information in
the form of geographic location,
voice and textual data
sent by disaster-affected
individuals. Further
information like critical sectors
can also be
gotten from this platform.
Effectively using such
platforms in the advent of
floods can go
a long way to save several lives
where time remains a very
limited resource.
According to Kant and Pal (2018), During long-term disasters, emergency

communication networks are critical for monitoring and delivering aid to impacted populations.

Researchers anticipate future emergency networks consisting of smart phones in disaster areas,

un-failed portions of the cellular network, and the communication capabilities provided by

specially deployed emergency equipment, given the substantial and increasing penetration of

smart phones across the world (e.g., fixed and mobile wireless access points deployed on the

ground or in air via helicopters, satellite radio interfaces, etc.). The researchers envision the

emergency network being used for mass data transmission, such as sending many

pictures/sounds taken by a phone to help in rescue/safety evaluation while reducing delay and

energy usage. With extensive simulations, we show that the proposed scheme forwards the
sensed data to the control centers with small latency (<; 3 seconds) while keeping the Wi-Fi

radios on for less than 1% of time.

Synthesis of the Study

The studies conducted by Mtumbuka et al. (2021), Zhou (2018), Al-Sadi et al. (2017,

Hossain et al. (2018), Kashihara et al. (2017), Sai and Srinu (2022), Kant and Pal (2018), the

researchers developed and designed a responsive Mobile-based Application which is all about

calamity response or emergency response system which provides an opportunity for an efficient

and quick response to the rescue team or rescuer and less hassle. These studies also aimed for

managing disaster operations such as floods, droughts, and pandemics, such as COVID-19, and

they responsible to help victims such as people who are trapped or buried under collapsed

infrastructure and as well as those affected by floods, typhoons, and earthquakes. While the

studies of Arros and Gibbons (2018), Makoto et al. (2017, Steve and Tagne (2019), Burroughs

(2018), Alvarez et al. (2017), Chan et al. (2019), Bai et al. (2017), Khaled and Mcheick (2019),

these studies are all about disaster management response and most of the researchers in these

studies were utilized web-based application. These studies also aimed to manage or facilitate

human communication with rescuers during catastrophes or crises. Therefore, the researchers

adopted the different studies mentioned because it provides efficiency for system and it is

easier to contact the rescue team and hassle-free, that’s why the researchers conducted this

study because of the new added feature, which not only for those who have been affected by

calamities, but also those who have been in accidents, even sick, or have a sickness that may be

sent to the hospital at any time.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Athena: A Mobile Based Application for Women’s Safety with GPS Tracking and Police

Notification for Rizal Province

Cruz et al. (2019), they developed a Mobile Based Application for Women's Safety to

help authorities in tracking criminals by delivering real-time SMS notifications, GPS tracking,

and direct emergency calls to neighboring police stations within the province. The developed

system also shown its efficacy in processing the various aspects included in the study's scope and

delimitations. Depending on user response, the device will also help police in preventing crimes

before they happen. The study is ideal for those who have to commute to uncomfortable places.

In order to optimize the system's capabilities, users must have an active mobile network load. It

includes a host server that accepts and processes user-initiated complaints. The researchers

utilized Agile methodology on the Android platform to give the following features: SMS notice,

video and image capture, direct calling the police, and GPS tracking in case of emergency.

IRespondPH: A Mobile and Web-based Application for Post Disaster Needs Assessment and

Response in the Philippines

The study conducted by Ibanes et al. (2021), the researchers developed a system entitled

“IRespondPH, a mobile and web-based application for Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA)

and disaster response in the Philippines”. Its main objective is to provide citizens with real-time
disaster information and to help disaster managers in making data-driven decisions in the

aftermath of a disaster based on citizen data. The Philippines is one of the world's most hazard-

prone countries, with natural disasters such as tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, drought,

and volcanic eruptions. Many developments in the Philippines have been delayed as a result of

the worst of the calamities, that has had a negative impact on people's health, lives, property,

livelihood, and living environment. Because natural disasters are unpredictable and inevitable,

disaster risk reduction strategies are important, but the post-disaster response is equally

important. An effective post-disaster reaction might help save more lives by reducing the

disaster's negative impact. The use of the Agile Software Development cycle in the development

of IRespondPH was discussed. The mobile application was tested using Agile testing, which is a

four-level continuous process that includes component testing, integration testing, system testing,

and acceptance testing. The tests yielded good results, with mean scores ranging from 3.8 to 4.6

for all sections of a usability test, based on simulated data. It also shows that the designed system

is ready for use.

