41 GRAMMAR BANK 1A present simple verb be f, subject pronouns ee se i esree ee ereeleerect ree 2 ‘+ We use contractions in conversation and in informal writing, fuer mein aera Tavern Tima rere + We snap je pronoun, bee) ith as Yo arom ue ‘cure my paar ttsascho! NOT teste foowan fea They teaches. NOT sseochort Shoinsaty esa aerate reteset a ican cl tale trons fat crane oecaree Were stdet Wore sens iisFeen and Sly: NOT SS een See potnors ieateeeetiene ie Ty ores Theyre acer + Wen efor aman, he fora woman, dor thing + We use they for people ed things, 4B present simple verb beEland — Ym not Ameren, Ore She at rm Landon They aren't Spanish ‘Are you Posh ‘ssheRsan? No selon + in questions we put am, ae efor | you, he, ete ‘Are you Brazen? NOT Neware Grin? Where are you rom? NOT Where otro hom? + We don't use contractions in positive shor answers ‘Ate you Tush?” Yes, fame NOT “Yann? 1+ We put ntafter the verb be to make negatives in nt aa, “= We can ao contract are not and not ik thi: You're nt ison She's not Spanish 1C possessive adjectives tla iy ae om Rome + We ure possess aac for paope an thi a ty fomiae fem Rome, Q'S” Nay family ar for fa. My ers Garman Yoviemchee!, Theor caso eeca, ies * ht ota man hrs ofe waren ft, oc | een + ther = of poplar tings yew ech, | Har ane Ti + Romans scien dr change wp oun. Wesangngeschos, tenets agi House, cur cts NOT sss Victernbueaton Ouran om ope wos sedis Dike They ranch tudes Ter ane sc to i Dec th a Tote Wesson Spon peers eee eee ing mdand eto2 GRAMMAR BANK 2A singular and plural nouns 8 /an, plurals Singular nouns plural nouns Tes ebook Theyre books Iesavateh Theyre watches Ie any Theyre lorie eam umbrl, Theyre umbralo. regular plurals 2 a a | We use a /an with singular nouns “+ Wo uso anwith a noun beginning wih a vow 61,0, vk “We use ath nouns begining with ur eu when the sound = jh, 9. a univers, eu. | We con's ur 3 /an with pla noun. Theyre books. NOT Pheyree books + We add s(or-eror ie! to make plural nouns. Weapen Thoyre pone + With two-word nouns, we adds (r-es0r ist the second noun (edi cod, cect cards NOT cetera D te Look st the boa ose the questions. ook atthe board, NOT Laake board 1+ We ue thewith ingle and pial oan (the Bou the question Irregular plurals faa E> Ss) 2B adjectives 4 The White House isin Washington OC. 2.8 Ieee beaut picture Iesaneld book 2 Theyre blue eas. Wi arene Isyourcar new? 2C imperatives, let's 1 Open the door Tumsight. a6 Dea wary Bow ton P enous? ieecarvel ec ramere erraee hese eee ee acetate eas 1 Adjectives go before a noun [tes best picture, NOT We pictre bout + fan adjective begins witha vowel in a adjective + noun phvase, wes an, NOT trait hovee: 2 Adjectives don't change bor Thoy' ble jeans: NOT 3 We also use adjectives after the ver be. The word orders: orc subjec, ba adjective, eg, My car's mem. The computer ent cheap. Ube, subject, acjctve, es your car new? I the computer cheap? 4 Wo often use vor, real and quite before adjectives. G Se 23 Hes very or oly tall. Het gute tal Hes vey tl - 1 We uso imperatives to tell smsbody to do fo nt de) something, + taimporaties = verb infiitie. [imperatives ~ don’ + ver inflate. + We ad pease to bo polite ‘Open the door please. + We often use be + adjective in imperatives, 29. Be quiet, Be careful, ee + We don't usea pronoun with imperatives ‘uiet NOT Yoube quiet 2 We uso Lets + verb infinitive} to make suggestions. ‘Wo use Lat’ not + vor infinitive) to make negative suggestions plural noun3 GRAMMAR BANK 3A present simple [and \apeak English. 35 Brash peoplelike gardens. My moter cooks fantastic food, dont drink ta Wi don’ vein house wih garden He doesnt play the gitar + We use the presen simple for things that re generally ue oar habit + Contractions don't = dono, dovsn' = dose not + Tomake negatives we use don't/ doesn't + verb Giietve He dosent work NOT Ho-dooantworke + The speling lee for | [De caretlwith some he/she forms the same a5 fr regular Ihave he hae ss) NOT heen plurals ee Grammer go he goesion Bonk 24 5.126) [do Reddes ae 3B present simple 2 “Do you nein New York?” “Does he work at night? "es he dows: + We use do or does wth he, she +n to ake questions. + The word order for preset simple questions ASI ~ Aunilary vrs (30, does Subject) you he, she te) Infitive work In ete) D do and doos oil, does sh so and doe an bs: 1 the aur or to make poset simple question Do you spat Engin? Daves ue har? 2 ancrtal ver, Tdomy homework ne evening O29 Ho one urs evry ony 3C word order in questions Questions with be Questions with other verbs ‘ueston @ 2.22 aeston rs ag waarmee |P eee vary Subj ifn eae om Sea Oe = Tre arbre dre Your fiend hee? Boxe | Jourmother now hat 2° |serdagsconet fl wre & yo cor ‘here ow att woe ton |e inet Howmarysnaens |re | tec? How many dren | 0 yoo have? How sie yur Whattind tue | does | tho tier Howald ther How o re ‘eal our sume? «= Remenbetha wed order ques wih Be)» The word oda fx present Simple quero with do ane does ‘Wea be beer the suber {Si niory Subject lft) eo, Bo youve ner here? or {QuASI (Question, Acxiry, Subject, Iofnve 2.9, Where does he lve? «+ We often use question phrases Begining with What. What colour, What time,4 GRAMMAR BANK 4A possessive ‘s, Whose...? 1 He's Bred Pt’ brother 2 Wem parents ca. 3 “Whoseis this bag” “tes Marios {4 Thocnd ofthe fm fantasti. I in th cy cota. IeeJames'siapton, 42 1 Wo use. person + ‘st tak about family and porsesions et Brad P's brother NOT Heinthe brothorof Sd it 2 With regula plural nouns we pu the “after the « Wanyporonts’ car NOT Wsmyporentnear + With regular plural noun, eg chidren, men, we ue 2g the dilden’s room, men's dethes 3 Weuse Whose..2to ak about possessions, ‘We can ask Whose i this bag? OR Whose bagi this? ‘We an answer Is Mari bog. OR Is Malas. 4 We don't usually sea thing + 9. the end of the class NOT the doses ond the cy contre NOT thecitys conte. ro Be crwth: eae ing Mosasmaners Sethe Nas Spnth- seis More W's Uinor= Whe 8g Who's that remy Vince afte Wow baa” he inne and io prnsnon the sh ions of time and place on * Qa Monday moming) thee dock ‘anwar rida eight the sumer ight December the weekend 2018 ates + We us infor parts ofthe dy, seasons; month, and years + We use on for days and dates. + We use at forties of the day night, the weekend, and Festal Place and movement 41 Hes lunch at work Fe work on afc, 2 He goes to work a 8.00 1 We use stand infor place + Weus + We us in + ater places, eg» ft, an oe, a room, et + We can ute nora with some public pcos, 0.9, arestavant, the cine, et ‘Gn Saturdays he usually has lunch In/ ata estou 2 Weute to for movement or dretion She goes tothe gym. NOT Shegecrstthe gy: le doit use > before home, ohame NOT gosoihome 4C position of adverbs, expressions of frequency 1 always watch TVin the evening, Do you usualy len eight our dy? ‘She sometimes does spore. dosnt often go to bed le, 2 Theyrehardly verte Heart often svarsed. ‘re you usualy nts clssoon? 2 Ihave Engi clases twice # week ‘She doesnt work every day. 420 1 We use adverbs and expressions of Fequeney to sy how ‘often you do something ‘How often do you cook? cock every evening?” + Adverbs of frequency go usar the main ver + In negtive sentences the ever of frequency goes Betieon don't / does and the ver, 2 Adverbs of frequency go after be ns and sentences, Inziwith be the adverb of frequency goes after the subject. + We use a5 verb with hardly ever and never. Het never sreseod. NOT 3 Expression of quency usually goat the end of sentence or verb pre5 GRAMMAR BANK 5A can/ can't 1 eansing, but ent dance 2 lean come on Tsay, but en’ come am ednesday. 3 You can prkchere You can't park there 4 Cenyouhelp me? Can lopen the window? + can +infintve has iferont meanings TT cantsing) = know how to {ean t(dance = dont kro how to 2 can come) = t's possi forme Ueait(come) = Its not posible fr mo. 3 You can park here) = I's OK. W's permit, You ean park here) = It'snot OK Fesnot permite Bh caver (emeti= Poses oe Gan Tfopen the window)? = Is OK do 2 + canand cant ar the same or all persons you he, ee NOT Hocane + Contraction cant ~ cannot. + Wie don't use to after an ean wim NOT besoin 5B present continuous ‘They having 8 party next doo (Oh nal The baby's ering es ranng 1A Whatare you doing? Bm wating for my brother. 512 + We use the prasent continous for things that are happening how / atthe moment + Atthe moment ean mean around now. Sm reading » good book st he moment Cot enacly nom) ‘contnisus emphosizes thot the action is teriporary, not hab Fm working a home this week because my daughter is’t voy wal 5C present simple or present continuous? Pratent sinple Pratentcontmous @)5.20 IRainaysnowsharein winter Look! ls snowing Whetdo you unaly dostwek? | What are you doing now? Mysisterworksinabenk— Tedoyshe's woking ot home P What do you do? or Whet are you doing? 1A What do you do” (= Wha’ yourjob7 1 ma teacher 2 hat are you doing? row, a he moment) 2B mnating fora end + Weuuse the present simple sy what we usally do, or things that are normally te + We often uso the present simple with adverbs and ‘expressions of frequency, eg. amas, often, once a week, + We use the present continuous oa) wht is happening now or around now + We often use the present continuous with a the moment, today, this week6 GRAMMAR BANK 6A object pronouns subject pronoun object pronoun 52 1 me Canyou hap me? you you Hove you he im She dean ve him the her He phones her every dy. k « dont et we Wii ors! they them Pease helo them + Pronouns tak the place of nouns “+ Wo uso subject pronouns whan th nouns the subject of verb (nthe person win does the action, Joba ia dacter He Ines in London, bject pronouns when the noun the object of the parson who receives the ation ee a aie eed + Object proncuns go after the verb. Tove you NOT iyo D Object pronouns ater prepositions We ato use obec pronoun after repoaion wth to, frometeh. Fin ove wth er NOT Sarirorowrshe, Give is money to him. NOT Greshemaneytes, 68 like + (verb + -ing) e-. eu den’ @ + We use vets + ng ate ike, love, on mind and hate | Wo can aso use verb + ing after enjoy and profer enjoy watching football on TV, but | pete Being there g0ingto he crams getting up eat. doinghouewark. 6C be or do? be 1 Hit mim ‘She nt very fend ‘Are you Hungarian? 2 leant a.m ing. ‘They arent working toy. 619 1 We use be os aman ver. 2 We sto use be to form the present continuous. Se here ie sr ouniiry verb, + Remember invert be and the subject to make questions He Spanish Iehe Spanah 520 Da you do your homaweseragley? 2 Doyouspeak Engl? Where do thoy ve? ‘Thay don't hove chien, Door your titerhave 9 ee? Where does your father werk? ‘Alan dows her ce, 1 We use do asa msn verb. 2 Wie also use do/ does to make questions and don't / overt to make negatives inthe present imple. Do here ie sr ousliry verb. + Remember ASI and QuASl sce Grammar Bank 3C p.128)7 GRAMMAR BANK 7A past simple of be: was / were Vincent van Gogh ws an att Or Was ha Dutchor French? She wasn’t in dats esterdy. ‘Tha Bator were famous inthe 160s. ere ware yu at ight? You werent thors. 1 We use mas were to talk about the past | We often use was/ were wth past time fxpressions eg. yesterday, lst right indore, ee | Wo use ae were with born Twas born in Scotland. 7B past simple: regular verbs 1 ooked the Fights yesterdoy. We artved at the alport at 1000 this morning 2 When! was young watched TV evar night. Iworked a waiter every weskend when Iwasa uriversiy 79 * Contraction: idn’t= didnot + Regula vers in the past lend in ed, eg, worked ved, played + The past simple is the same forall persons (you she, ote). + We use the past simple for + Wie ute cid id + infinitive for past simple {Vinshed actions at happened once nthe past andi Didi the past of do. 2 finshed actions that happened more thn ance the st. ae ee — 7C past simple: irregular verbs | wont okeslandin Decamber.|adn® goto New York, 715. id you go tary? Who did you go with? + Some ves ar iregularin the pat and change thee for, (eg. go went have hed. + We ony ure the iregdar pas form in sentences ought a bag isthe + W ure the infinitive aftr cid hd. Did you go outlast night? NOT Ex youwontn? + Remember word orden questions: ASI Avs, Subject Inintne eg. Oid you go shopping yesterday? ‘QuASI Question word, Acsary, Subject. nine), (2, Where ld you go? Look at the list of lregular verbs on p18. eanieous Feet ee eee eee tee eee er {We coud ae thew cy fom he pre cot sehim. NOT beneath Ba pe ee poten eteGRAMMAR BANK 8A past simple: regular and irregular wore and could (Goxdon was Jeremy's busines partner. They were They could here stvange noite, [She wasnt at home stright. You werent very nce oh Teould't seep [Were youll yesterday? When was he born? Could you 208 anybody inte library? [rely ike the preset. She wanted to be a doctor. [she did't enjoy the concert. They did't orive unt very ae (Did you watch the natch at ight? When id you finish the Boot? [Bt went to Pars lat tna, She slept on the sf [Ee di come horse ast rh They dit heer the music [Did you speak to your sister yesterday? Where did you howe une? 1 The past of bois was / were, and he past of canis could We sd otto make negatives and reverse the subject and verb to make questions 2 Reguler verbs adel ed or in the past simple me vwant-warted,ike-lked. 3 leregular verb change thle form nthe post simple e. go-ment see-saw + Regular and regular verbs (except can use Gidsttnfntive to make negatives 09 Ih ike ‘She dnt see hm, = id + subject + infintive to make questions. 2 ‘id you want to come? Where cid she go? | wont to Pare at summer, She lap onthe sofa 8B there is/ there are, some / any + plural nouns singulee plat There's a gorage [Either e't sewing poo [iether sttvoom downetie?_ Are there any neighbours wh cer? Tivos, her is Yes there oe TBINo, there ia No thee. there is/ there are + We us theres / there ae to say tha something exists or doesnt eis, 2g, There's bthyoom upstairs, There unt a batlvoom downstis + We use thee + singular noun snd there ae +plral noun. + There isis often contracted to There’ Ther areis not usually contracted + When we talk about ast of things we use there sf the st word inthe late singular or there are theirs word inthe it spur Inmmy bocroom there's a bed, wo chars and a desk In the ving room there are wo armchais and 920 Qs15 There are some pctres on the wall There are’ ny pants nthe oom. 2/an, some, and any * Wie often no thor is/an'twith 2/ an, nd thre ‘e/ arent ith some and any. “+ Wie use some and any with sural nouns. Some = not an exact number, There ar some eggs in the Fridge. + Wie use some in sentences and any in land [D There ie/ There are or iis] Thay oro? Becael There isan ate erent There's anyon the table. Ws the key tthe tichen There we thme beckoorsin theft. Thay a gute eal 8C there was / there were There wore fou lamps. ‘hore weren't any ghosts Wore thore any widows? Exthere wasnt TV. [Wes there bathroom? ies, there was LBINo, there wasn. Yes there wore No there werent. + there was there wore isthe past of thor is thee ar. ‘le use there was! there were to say that someting existed loridn't exist 0. Thore wore two computers inthe office, but there wasnt a printer:9 GRAMMAR BANK 9A countable / uncountable nouns, a /an, some / any countable Uncountable snapple three apples nce “+ Engish nouns canbe countable and uncountable countable = things you can count, apples. Countable uns canbe srigulr fam apple rp apple. Lncounable= things you ent count, ee, moat Nor Uncountabe nouns are normaly singular, “+ Some nuns can be countable or uncourtable, 9. ice ream. & F anice ream Countable) seme icecream (uncountable) an, some /any countable uncountable @82 We an ppl rome butter BWeneed nears ElWedontoeed STE any. Tdeweneed SON any sugar? ny ogee? + We use »/anwth singular countable nouns 9/29 = one + We use some in with plural countable nouns and with Uncounabie nouns. + We use any in andwith plural countable noun and with Ucountable nouns D someinia We use somein te ektor and offer things Can hve some sir, pews? Would you ke some cfd? 9B quantifiers uncountable short fullanswors Oe lengua Snover How much sugar do Alot. cata ot of aga youest? t_ Test ule alot of sg, ites testa itt sugar Notmuch. {don't st much sug Nene "don't eat any sugar countable (ra) How manysneets Alot Soyou en? Quite alot Ate Notmany. don't eat many svoes None "n't eat any aca. D alot of and ots of (A ekorailt arent re seen eswa eats ee Cheese eto choca + We use How much..? with uncountable now and How many? wth plural countable nouns + We ue lott wth countable and uncountable nouns fora big anti: {ute ot (2 fora medium quantity Site nt. much wits uncountable noun fora {small quantity 1 fw nt many with countable plural nouns fora Small quantity ot.any none short answer for zero quantity. lot of and much / many 1 Instances we usualy use alot of * Ingentences and we usally use much and many. Tort nk much wator-Do you dink much ctfos? + Ieisalzo possible to wea lot ofin Gland. Toor est a lot of vegerates Da you dna lt of coos? 9C comparative adjectives ‘Auta louder than ao, Orx8 Canadai bigger than te USA. Ils more efit toc than Mount Everest. [My now jobs beter than my old one. ‘The ale aways worsen the evening “+ Wo uso comparative adjectives + than to compare ‘we things, people, et,10 GRAMMAR BANK 410A superlative adjectives Westhe eldest ridge inthe world, tO. eared Sccreoena ek eee ne eases See ery eee whcietSape ees “+ After superlatives, we use in (not of) + T geese Serta aren 108 be going to (plans), future time expres emgage ity 0% ‘nose mot going to study English, | fallform —contseion coer faa 1 We often use utr time expressions with going to, eg tomorow, ext week, ext month next year et 40€ be going to (predictions) _= # += We can use be going to + verb Gatritve) to make Pane preditions (to say whatyouthkorcan sue P Q Song tohappen the rel Ubiki’s going toon @1020 “te going tebe very happy Tima eye going te wn11 GRAMMAR BANK 411 adverbs (manner and modifiers) adverbs of manner 1 Shewantstolneindependenty. 111 Her hin aways pene poitey ‘he eats very quel. 2 Iworkhard Wi speak Engh wel. “+ We uso advorbs of manner to say how very, quite, really, ete. Ita very expensive The exams are quite fet, She eives incr fe. ‘They peat realy sly, nz “Wo use the adverbs very quite, peop do tings aye moRyadecths crater + Advan un goat he rts i= Tepeat English well NOT tapes eee 'D Words ending nly 1 We nocmally form adverbs by adding 4y oadjectives, 2 Some adverbs are ivegule. They can be ‘the same asthe adjective, eg fast hard, oradifferent word. eg. wal, + Remember the difrence between Acjectivos and adverbe Tima earefl diver (carts an Adjective deserves theron, ver) Tlie eaeflly (careful son adverb eoserbes the verb, drive) ‘Be cael Some words that end In-yareneacherbs, 99 endl acectie, sa endly person 418 verb + to + infinitive efor sin ort. ided to goto Aust ‘You need to pretise every dy. ‘When del you learn fo play the guitar? 