User Acceptance of Emergency and Disaster Response Mobile Application in the Philippines:

An Investigation Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model

Hernandez and Orong (2019), they stated that emergency and disaster situations are

becoming more common in all areas around the world, especially in high countries like the

Philippines. However, emergency and disaster response applications in smartphones in the

Philippines remain underrepresented in the research. This study uses a survey based on the

Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technology model to assess citizen acceptance of

recently introduced emergency and disaster response applications on a smartphone. The bulk of

the responders were females between the ages of 18 and 23, according to the findings. The
majority of respondents are unaware of the emergency and disaster response application's

capabilities. However, the majority of respondents are willing to utilize the emergency and

disaster response program and are interested in telling their families and friends about its

capabilities. Most of the respondents are learning the application for the first time.  The

correlation results of effort expectancy that influences behavioral intention shows significantly

among other indicators that correlate to behavioral intention.  Furthermore, gender had an impact

on the facilitating condition for behavioral intention. Age, on the other hand, has no effect on the

facilitating condition, social influence, effort expectancy, or facilitating condition to behavioral

intention of use. As a result, this research has both theoretical and practical consequences for

developing countries and other economies.

Irescue: Tracking Device using RuBee – based Technology

Alejandrino et al. (2021), the researchers utilized RuBee-based techniques to construct a

system of interconnected devices (Rescue Strap, Local Interface, Access Point, Base Station

integrated with PC program, and a mobile application). In terms of communication blackout

during rescue operations, the prototype delivers a significant improvement in real-time tracking.

In the case of a disaster, it provides certain functions that will help rescuers and volunteers in

enhancing search, rescue, and recovery operations without requiring them to wear a device.

During regular days, it serves as an identification system that is admissibly needed in cluster

groups e.g. (schools and companies). The prototype's performance was evaluated in many

scenarios including data speed, location accuracy and precision, and device range in terms of

visibility. The prototype was highly acceptable in terms of functionality, effectiveness, and

reliability, according to the results. Implementation acceptability was evaluated by Laguna

Disaster Risk Reduction Municipal Council.

UV Tracking and Booking with Accident Reporting and Speed Alert Logs using Android

Smartphone

According to Algario et al. (2020), the use of communication technologies such as the

internet and cell phones, as well as mobile applications, improves service delivery in

transportation. Because of their availability across a range of platforms, mobile applications have

grown increasingly popular among smartphone users. This research is a smartphone application

aimed to assist passengers and commuters who use public transportation, such as Utility Vehicles

(UVs), in monitoring UV seat availability for upcoming UV journeys, booking, and seat

reservation for pick-up and walk-in customers. Additionally, by enabling the Global Positioning

System (GPS) on a smartphone device, passengers may access the UV's real-time location and

travel time information. Allow UV drivers to see where the passenger is being picked up and

contact with them by SMS or phone call.  This application is also designed to monitor the over

speeding of the driver and provides an SMS accident notification to the management to send an

urgent rescue that would reduce fatalities. The software process model used was the Agile

Software Development Model. This model is a fusion of iterative and incremental process

models based on process adaptability and customer satisfaction through the timely delivery of

working software product. Requirements modeling was conducted to ensure the input, process,

output, performance, and control requirements needed for software development.

User Experience Design for Disaster Management Mobile Application using Design Thinking

Approach
 Intal et. Al (2020) they stated that the transmission of danger information is one of the

most difficult tasks during a disaster. The lack of information and awareness in disaster

preparedness is also evident, as some individuals are unaware of the damages that disasters can

do. One aspect that may resolve these issues is the usage of a mobile application. The objective

of this research is to determine the user experience design of a mobile application intended for

household, barangay, and municipal users in order to improve the province of Marinduque's

disaster management system. Empathy, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test are five steps of the

Design Thinking approach that were used to determine the current situation or experiences,

problems and issues, and possible solutions to their concerns. Announcements, Safety

Guidelines, Evacuation Information, Request for Aid, Incident Reporting, Rescue Monitoring,

Household Information, and Risk Index and Facilities Maps were among the features decided by

the Design Thinking workshop, which was led by thirty participants. Prototype design for these

functionalities was created and presented to the users to validate their requirements and needs.