2 Would you ke to goto Abie? Trou’ lie #0 be fame + Weean ‘D would the and tke fe a dance, = Ianto dance ike dring = ay itn genera 1 Many verbs are often followed by anther ver in the fine with to, These include wank, need eer, promise, decide plan, choose, ty, ‘remember, forget and hope. 2 Iwould ke to! want to {now orn the future. would he's ls folloned by t+ nfntve. + Contractions = would, wouldn't = would nt. 0 use Would you ike.? 10 offer, eg. Would you tke a ik? + woul ke is the same forall persons. 41C definite article 1 the Can you close the window, posse? Can you chock heir aos on the internet? Tee the best restaurant brow: 2 noarile en or uualy mor inaestd in sort han women ‘Sh'emy mother's cousin. Tats Tom's chal ‘i time you have breast? dim goer to sche by ur Ona D alenar the We often ue athe fest ine we mention parton othng The reat time we urs te beeausatsnon desta ne ae ong shout eg Letshavea pass. Th pasar ery good hes 1 We use the + when tis ler what we ae taking about, 12. Close the window: = the window tht open, + hon theres ony one of something, eg, the intemet, the sun, + bofore superlative adjectives, eg the biggest, the best, atc 2 We don urually uso the: + when we tak about people or higs in general ‘Man 36 more intrested in sport than women. general) BUT The women ths clos work hard an the men, teed + before possessive 6 ‘She's my mothers cousin. NOT Sheethemyemothor's cousin, otk meals: have breaks lunch, dnnor, by + transport: go by car, travel by vain, general places: werk, school, university, bed, home,12 GRAMMAR BANK 412A present perfect 1A Have you sen the rew Mat Damon la? B Yeu Ihave ‘She has read ary booksin Engish. 2 Hove you ver red a Russian rove? fee never worked nm fem 13 Hove you fished the serie? ‘Your parents have arrived. Therein the lning room 1 We uso the prosont perfect when we ak or ask about ‘ovens the pat, but when we dan say ora when. 2 We often use the prosent peroct with ever (= at anytime in {your fe] and nove eat no time in youre. 3 We aso use the present perfect to tak about recent events, ‘0g, Ive finished my homework + Tommake the present perfect we use have has + the past participle of the wor, +S hasin present perfec. + Pest parties of regular verbs are the same asthe past ‘simple. + Past participles of iregulr verbs are sometimes the ‘same asthe past simple, e.g, read fe but sometimes flere, eg, seen Look at thelist of lregular past participles on p.165. 128 present perfect or past simple? [A Hove you beonto thatnow akan restaurant? 126 2 Yer have [A When di you go thee? Bl want st weekend, [A Who did you ge iti? 8B I went withsome people fom work. + We often us the prasent perfect to at tell somebody bouts past action forthe frat time, We dont ak! sy ‘when the action heppened Have you beon to fet new alan restaurant? “+ Then we use the past simple to ak tak about the details. When aid you go tere” went ast weckond” “+ Wo use the past simple NOT the present perfect with when and par time expressions «9. yestrday ast Wook Whi did you se tof? NOT Bit ‘saw it lest week, NOT Fescontlostwack, been or gone? 1 Have you var beon to Ray? B Yor, ve boon to Rome tree tines [A Myssterhar gone tay oud alin + been and gone have diferent meanings. been eho past participle of be, and gone isthe past participle of go. + Inthe preset perfect we use been (NOT goreo OR ‘Bosmn) to say that somebody ha iste apace Fre boon to ome thre ter Hove you been to the new lalan extaurant in George Svoet? + Wee gone to when somebody goes toa pce ands ‘til here [My paren have gne tothe USA for thehollays. Theyre having alonastctme, + Compa Nice hasbeen to Par ome time nthe pat Nick has gone to Par, = He went to Pais nd hes in Pars now le vitd Pais and came back t1 GRAMMAR BANK 4A word order in questions ‘questions with do / does / did in present simple and past simple eee ene Gueton word Auiny —Sabect latte os = - De you Tih your parent? > Po jet ae bid you have 2 holiday last year? ee Stomarhom ge tata ad foe When did you start studying English? Where were you bore? a ma . a mamas S s + You an use ASI Airy, Subject, Irie) or QUASI Question vo + We make questions withthe verb be and canby "Rian Subject nite fo emembar word order nuestons inverting the verb and the subject. {fthore'saproposton, we often put fa the en of queston 6 a een thergeepeeert Hoc iva Ca be a? 4B present simple adverbs and expressions of frequency 1 Westin go out onFitnynigh. INE i yontinet ere sau ‘She doer’ usually study t weskends. ually work athome E]__ My patents dont ve nearhere. F_Doyouspeak French? Yen Lo./ No, don + Wo ure the present simple for things we do every day/ weak /yoar, oF ‘which ae general tue or aways happen. + Weuuse dont/ doesntin negative sentences, and do doesin questions. My brother works inthe ty cee doesn't often rain here. Dowse lke pop musi? Yes, be does Noe doesn't Fever He'rshway ate for work 2 Sho gets up sary every doy ‘We hve Englh asso tes 3 Wook 1 We often use the presen simple with adverbs ways, often sometimes, usually, + Advorbs of frequency go aftr be. ‘Shor mover il. NOT She'ssieven + Remember to use a[#]ver wth never lenovo rains: NOT tdovartneverrm: 2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once 2 week, ete} usually goat the end of sentence. 1C present continuous: be + verb + -ing 1A whatare you doing? lim soning » mortage to Sarah 2 My brothers ding two-month eure inthe UK 3 nhs picture the womans standing nem table O18 + We use the present continuous: 1 for things heppering now, this moment. 2 fortemporary things tht are happening around now, thie Wook, ete 3 to describe what's happening ina picture. present simple or present continuous? 1A What do you do? ow B Iwerk for an company 2A Whatere you doing? 5 Iimchocking my messager. 2: ike his pining beau 41 We use the present simple for things that ore ‘enerally te or always happen, 2 We we the present continous for an setion happening now, e this moment. 13 We normaly ute verb which describe states oF {eclings(non-ction verbs. «want, need ike, Inthe present simple, not continuous, Tike Halen food, NOT Pletal food,2 GRAMMAR BANK 2A past simple: regular and irregular verbs + Wio use didn't + infintv for negatives ane Did. + subject infinitive for questions. + Use ASI and QuASI te remember word ordain oa lragulae 22 Bl Westayed ate hotlist summer. went 0 Turkey twice lst oa El Hedidntstaywith ands. Shedldnt go to France EISSN ES __Didyoustayfortheweekend? Did you go to Medd? ZB Yes tai No, wedi’, WAI) Where did you sty? Wy i you go? + We us the past simple to talk about finished actions that happened | fe or more san ance inthe past. + The form ofthe past simple isthe same forall persons. 1 Tomake the pst simple So reguler verbs edd See the speling rules inthe chart. + Many common verbs ar regular in past simple, 05 go went 90 sow Seo regular verbe p18, 2B past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing ‘Axe ast Satur was walking inthe park @211 Past simple or past continuous? The bide wore singing. wasn't raining. Wie were waking inthe gardenswhen— @2t2 ‘A Was training whon you go wp? B No, it wasn. hho took photo of. [A What were you doing a 1 oacklas right? I was watching TV. My ster arrived when I was having inch. (Sa rai wa aT ORT HENRI] * ter ws mare otros pat Merida eee area ates (El Wite/She/te mast working. You! We /They werentworking, the past continuous o tak about a longer action “Wosiawoiingt anew Niemen that at arpingin he eckrund when the “Warthog! Ys thy mare Nether, __erier ast simple ation appaned + We use the past continuous to describe an action in progress at ¢ speatic moment inthe post + We often use the past continuous to describe the stuotion athe beginning of story, en 1972 wae lng in London, 2 time sequencers connectors: because, so, but, although COnthai iat date they went to a etaurant O27 [cee ‘After that they started meeting every dy ‘She wos ceiving ast because she asin ahury O21 (On Thursday haan argument wth my bss. She wat na hry so she was ving fst. ‘The next dy I decided took or newb. i We st down oe, Two minutes later my phone ang + We use hocauseto express a reason. When came out of to cub, he was wating forme eterna ‘The asdarthappaned when was coving he rod + Wes time sequencers to sy when orn what order things but and although happen, She vied to top the a, but she hi the man, 219 + Weruse when asa tine sequencer and also to jin two Although she ied to stp theca she hit the man actions. Iwas watching TV when the phone rang (wo verbs She'ga vary ted, bu she count sleen jsinedby when) ‘She could sep, though she was very ted, DB then, after that ‘+ We use but and although to show a contrast. ‘Tha ost common way of inking consecutive seins + Although can goa the begining or nthe mile of ‘Swi den orate at but NOT ater got up and freed docs. Then / After that rade a up of cafes NOT Aleetmedeeespateofen3 GRAMMAR BANK 3A be going to (plans and predictions) 1 tm going to give a ak ata conterence 36 He‘ going to mest me athe spor 2 insure England are going to lowe tomorrow. Ieegoing train tought 1 We ure be going to + infinitive to tlk about future plane or ntenons. 2 We aio use be going 10+ infitve to make a precicvon when wre know or eon see thot omething = going to happen, les winter thee 20s going o be old. Look a that cr i's going to crash 3B present continuous (future arrangements) Im seeing on od end night. Os ‘She's arving ot unetine she an leaving unt Fay. Thay aren't coming to the party tomorrow I What are you doing this eening? she mooting wat he restaurant? + We often use the present continuous with fare mesning expecially {or fate srangemants, for pans we have made st» fa cor pce in the future, Dont use the pesort simple for thi INGT toee enol anemia [D be going to or present continuous? ‘We can often use ether ith no difeenee inmeaning, 2g. m going tosee Ans on Tues OR fm seeing Ana on Tod. les very comment use the prsent ctinueus ‘oth the enrensons tonight omerrom ths treaken ee on wih verb descr wat rangement 0, come lav, 1m aving on Monday more common than going to leave on ony. 3C det 1 Thatthe worn who won the tery Isto a6 [chet person who cook food na estaurant 2 AAdockis something whieh als the tine tether the ck which wan an inpertnt rian? 3 Apostffice's a place where you can by stomps ‘Thats the restaurant where nd cnet woe ing relative clauses with who, which, where + We use defining relative clauses to explain what «person, thing or place or does. 1 Use wh fra person, 2 Use which ora thing, 23 Use whore fora place | The verb ater where need # subject, eg. you | We can aso use which to tak about place, eg ‘Apostoffice isa place which sells stamps (D shee ‘We cn se that ian of who or which She the ge who/ that works wih my brother: Ine ting which tha connects wo computor:4 GRAMMAR BANK 4A present perfect For regular verbs the pat participle isthe same as the past 1 ve deaed te dpe tok new! a Rehan done sasing ap Congo lp me doi ‘ipo Fernenr vt pa ar ‘thoconetstotssoor havo you wed offyu phone? somtimes the sae ate pat sgl by, ooh 2 en hore . bole tought and omatines rena 60 ee done 2 Mnyshod herby! & pct has aed for you See regular verbs 164, 1 Wechten we the present prac ota about therecent Yt ust already past andits relationship with the present eg. ve cleared +» jaye you nhed your homework yet? Oss {he fhage,s0 now it looks new We dort say exactly when pee ere rae ‘things heppened, eg ve cleaned the ge. NOT Ive 2 Myzaters jut started ane job. loaned the fridge ton minutos 390) a AUcatoteoe an aee 2 We often use the present perfect o give recent news B No, fv aready sen it thee tier, "torn entation | neotenic) + We often use yo, jut, and akeady with the present pertct 1 We use yor + the present perfect intmand| sentoneos ‘to ask something hs happened orto say ft hasnt happened. We put yet ate and of the santance, 2 We ues ust in eentencs tos that something happened ver recent, We put ust fare the main vr 13 We se steeds in aentences to ty that something happened before now ar earl than expected. We put ‘ready bale the man ver, 4B present perfect or past simple? (1) present perfect or past simple? present perfect experiences and unfished time ave yu nverbeento Mees? B Yen thave, 420, She's been toe York de tne 419 ieesbrotenhis ag 8 Ohl Whan dd ht happen? Hove youmvr bean a 2 estore ke pon ota ‘eon fi ce + Conversations about expuiances orth recent pas often beg Inthe present perfec witha general question ar some news) and + We often use the preset perfec to talk about past ‘hen change tothe pat simple to ask for or give specie deta, texparinces or total about the recon past when we fe cana we art rein a Son’ speciy atime. n questions and negatives we ie u ‘ftom Use ever at anytime in your life) and never. Dinea ana gaee Compare he presentperect of be apd go. Mike hes been to Pari ~ He went o Pts nd core ck. Mike hes gone to Pars He's Pts no ir i i + We use somebody! someone, something, somewhere, et with a SP ves ela aef eee eee cer + We use anybody / anyone, anything, anywherain questions and [somebody / someone hos takenmy perl 4.22" negatives We con algo ute something ns request or ofe, 0.3 Je [Idee speakio anybody anyone atwestons. Cayo by some mkt Wout yo ne corti foc? PeePl® (2 Dic anybody / anyone phone? ‘didn’t do anything last night. NOT taidn'ede-nothing- 1 Na nbody/no oe Nabody/ Noone pores. «Wi vee nobody no ane nothing, nomen stort angers oF 0 {tbo something br de sentence wth a ver binge El! sit anything atthe weekend '% lis there anything inthe Fdge? 22) aoe ae ears reece - [BNo nthing There's nating inthe dg Wo aos ay ring + poste voto mean doen. iter somewhere swede You can come ary dy. = cone mater ich dy you coe paces [We dent go anywhere ths summer Anjbojcan came topo. = Rdbeort mater he cares Dietireanyehoreto part? {conse anya = coaster wre oop [Bi No, nowhere. There's nowhere to park Yearcan Beng anything, = doesnt attr what you beng5 GRAMMAR BANK 5A comparatives adjectives 1 fonbuslr than wos ve yrs 90, People are more impatient ody thn in the past 2 tines relaxed ths year han | was ast yoo. 23 Thoservce inthis rerourant it as good asi was O54 + To compare two peopl, paces, or things we use: comparative acectves 2 loses adoctve 23 (nat ae + adjective +28 comparative adjectives adverbs 1 People walk more quickly than in the past. Oss 2 Mybrother speaks French, but les ort than me, 1 She doer dive a fact asher brother. + To compare two actions we use: 1 compare adver 2 tenes adver. 3 not ae + adver + a comparative adverbs D Comperatves with pronouns [Aker comparative + han or as. as we Use an objet pronoun le here} ors subj pronoun sali verb 5, My bother than me My beth ale than fam Het potas inteligent ashen He's not asiteliget she 5B superlatives 1 Tey the cleanest capital yin the worl ‘Span sone ofthe most popular holday destinations, Camping ste leat expensive may to goon holiday. 2 iksthe most beatiful city ve over bean to, Tes the bet five sen the oar, 512 1 Weuse the + superlative adjectives to say whichis the biggest ete Ina group. + Aftor superaties we ute n+ names of pices or singular ‘words fr groups of people, 9, este noiiot cy in tho tor An's the oldoat in tho cass + We can algo use the ear ajectiva, a, the least expensive OR the cheapest. 2 We often ute the + superlative with the present perfect + 5C quantifiers 00 much too many, t20 1 tmverysvesedtody have too much work, EAT ty bon taka too much. 2 Myclet is unheaity eat oo many cakes and see. 3 don't want go out tnight. Fm too ted, + We use tao much, toa many, toate sty ‘more than s good! 4VUse too much ¢ uncountable noun 9, cole, te) or after svar. 2 Use toomany + countable noun fo. cakes, people 3 Use too an ajoctivo NOT mice red (208 enough 1 Dayou-eat enough vegetable? Ton dink ough water. 2 Jane doos' sleep enough hos aways trod 1. Our fidget big enough or a fami of five Ton got bed aol enough ding the Weck 1 Use enough before 2 noun to mean ‘al thats necessary’ 2 Use enough efter a verb with no object. 53 Use enough aftr an adjective or adver,6 GRAMMAR BANK 6A will / won't (predictions) 1 Atm sesing Jesin at si. Sha'l be ate 64 [P) begoing tor predictions ‘Thin French We won’ undecstand anything. Wie cn aso use be going te for # kiagse tock Dnainsou a Dclons when ws row orean Pec tote patency eo eee (ee 3apat og a Look atte coc eu Het She We Thy Wheat, 7 You He/She Wel They | wonttbe lee, Fes eoetate Theyre plying vn wo. eareae oe a ear ead Theyre going town 1 We often ure wil/ won't + infinitive for future predictions i. 0 say tinge we ‘ink, guess or know about the ture 2 We often ure thnk I don’ think rm sure + wil {thik h'l fal te exam, dont think hel pass the exam. NOT Hino mon’ poe 6B will / won't / shall (other uses) decisions ero + We use lf won ini for making instant Nees orace: Vu fpeehore ars decisions, oes and promises. We dont use the ote present tons, “a Ftp you wih those bags. Fhelp you with yourhomewore Shall open the window? Nor prone + When an offerise question, we use Shall..20¢ Flys love you. I won't tll anybody Shane? Shall py? Shall we do the washing-yp? 6C review of verb forms: present, past, and future prestige ive inthe ty conte ‘things that abeays or eu happen She does’ smoke ‘Peet contin | Hes looking for w new ob thing that are happering now or aound now Fmleaving tomorrow thing hate have arranges forthe ate post simple We wa good fim lestright. fished actions that happened once or mare han once inthe past We didnt do anyting yesterday, past contnuout He was working in Pari ‘ction that were in progress ta past ine Wet were you doing at 7002 ‘be going t+ iitve | going to see Tor torght, | foto ple Loot t's ging te snow: predictions when we know can ae wha’ going thappan wil wort + intive Yu ove Now York. redone iphone he late natant. decisions you ters Fpay you bak tomarom promises present perfect, ve fished the book recently fished ston we don'sy wher) Haveyoueverbeen olan? pastexperincos7 GRAMMAR BANK 7A uses of the infinitive with to 1 Younsed tbe on tine Try nto tatoo much 2 Wee rice to meet new people Fes important not tobe te. 3 dort know where to go or what to do 1 Aviny dlyou wears st? B To make 9 good moresson. Tore aut ta make a good impression. + The infinite ithe base for of the verb ts oftn sad with. ean be positve eg tobe) or negative (63. nottobe, + We use tho infritive wth to: 1 afer some verbs, 0.3, want, need woul ke, ste See Vorb forme p 158, 2 ater adjectives 3 aor questions words, eg what, whore, hon, ete. 4 to say why you do cid something. came otis school to leam English, NOT forlorn Engiah D ininive without 0 Rerarber that we ue the infinitive without © wth anny ers (0 / does ek and afar ost modal verbs (ean, cul, wil would ete} 29, Do you live nea here? {Can you hep ma? wet forget. Vist would you do? 7B uses of the gerund (verb + -ing) 1 Eating outside inthe sumer makoe me es! good, @77 Fappines geting up late