The results show the relevant importance of these features to the users before, during, and after

calamities.

iHanda: A Mobile Application for Disaster Preparedness

According to Fernando et al. (2017) the researchers developed an application named

“iHanda”, which means "I'm ready." This project is a disaster preparedness smartphone app that

will educate Manila residents on what to do in the case of an earthquake, flood, fire, or typhoon,

as well as how to build an emergency pack. iHanda, iAlam, and iListo are the three tabs of the

smartphone app. Weather forecasts, disaster preparedness infographics, a vulnerability map, and

disaster emergency hotlines are all available under the iHanda tab. The iAlam tab allows users to

keep up with the newest updates from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Oceanic
Administration. Administration for Astronomical Services (PAGASA). The iListo tab was called

after the phrase "quickly know where to go," and it includes a map that shows where government

offices, hospitals, and evacuation centers are located in Manila. Furthermore, the system notifies

the users through SMS messaging whenever there are new announcements posted on the

application.

iRUBWAT: A Disaster Preparedness Mobile Application

The study conducted by Olipas and Urmatan (2019) they stated that because of climate

change, disaster preparedness and risk reduction is one of the critical issues that must be

considered in today's changing era. Many individuals have died in recent years as a result of their

absence of preparedness for different disasters and risks, particularly those related to calamities

such as typhoons and earthquakes. Typhoons are one of the natural disasters that kill many

people in the Philippines every year. One of the key causes was a lack of information about how

to decrease risks and prepare for disasters before, during, and after they occurred. This research

focused on creating iRubwat, an Ilocano term meaning preparedness, a mobile application that

delivers disaster and risk reduction information. The technical quality of iRubwat was assessed

using on the basis of the following criteria: usability, efficacy, and efficiency Assistive

Technology and Accessibility. On the other hand, the evaluation of the mobile application's

usability The following criteria were used: perceived usefulness of the application, the program's

perceived ease of use, and the consumers' intention to utilize the program Based on the

assessments done by Information Technology (IT) professionals and IT students, the technical

attributes of iRubwat were confirmed to be of good quality. Also, in terms of the quality of its

use, the respondents said it was a good tool for disaster preparedness and risk reduction.
Eyes at Sea: Tracking System of Rescue Boats in Polillo Group of Islands

Cruz et al. (2020), the researchers designed and implemented of a ship tracking and

monitoring system in the Polillo Group of Islands utilizing Automatic Identification System

(AIS) technology. An AIS Transceiver, an AIS Base Station, and a Web Application make up the

system. Stakeholders utilize the tracking and monitoring system to keep track of how the rescue

boats are used in different towns. Compatibility tests with commercial AIS were conducted, as

well as field testing to ensure the web application's functionality.

SakunAPP: A Framework for Mobile Application Development in Disaster Awareness,

Preparedness and Response

Guadaña et al. (2017), According to certain studies conducted between 1995 and 2015,

the Philippines is one of the world's most disaster-prone countries. Apart from earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions, the Philippines is surrounded by enormous bodies of water, rendering it

prone to the most common/recurring calamities such as storms and landslides. This research

provides a framework for the creation of a mobile application that improves local community

authorities' and people' information distribution during disasters. Response time and rescue will

be improved with real-time information reporting. Residents' safety may be monitored by a

safety check poll if the database was kept up to date. The major feature makes use of crowd-

sourcing techniques. Using the geolocation features of smartphones, determining the specific

position of users is made simpler. Data from previous disasters may be utilized to plan for risk
reduction and undertake disaster preparedness and response operations. The initial target of

implementation testing is Zone 44 in Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.