nd nt ping to work 2 lowe having breakFastin bed Ite not geting the ort eo 3 tim thinking of buying anew ea Limieft witout saying goodbye +The gerund the base form ofthe verb + ng. Itcan be posite (0g. going) or negative leg not 905) + We use the gerund 1 asa noun, eg. athe subject or object of a sentnce 2 alter some verbs, eg, Ik, lve, hate, enjoy et. See Verb forma 158, 3 ster prepostions + Remember the spling eu fr the-ing form, See 1C p.126 7C have to, don't have to, must, mustn't hhave to, don't have to Ihave o speak Engish at work ‘Shahan to getup at seven every dy. El We dont have to wear a uniform thi choo He doesn't have to work on Saturdays 1 Dot have to buy a grammar book? Whatime dots she have to get up inthe morning? don't have to ver five) to say that theres 0 abi or that something i not necessary + We use ao / does to make questions and negatives. Do have to go? NOT Hove to-go? + We don’ contract have or ha. have fo go. NOT fwote-ge. must / mustn't 1. You must do yourhomewrk trig. ‘She musty het oom before she gos out. El You must eee yout bags here. must’ = must ot) [must forget call her tonight A Must goto bed now? {When must we decide about the party? + We use must + ver infinitive without tot tak bout ules and obligation. have to + verb infinitive to tak about ues and obligations. ‘+ must mustare the same for al persons + Wiouse mort’ + vob nfritiv without t) to sy somathing i prohibited. [D mst hare Must and have tare very smi, but hare et suo cieraca Wensaby vse le er 2 genera obligation ale at work choo sltwjeg- We have to start workat seven Ne rormay use musttors personal ssigetcn ne thatthe pestor mposes ey « pore to 2 thi You mst goto be raw But oen we an tt ther muster ave. mustn't ond don't have to Mug ar don't have to have completly _Siornt meaning Compare: You mustn't ga = Ws prohisted Dow's Yau don thave t= You an. you want torbutivsnet ebigaory neces Impersonal you ‘Wie on use have toand musth impersonal yu jou = people in general <3 You have to weara seston ace You must’ ako photos nth museum, or gation,8A should / shouldn't 1 Yu shoud lve your boytend Shas ery tensed. She shoulan'® work 2 har Yau should’ ink coffee nthe evening, WY keep you awake 2 thik you should got anew ob aon think you shold pest him @s2 1 We use should/ should’ + ver infinve without ro) give somebody adviee 0 say what we thinks theight thing to do thould/ should the same for l person. 2 We often ute think you should... don think you should NOT I think you shouldnt GATE c (eon GRAMMAR BANK D eughtto Youn eo use ought to fought nett instead of shoud! shoud’ ‘You ought oleae your boyrind She ought net to work 0 har if + present, will / won't + infinitive 1 we gto th apr early height wil be dled. 3.12 Ifyoutel hor te uth, se wort Belov you, ‘hat wil you do you don' find 3 job 2 Hfyou dong, she wont be very passed She won be very pleased you dong. 1 Wyou mie te at bum gets tx 1 We uso i+ present totale about a posible tution and tl” wont infinitive to talk about the consequence. 2 The clause can come frst or second the clause comes {iat wa url put» comma before the non la {3 We can aso use the imperative or can ¢ infinitive instead of ‘wl infinive inthe othor clus 8C possessive pronouns howe conti? Wemycost Wem @Az2 \Whorjacet eX Teyourcet your (hone dogiet? tecurdop. ous (Whonehowe at? Ksthe howe isthe + We ure possessive pronouns to tak about possesion. Inst your? Yon t+ mine + We use Whose to ask about possesion. Whose book st? Whose is that ag? + We don’ use possessive pronouns witha noun NGT terminsbooke + We don’ use the with possessive pronouns, a. Isths your? NOT tethetheyour? pronouns and possessive adjectives overview9 GRAMMAR BANK 9A second conditional: if + past, would / wouldn't + infinitive 1 Wacom attacked me, ran ey. oes she dit have a dog, she would’ do ay exercise, ‘Would you go fra swim there wore sharin the ses? 2 Wihad mare tine, td do more exercise {id do more exacted more fe. 23 we went by cr we could stop at laces onthe way. 41 Weuse f+ past to lk about an imaginary ar hypothetical future situation and would / would +iftive to tak bout the consequence. + would +infistive somtimes known a6 the conditional ‘onto We seo ure twithoun an felaue to talk soot Imaginary or hypothetical situations eg, never ove a cat 35a pet. They'd be happiorin a bigger house + would wouldnt = the same orl persone, Contractions ‘d= would 1 you's, hed ete; wouldnt = would not. 2 Ins second conitona the ielsuse can come ist oF econd. the fcloure comes fist, we usually put comma Before the next claus, 3. We can alo ute coud + infinite instead of would + Infinitive inthe other cours D bein second condtional: With he verb bewe con use were iseed of was sfterl/he/ ste eg. Idec woe/ were hv, he'd now vat od. Use were ct main the expres I were you. Wie often se ths expression for advise, were you, wc tke that. first or second conditional? Compare the fst and second conditions: + We us the first conditional or possible future tutions idan’ have to work tomorou help you {Ws possbity Maybe lw help yout + We use the second conditional fr imaginary or hypothetieal situation. Ifdidn’t have to vor omorow hep you {Cs abypotetcal situation Ihave to wor, so leant help you) 9B present perfect + for and since 1 Where do you Tne now? O97 8B nManchoster. [A Hou lng have you lived there? 8 vere thee for 2 years, 1 Where do you work? Nor 8 Ins primary schoo [A How long hove you worked there? 18 ve worked there since 206, + Weuse the present perfect + frond since to tal about ations and States which startedin the past ard are sil ue now. |e lived in Manchester for twenty years = came to lve in Manchester twenty years ago and liven Manchester now We don't use the present simple in ths type of sentence, «9. ‘Hivein Manchestorfor twenty-year ‘+ We use How long..? 10 ack questions about the duration of an action or state, og, How long have you bean marsed? for or since? 1 We ute for 9 period of tine, for example, fr to weeks, fr ten years, etc. Tye hed this cr fr thee months + Wie ute snc withthe jnring of period oftime for example since 2014, since lst une, st Fw boon afraid of pidors since Ia 3 cid 9C present perfect or past simple? (2) 1 A Hoong was Janet Leigh maid 10 Tory Cuts? 9.18 B She wae mario to him for yea. [A to many books cid she wit? 8 She wrote four books. 2 A Hom anghes Jamie Lae Curis been maried? B She's been marie since 1984 [A Wat kind of books has sho writen? B Shot written cro’ books. 1 Wo uso tho past simple to talk about a fished period of ‘imo nthe pat. snnet Leigh and Tony Curtis ae dex, 29 [NOT Shoihoe boon moried to him for HI yoar + We can use fr with tho past simple for fished period of Rieti pat 2 Weuse the present perfect with for and since to talk about ‘an uniished period of tina, rom the past unt now. Jamie Ube Curtiss stl alive and sil arid + Compare the past simple and the present perfect Jack was marfod fo ton yeas. = Jack isnt matied now. ies Gore or dead “Isckhas baon mare fr ton yore. = lack fe marod now. ihe got maried ten yors 99010 GRAMMAR BANK 410A expressing movement He drove out of th carpark and along the svt ran over he bridge and across the par + To mpress movernent we use a varb of movement, 6. 190, come, un, wal, te ond a preposition (oredr) of movement. eg. up, down, away, ete D come or got? (See eects ‘ovement ony or you Din to? out or out of? tenis (esfot roan Coeeeteteored He went ov ofthe house. We uo in/out thee eta noun, Cone in 410B word order of phrasal verbs 1 What ime do you gt up? Ton aay go ou rng the weak 2 Futon our con Futur cot on Pata 3 Ten tooking for my gasses ‘A Wave you found yur gasses? B Noto al ooking for them i068 + Apteasl verb = verb + particle preposition or adver), 5, getup, go out, tun on, ook for 1 Some pivatal verbs donthave an object 9. getup, go out 2 Some phrase verb have an object and oe seperale With these posal verbs we ean put the partes on, of ete) belore or ater the object + When the objec sa pronoun mei him, ett alvays goes between the verb and parte, er’ yourcost. Pu ton, NOT Baton 3 Some pirarl verbs have an abject and ae inseparable, 18g, look for With there phrasal verb the verb fool) and tho particle e.g, fr ao never separated Trslooking formy oisstox NOT ¥ + See Phrasal verbs 163 410€ the passive: be + past participle Present: an/is/ ae + past participle Ci {20 bon pieces of Loge ae produced very your. El CDs are’ ued very much romadoy- 1) leSpanth spoken in New Mewes? El The hot baloon wes vented by two Franchmen, El stenpr werent invented unt 1880, 12 Whar war thevatch invented? + We can often say tings in two ways, in the activ o inthe passive [fd Nobal invented dynamite active) ‘Dynamite was invented by Are Nobel (passive) ‘+ Inthe active sence, the focus more on Alfred Nobel + inthe passive sentence the focus more on dynamite + Wie often te the passive when tien’ known ont important tho does ordi the action iy car was stolen ost weok Volo ear are made in Seen + We use byt sy who cid the action The Lord ofthe Rings was writen By Toki,11 GRAMMAR BANK 411A used to/ didn't use to 5 When Iwas child used to payin hestrts, 1A My brother used to hove very lng hae he ‘nea student [El Nec dat use to go out much, but now he gon out fever ight, [ide ue to Ske vegetables ut rom toe thers @ Ie youuse to wear auniformatachoo?B Yes, I. + We use ured to / didn't ure to + verbs to talk about things ‘that happened repeatedly or were tre fora ong period ‘ftime nthe pare but are usually not tue now 09, thinge ‘which happened when you wore a chi + used 10/ dah’ use tithe same fr al persons + Inet of ure to you can use the past simple with an adverb of frequency. ‘When was a chid ote played inthe street D ved to or vsvali? red toi oly for taking abou the pst. Forhabaeinthe preset we ute ual + present simple, 4B might / might not (possibility) ‘We might have a pin tomorrow, butt dapands onthe weather Keren might come with us tomorran, but she's not sue et right et take my laptop on holiday haven’ decided et \We might not seo the boss oda. thirk she's away + We use might/ might not + vee ifinive without to) to sy that perhaps somebody wl or won't da something 1110 [P imay/ may not We can leo use may instead of might for possbity e3 We may hve» pcre tomorom may ot ake my pp on hi. + We might havea pinic tomorrow, = Perhaps wo wil have a picnic tomorrow, + might might nots the same fra persons. + might ntis not usualy contracted 41C so, neither + auxiliaries 1 Atv cases music on 8 Sod. B Sod 2 A tmnotnaied 8 Neither am [A dort wont to get mare B Neither dol. + We use So do, Neither do ete. to sy that we have something in common with semebady 1Use So + auslary + Ito respond to postive 2 Ure Nother auxry + It respond D ihorand nor regee sentences, ‘Wea to a norinatesd ofthe +The anlar we us after So. and Nether. [ih th fi B Nor Nether el dependion he terse ofthe verb Wether | _ Nethrisvsly pronounced has buen ao be pronounced speaker uses,41 2 GRAMMAR BANK 412A past perfect i When woke up the garden was a whte. @124 Ithad snowed dung the night + We uc the past perfect when we ae already talking about the past and ‘rant totale about an eaier par action SE nnn ee ° ee ns ea nme eeeern Rowest Seat eee eg EI Seen ca erect ET ra A Na Theatre, | dial’ know that you'd found a new job. (‘d= had) ee eee eee 4128 reported (or indirect) speech + Pronouns often change in reported speech, 6.9, changes theo sha ‘Trp sred She tld mo that she was rec + Verb tenses change Tie this reported speech Ors ‘or tell? Hess ha he loved me ce eeereneet eres Shei tha she ha ut rv tbetame ting buh ae carn “Wellcome ateight!— Hetotine tha they would come sight ‘Weve sy ahs an object orproneun “Vaontwaetogoto. ck told Aastha he it want to go tenis tied hetaine epany” ihepory Nor Heaadene te toed ner + We ue reported speech tl somebody what another person si \Wevae tlt an bjt er penn. | We often ntoice reported speech wth nid or tol person otold mead hefved 1 After sno fold thats optional He sad hae loved me. 12C questions without auxiliaries 129 * When the question word (Who? What? Which, How many? bjt ve te) the subject ofthe verb nthe question, we don't use ie printed The Mina? Sn auiry ver (40 dows ih Which oy fas the morthonest peopl? ‘Who painted The Milimeis? NOT hotpoint? How many people Ive near the schoo? + lnmont other questions inthe present and past simple we Whe warts acupefeofis Use the auxiliary verb do does d+ the infinitive Winat misle doyou Ie? NOT What musi you Ihe? + See 1A p261A GRAMMAR BANK present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs present simple: live, he works, ete. 1 vein London. She worksin a restaurant ‘Wedon't eat ment Jack doesnt wear gases, ‘Where d you lve? Does the supemmaiat open on Sun ‘She usually has eral or breklast. Frmneve te for work ‘We only ext out about once month oun 1. Weuse the present simple for things that are always true, or happen regulary. Remember the speling ri vtches Use ASI (Aula, bec. nfiritve) or QUASI {Question word, ‘Avs, Subject, efintive) to help you with word orderin questions. oyou know Daid? What time does the fim sar? 2 We often use the prosent simple with adverbs of frequency, 2.9, rus nevar or egrets of fequnc, ey dy onc for third person singular 9, Ives, suis, ‘Adverbs ofrequency gobelar the main verb and after be. Expressions of roquoney usually go at he ond of tho sentence or verb prises present continuous: be + verb + ing 1 te your ster stil going out ith Adar? ou 8 they broke up shesnt going out wth anyone noe The phone's ringing. Can you ase i? ute prise ae ging up very fara the momen. + We use the present continuous INOT the present simple) for actions in progres tthe time of speaking, eg. things that are happening nw or round naw. These are normally temporary, nt habia actors + Remember the speling rules, 9, fing, tidying, geting. + We also use the present continuous fr fuure arrangements (00 18). 1 1 Come on, let's acer. The waiter comes is coming, 2 Kate doesn't want/ isn't wanting to have dinner now 2 ‘She int hungry 43 Thehesd chet il, soe doesnt work fn" working 3 today 4 4 Tho ill sooms/ is seeming vry expensive to me. 5 We've had an argument and naw we don‘ speak 5 tent speaking fo each other. ‘ 6 My mum think i thinking my citi awful these days. 7 7 Do weneed/ Are we needing to go shopping today? {8 Cantal you back? | have / Fm having lonch right 6 9 Iie’ use to ke oly sh, but now Jove! Im loving ° it 10 10 Your cake is wonderful tates/ is tating like one my mother used to make. action and non-action verbs What ae you looking for? Mycarka help yn moment Buti need them row! Wat are you cooking? kt smells dalicious Fm making pasts ou a e e A + Vetbs which describe aetlons, 2g cook, mate, can be used inthe present simple or continuous Tmmaking lunch lusualy make lunch atthe ‘weekend + Verbs whieh describe states or Felings (NOT action eg. be, nee, love, ee nomaetion verbs. They are nat usualy wed nthe present Continuous, even if we mean now: + Comman non-eton verbs ae agree, be bliove, belong, depend, forget, hate, hee kom, Ie love, matter, mean, need prefer rele, recognise remember, seem, suppose, wat. + Verbs ofthe sanses are normaly also non-action, 129. ook, sel tate, and sound (verb that canbe both ation and non-ation ‘Alou verbs ave an ation and nan-acton rearing, 3 have on think ean ano Fm hong lunch. = aetion have lunch have a at now = non-aton pottsson) What oe you thinking abou? = acon ink aout st hin this musics rot = non action pinion b Complete with the present simple or present continuous forms ofthe verbs in brackets. We don't oo to Chinese restaurants very often. (rot go) ' high cholesterol 0 | never ‘ved food. (have, et) —___ you ry vitamins tthe ‘moment? (ake) Don't eat the spinach you ca Your boytiend fh? know We takeaway pizzas once a week. order) What yourmather mt delciousl imate, sel, (nt ike) how to cook You lok soa Wn yeu won i the catia my county one ban oe owen yeu seafood? te i ia. redone coat Ors41 B GRAMMAR BANK future forms: present continuous, be going to, will / won't be going to + nfintive el shall + itive future plans and intentions One Ayers gong tcp wc. ‘Ave you gang to buy new ca or asconchare one? Fm net going to go home forthe halide oo fr predictions our Barcolon ae gong to win. Theyre plying ely wll Loakat hone Back ude | thnk te gong to rain. + We use be going to(NOT wil/ won't when we have abeady decided {odo something NOT MysisterwiLadopt a child + We slso use be going to to make a prediction about the fits, = especialy when we hove some evidence (29. we can see blk lows, instant decisions, promises, offers, 19. : i predictions future fact, suggestions cee ae Net 1 Tilhave the stat (instant decision) future arrangements One Theor al any where you ae (promis) Loma and Jami are getting marian October Feary that bg for you ttf We're mesting 10.00 tomorrow in ichar's office ovillove New Yor redion Jane's leaving on Fray and coming back not Tuesday Nox Gia i bon Tey. + We often use the present continuous for uture arrangements 2 Shalt help you wth your homework? te + Theres very ite ifference Between the present continuous and be Shale eat outright? Guggeson) ging for future plone / arrangements and often you can we either. Mee tgoing to shows that you have mace a decision Wie gong a get marid nex year ~ the present continuous omphasios tat you have made the 1 We ute will won't (NOT the prezent simp) for Instant decisions promises, and offers, NOT ‘eartythat bag for you fie een + We can ale se wil wo for predictions. Wore geting mariedon Octsber 12h weve boskedthe church) think acon wil wr, and otk sbou fre + We often us the presrt continuous wth abe alatng tv facts 09, The election wl eon ts March, drrangerers, og. go come, ive ove ste. 2 We se shal (NOT wi with and weer offers iexsring tomorow and eng on Thursby Idsuggetons when tay ae queso. 2 Girclaithe correct form. Tick (/) the sentence if b Complete B’s responses with a correct future form. both are possible, ‘A Whats yourmother going todo abouther a7? The exami bis being onthe as Fido term B Shes ging ta ya second-hand one (oy) 1 WiH/ Sliven yur parent for Sunday neh? 1A. mgoing © mis you. Please ty n touch. 2 A Ws Alice's birthday tomorow 8 promise! every day. (phone) B Oh reals? m makng/ make cake 2. What re Alois plans forthe ne? 3.1 mnot hong mnot going to have mer wth ny B He a degre i engineering. (So) fami tonight 3A Cant seeyou tonight? 4 re you goin 90 / Wilyou go J's party next 3 Ke at. Mayo Sota wert weekend? 4A ire youready to oder? 5 Yoean time meting / wort eanene Sa ern sh yor td 5A. Theres otting nthe edge. 6 i ryt ding on Sry? A ee aoe, visting! vis my grandparents 5 5 7 ink th ith ote wil go down I going down in 6 ont have any money, s0| cnt. go out ty country in th next fo years No problem, |_yusome, fend) 8 My grandatheris gong foretre/retingatthe end -—«7'&_‘Shall wo havea barbecue tomorow? werent 8 No,thewetherfercastanysl an) 9 ‘hal Wl help you with the washng-up? 8A Woland stabout 800. 