Development of a Web-based Application for Post Disaster Needs Assessment and Response in

National Capital Region

The study conducted by Angeles et al. (2019) the researchers stated that Natural disasters

such as floods, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes are known to be common in the

Philippines due to geographic factors. The health, lives, properties, livelihoods, and living

environments of people were all harmed as a result of these catastrophic disasters. The

developers built a web-based application that serves as a Post Disaster Needs Assessment

(PDNA) tool for the National Capital Region (NCR), which is an effective post-disaster response

that could help save more lives and reduce the calamity's negative effects. The goal is to provide

a real-time disaster monitoring information system for Filipino citizens and to be able to assist

them in making critical decisions in the aftermath of a disaster based on the information provided

by the web-based application system.

AppLERT: A mobile application for incident and disaster notification for Metro Manila

According to Balahadia et al. (2016), The Philippines has been hit by a number of natural

and man-made calamities. Despite its magnificent and natural beauty, the land is constantly

affected by these disasters. Although the government has put in place mitigation and preventative

plans, when a disaster occurs, nothing is taken into account. The study focuses on the use of

information and communication technology (ICT) in the form of an android-based mobile

application that allows disaster or event victims to seek assistance. Additionally, people can

notify others of the danger ahead through AppLERT and Facebook so that they can avoid the
area where the danger is through crowdsourcing. It seeks to help expedite the response time of

the responding unit using the user's mobile phone built-in GPS.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System in the

Philippines

The study conducted by Baccay et al. (2019), This study focuses on the creation of an

information system in the Philippines for disaster risk reduction and management. It included

relational and multi-dimensional database architectures, as well as software applications for

disaster planning and response, as well as Decision Support Systems. Community registration

with fingerprint biometrics and camera integration, emergency evacuation, search and rescue

operation, cash and in-kind donation, evacuation center and disaster event profiling, weather

forecast, and private messaging are among the administrative modules highlighted in the app.

Furthermore, the decision support system uses data visualization and a geographic information

system to emphasize the live data consolidation of disaster-affected areas and persons. It presents

a multi-dimensional picture of prior disasters, from the national level down to the barrio or

district level. Finally, using Logistic Regression Analysis, the system may dynamically build a

forecasted list of possible evacuees. The system's response time test revealed a highly acceptable

result with latency ranging from 31ms to 419ms. The software quality evaluation in terms of

functionality, usability, efficiency, and maintainability proved to be excellent and is highly

commendable by the ICT department and operations group of the National Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council, Office of Civil Defense.

Synthesis of the Study

The study conducted by Cruz et al. (2019), the researchers developed a Mobile Based

Application for Women's Safety to help authorities in tracking criminals by delivering real-time

SMS notifications. In this study, the researchers adopted that the system they created were able

to help the police in preventing the crimes that depends on the user response. While the study of

Cruz et al. (2020), they utilized tracking and monitoring system to keep tract of the rescue boats

are in different towns. While the study of Algario et al. (2020), the application is designed to

monitor the over speeding of the driver and provides an SMS accident notification to the

management to send an urgent rescue that would reduce fatalities. While the studies of Ibanes et

al. (2021), Hernandez and Orong (2019), Alejandrino et al. (2021), Intal et. Al (2020), Fernando

et al. (2017), Olipas and Urmatan (2019), Guadaña et al. (2017), Angeles et al. (2019), Balahadia

et al. (2016) and Baccay et al. (2019), these studies were discussed about disaster and according

to them, natural catastrophes such as floods, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and other

natural disasters are prevalent in the Philippines due to geographic factors. Even preparedness of

disaster is also discussed in order to be prepared and for us to know what to do when disasters

occur. The researchers were developed an application that related to our studies which is the

calamity response and rescue monitoring system in order to help the victims affected by

calamities. Therefore, the researchers used the various studies because it improves system

efficiency, makes it faster and simpler to contact the rescue team and that’s why the researchers

utilized mobile development tools to conduct this study since we all know that a mobile phone is

very easy to use and carry around in our pockets. As a result, the clients communication will help

the rescuer in a fastest way cusing this application and this study will provide a framework for

the development of a mobile application that will help local community officials and citizens

better distribute information during disasters.