8 1 YoU up from the sirport? (pick ‘Orn2A GRAMMAR BANK present perfect and past simple present perfect simple: have / has + past participle (worked, Seen, ete) Fre inherited some money but haven't spent it ‘Saliphae never mat i nie, Have you eer ost your ered car? recut my tinge ‘Too te! Ourrin ha jt ft 3 with yt and already (or omphasis) Te already seen thisin twee. Cont wo watch another one? My brother hort found anew ob yet Hes sl loakng. "Wave yu Brished your homework yet” No, nok ot @29 1 We uso the present perfect fr past experiences whon we don't sy ‘exact whon thoy hoppened. + We often use ever and never when we alk or ak about pest experiences. They o bate the main verb 2 Weuse the present perfect for recent pat actions when we focus on ‘the prosont result + Inthis context we often uso jst bafre the main verb 13 We sto se the present perfct with yet nd alread. * Werte sheadyinGl sentences. goes before the main vb + We use yer with] gentences and] goes atthe end ofthe phrase. + Forireguar past participles, se Irregular verbs p15. ‘2 Complete the conversations with the present perfect form ‘of the verb in brackets and an adverb from the list. You can Use the adverbs more than ence. ‘leeady ever just_never_yet [A Why are you smiing? —B Ivo just oun» €50 note find) 1A you fight online? ook) B Yes, ofcourse. 've done it loads of times. 2 A When ae you going to buy a motorbike? B Soon. early 1,000, (ave) 3A you the phone bill 24a) B No, sony. forga. aA your parents youmaney? ena 1 Yes, but paid it back a soon as| coud 5 A How does eBay work? B I don'tknow. | it se) 6 A What ae you celebrating? B We the lstery! win) 7A Why haven't you got any money? a1 ry salary. | bought new ‘phone lst week (pend) 8 A Would you tke a coos? BB No, thane. cone, the) past simple (worked, stopped, went, had, te) ‘They got mated let year, {Gide heve tine to do my homework. Wha time did you wake up his morning? + Wio us the past simple for ished past actions (when we ay as, oF know when they happened) present perfect or past simple? ve been to Madi tion oan (einmyifep ono) Ive thee 1998 and 2002, ron two specie ‘cessor Fae bought anew computer. («dont say exactly ven where, te) Tough ise Sturdy 150y when + Wo use th past simple (NOT the present perfect) to ack or talk about fished setons ‘nthe past when the timo is mentioned orunderstood. We often use pst me ‘iprostion e.g yertordsy, ast weak, st Are the bold phrases right or wrong? Tick (/) oF eross (X) them. Correct the wrong phrases. ve never been in debt. 7) How much has your new camera cost? ix) How much did your new camera cost? 1 Desn has just inherited €5,000 from 8 relative 2 Did your sister pay you back yet? 13 We booked ur holiday online a month 390, 4 When have you bought that lather jacket? '5 They've finished paying back the loon last month {6 We haven't paid sho sas bill yt. 7 Have you ever wasted 2 lof money on something? © im sure haven't borrowed any money ‘rom you last week 9 spent my salary realy quickly lst month 10 Have you seen the Batman fm on TV2B GRAMMAR BANK present perfect + for/ since, present perfect continuous present perfect + for/ since ‘They've known each other forte oa Jats hac that bag sce she wae a univer 1k How ang have you worked here? 8 Since 1996 ‘8H long has your brother ha hs motorbike? 8 Forsboutayeor. 2. + We use the present perfect + fora since to talk about Something which stared inthe past andi te now. ‘They've known each ther for ton years (= they mat on yeas ogo and they stil know each ther toy) “+ We use How long? + present perfoct 0 ask about an Lnfrished period ofrme trom the past unt now | Weuse for a period of tie, 9. fortwo weeks, or since + point of time, eg sine 2078 + Don't use the present simple with for/ since. NOT They know each other for tongsime, 1 How ong have you boon leaning English? 27 Nickhes been working here res Ap ‘They've bean gong out together fer abou three yer 2. Your ayes sored Have you Boon eying? B Na, tve been chopping onions. es ‘8 Write sentences in the present perfect continuous. How long /you/ work here? 1 Sho/ study English for three years 2 How long they! watching TV? 3 It/rain/ since lunchtime 44 1/ not ve / hee for very long, 5 How long / you learn to drive? bb Grdavhe correct fom. Tek) bath re possi Harry is /has beed unemployed since last yee. Weve had ou now at rane six monte. Jackel ow reyou?| hover seen Poven'tbaen {ing yout age Bowtie joriecer dsj lee yurhebond "ve work boon working 9 eacherfor Sve ears 5 Fnehaintc rv doming/Hoebewn antigo Kitchen fr te hous 1 Wie uso the present perfect continuous with forand since with ation verbs e..lear, work, go, etc) to talk about ‘Seton which sterted in the past and oe stil ue now. + With nonaction verbs we use the present perfact simple (NOT continuous). NOT Theyve-been-nowing eachothor orton oot + Dan ue the present continuous with fr/ since. NOT Ham: wording herefortwe yoo. 2 We can aso use the present perfect continous for ‘continuous or repeated actions which have been heppening ‘ery recently. The sctions have usualy just invahed or have isbly prosot results, Dt and work Ive and workare often used in ether te present prick simple o presart perfect continuous wih the sare mooning. Te lved bre sine 2010, 1 been ving how sce 2010. € Make present perfect sentences (with for / since if necessary) Use the continuous form if possible. wor fora charity / eight years we know each other/ we were children the children / play computer games / two hours your sister have that histyle along time? | love her ho fst day wo met ny internet connection / not work/ yesterday how long / you / wait? bea teacher / tree years |t/ snow /5.00 thi meming ‘Sam / not study enough recently you / liven London / long ime?3A GRAMMAR BANK choosing between comparatives and superlatives comparing two people, places, things, ete. 1 Mycarie abit older than yours London & more expensive then Edinburgh ‘Thmtauea lens fet than the lat one lie os beter foryou thon bute. 2 Thenew sofaient ar comfortable ae the od one, [don't have os many book ssl used 1 1 Weuse comparative adjectives + thanto compare two people, place, tog, ete, + Regular comparative adjectives: speling ules old older big bigger, y= eater modem > mare modern ict more ical + regular comparative adjectives: good beter bad” worse, far further / farther + One-sjlable adjectives ending in -ed- bored = more bored Srened™ more stressed tied more red 2 Wecan also use not 38+ adjective + a8 to make ‘comparisons. 312 D Object pronouns ime, him et) after then and as ‘ltt han of as we can use at abt pronaun me, hin her (2c) ora subject pronoun he se, ee) + sua verb She tle thane. OR Shes tale han lam. NOT She's tolerant Theyhe rt oa bisy ast OW Taye not by swe oe NOT There notestunreswe, the same ae Wo use the samoast say that wo paope, lacs things, ‘te arisen! Hercher the same a mine ‘8 Complete with the comparative or superlative of ‘the bold word (and than if necessary). Whats the fastst way to get across London? fast 1 think sing is horse-riding. easy 2 Thisie train 've ever been on. hot 3 Amotorbike is scooter. powerful 4 deve ‘ny partner slowly 5 time to travel on holiday ‘wookonds. bad 6 ve ever driven i from London to Edinburgh for 17 The London Underground is the subway in New York old 8 think that travelling by train form cf transport. relaxing Of all my family, ny mum i ver comparing two actions 1 My father dives faster han mo etwas mare lowly than |e. [ivrpool played works td than lst wk. 2 Max doesrt speak English swell as ii Ton ean at mich a my boss O31 1 Wo use comparative adverbs to compare two avons. + Regular comparative adverb spelling ules fat fstor sioniy = more slowly carhuly- more careflly + regular comparatves: well better badly worse 2 Wecan algo use [ot ae + adeeb + at to make comparizons superlatives Kevin tho tallest player in th am, (lois the most expensive aptly in Exope “he aallbag the least supensive. Ley isthe best student inthe dan Wiha dresser the mossy in your fami? “Thats the wort we've ever led + We use superisve adjectives and adverb to compare people, things, or aeons with al oftheir group. + We form superaives ke comparative, but we use est instead of-or and the most leastinstaad of mor / ls. + We normaly use the before superlatives, bt we can also us possessive adjectives, eg my best end, thelr mast famous fore + We often use superlative withthe present perfect + ever. Ws the best book Ive ever ead Os D Inahersuperatives Use n NOT of before places after a aupersive Ieee longest bridge inthe word NOT ofthe word les the best beach in England. NOT of Eagan b Complete with one word. Going by motorboat it move excting than trovelling byfery. 1 Acoach fant as comfortable train 2 ite most expensive car we've ever bought. 3 The tafficwas worse wo expected, 4 This isthe longest jourey ve ‘been on. 5 He gets hame lat, but his wife arrives ate aes 6 The interesting pce ve ever visited venice 7 eave home atthe same tine iy broth 8 He dives careluly han is gitiond he's neverhad an acient 9 We don't go abroad 10 What's the longest motorway cftn as wo used io the UR? Ora3B GRAMMAR BANK articles: a/ an, the, no article a/an 1 ea nice house, ‘Shea lawyer 2 Isa an old man with a dog. 23 Whatan awful day! 4 hav cess thea tines wok 319 + We use 2/ anwith singular countable nouns 1 when we say what something is or what somebody does. 2 the fit te we mention thing / person 43 inexclamatons wth What. 4 inexpressions of equency. the 1 sow an old man wth e dog. The dog was baking 2 The bellrng andmy father opened the door ‘The cdron soa schol '3 The moon goes ound the Earth {tim going othe cinoma tonight. 5 athe best restoration. 3.20 + We use the: 1 when we tak about something weve already mentioned. 2 when i's clear what we'e refering to 3 when there's only ne of something, 4 with places in town 0.9 cinema, theatre. 5 with superlatives. 2 Gircleithe correct form, owe GedngD/ the modding Jessi rurse nue n hospital. A no article 1 Gin fen learn to rad err than boys Love sors important han money. 2 She notat home todo. I get back from work at 5.0 2 never have bresfae. Imgoing to the thetre on Tuesday. 4 See you next week 1 We don't ute an arte 1 whan we ae speaking in general with plural and Uneourtable nouns) 8. lve flowers: Compare: ove the flowers in my garden. («the speci flowers in that place) 2 with some nouns To! tom. 3 belore meds, days, and months 4 before next as + day, week, ee 9: home, work, school, church after at bb Complete with a/ an, the, or (no article}. ‘A What does the guidebook say about Pizzeria Marco? B It says thats 2 great restaurant. hospital / The hospitals long way fom 1A How often do you go to _ gym? herhouse. B About thas times week But never goon 2 What a horrible day /homble day! We'l Fridays. have to eat our picnic nthe ear/ a ea 2 A What tie docs __ vain leave? My wife kes lave stores /the love stories, B In 40 mites, Can you drop me off at_staton on your but prefer the war fms war fms. wayto— work? 4 We go to theatre / the theatre about ance 3 A What amazing crs! ismmoritsd one the month B Thanks, Thought tin sales last month 5 Timhaving dinner the dinner with some 4A What's most interesting place to vist in your town? fends the next Friday next Friday. B Probably castle ts oldest building 6 My boyfiondis chef ache. | think he's 5 A What shallwe do __next weekend? the best cack/ best cook nthe wold B Let iit Toni fer lunch, We could eatin_gardon. 7 im not sure cowed the windows / 6 A Doyouko_ cats? ‘windows before Ile the home/ home this B Notes prefer dogs. think theyte __best pets ‘morning 7 A Is your mum —_ housewife? 8 In genera ike dogs the dogs, but B No, she's teacher. She's always ted when she finishes don't Ike dogs / the dogs that ve next work ‘door ta me 8 A Have you ever had _ problem in yourrelaionship? 9 I gotto the school/ school late every day B Yes, butwe solved problem and we got maried, ‘tho lat weok/ ast woeke 9 A When is___ meeting? 10 I think happiness the happinessie more B They've changed date. I'son__ Tuesday now. Important than maney/ the money Ora4A GRAMMAR BANK obligation and prohibition: have to, must, should hhave to/ must + infinitive 1 Youhave to switch off you phone during tako-otf 44 ndlending| ‘Yuen be on time somorson because there's atest. 2 love the Lowel You have to go when yuan Pari Youust se thf its amaang! 3 Thad to wear uniform at my primary school Hote having to getup eal My terest 90, Do youve to warkeon Sots? Most snitch my phone off now? 1 have t0 and must are normally used to tlk about obligation, ‘or something that is necessary to de, hve to ae ust havea wer sitar meaning and you can Utuall ure ether form. have foe more common for general, txtera| abigations, for example, rule ond nwa. must ‘more common for specie on one occasion! or personel blgaions. Compare: Tave to wear a sit and tie at work (= W's the ruin this compary) must buy 2 new shirt this ones to old now. (= t's my cn decision 2 We can alo ute hove to or murtfor strong recommendations 3 have tsa normal vr and texts inal tenses an forms, 109, ako a5 a gerund or nitive, ‘musts. a modal verb only exists inthe present, butt ean Be used with fture meaning, don’t have to ‘You dort have to pay this museums ee ‘You dort have to goto the party you dont want to. a Gilet correct form, Tick Wf both are possible ou don't have to /fustse your phone in quiet 1 Doyouthnkwe shoud /cught text Dad to tel him wellbe late? 2 You don't have to/ mutt send text messages when yousre drvng 2 Apilot has to/ must wear aurifrm when has at wor 4 You should/ must go tothe Ui when you're in Foren 5 Ihe to/ mustspeakto my phone company. My lst billwas wrong. 6 We cont ave to / must’ hurry. Wehave plenty of tine 7 When was at school we had to must wear horble “nor 8 You shoul’ don’t have to wa on he grass. Thay jus plored Hower there. mustn't You mustn't prkhare Oss ‘You must’ eat that ake ~i forthe party + We use don't have to when there sno abligation todo something and mustn't when something is prohste, + don't have toand mus’ ae completly diferent Compare: You don’t have to dive we can get 2 ain. (= you ean dive Myou want to, butit ant necessary obligatory) You mist’ drive along this sect (= i's prohibited, against ‘tho NOT You-don'thovesodive-slong-hirsteat + We can often use cantor rot alowed to instead of ast. You mustn’t/ carte nt allowed to park here. should / shouldn't + infinitive 1 You shoud tke warm clethes with you to Dublin, Ieight be cad at ight, ‘You should link so much coffe. it good for you. 2 think the government should da vomething about ramploymont 1 We use should give advice oro opinion. should not a6 strong as must havo to + should dal verb The only forms are should / should. + We can use ought o/ ought not to instead of should / shouldnt. ‘You ought to tke wan clothes wth you to Dubin You ought net to dank ae much coffee 2 We use shouldte give an opinion -t sy if we think ‘something isthe ight or wrong thing to do, b Complete with the correct form of the verb in brackets. the lines engaged, you hve i cal back later. (have to) 1 __doaletothomework when you ‘wore at school? you / have to) 2 ake my Security? 07 must) 3. Mysisteris2 nurse, so some weeks. vworkcrights she / have to), 4 ever ou have to) 5 Saturdays are the best day of the week. love {get up ear. not have to) let out of my bag at have an operation? 6 don't think ‘wear boot inside their house we / shoul) 7 The exhibtion was fee, 501 pay. (pothave t} Ory4B GRAMMAR BANK ability and possibility: can, could, be able can could ‘Our daughter could pay the olin when she wastes. can spesk thee languages Muon Jenny can't come tonight She's (Ou daughtar coud ply the vin whon sho was three They couldn't wait because they worn hur. + canis a model veb. only hes a present frm (which cn be future meaning) and a past or conditional form coud. + Forall other tense and forma, we ise beable t+ nitive a Grdthe correct form. Tick) both sre posse "ve nays wanted 0 can (6S pa yh boy cour wn abet Relirelbe werent i yectl Ses much batter efter her operation Stor cn/ be ble awa oponsoon He hs could/ been able to mend my bie yor Hell do tomar teathe wedterd alan love can/ being the to go ou wih my farce When we ed on the coos we use to fan] be abet 0" he baach wer Sy Tear notable wr ory eraiat ‘he moment hy computer working I could wos able to read bore Iatarted aot ‘Ween’ can / be abet go on holy ‘hryearbecnse we ned ew cn Uns lose beceure shes aly could ‘been blend prvtme oo. Alu cons able spon Portiguese ‘ety afer ong aon foro years 1 2 10 0 to be able to+ infinitive 1 Luke has boon able to wim since ewes tree Fae toe able toa. ove being able to stayin bedate on Xovllbo abe fo proctse your Engh in Landon. Fortra |e let exert our Mycolesgues weren't able to come to yesterdays esting. on 1 We uz beable to + infiive for bit and possibility, especialy where theresa form @412 Fran eg present erect infintve, gerund, fare ee 2 We sometimes ue be ableton the present and pat instend of con! could sual we wart veedwith _‘fobomore formal Complete with the correct form of be able to (2, 5) or. Iie never bien able seubs dive. Her mobile hasbeen switched off all moming, 0 talk to her yet. on ike noisy bar. ike ‘conversation without shouting 1 leave home when get job, Were having 3 party next Saturday, havea A you You need swim before you can goin a canoe. | can speak five languages. | hate communicate with people inthe awn language. Fortunatly efighters rescue everybody from the buming haute. Im very sorry, bt we next month, Well be on holiday Youre looking worse the doctor yet? ‘The manager ina meeting. ‘come te your wedding you contact 500 you right now because she's Orso5A GRAMMAR BANK past tenses: simple, continuous, perfect past simple: worked, stopped, went, had, ete past perfect: had + past participle ‘They wore in Mosc in 20% sn [South Aan won the 3c8, “he plane de® ative on tine What tine did you getup this moming? Whe ved in Par, often went to watch Pas St. Germain + We ure the past simple for rished actions inthe past when we say, ek or know whan they happened) + We can also ust for repeated actions in the pas + Remember lregular verbs 165. past continuous: was/ were + verb + -ing 1 What were you doing tsi oor st igh? 2 wa driving long the motorway wen it started snowing 3. Wao war doing th hovawor, the cron were plying inthe garda, {wae cold night and twas raining. war watching TV in th ving rom @s:2 1 We uso the past continuous to talk about an action in progres at 2 pectic time inthe port “+ Remember, we don" use the past continuous with non-aetion verbs. NOT Wesioppedte garage becaueeorenceding petrol 2 We often use the past continuous to describe a past action n progress ‘ehich was interroped by another action expressed inthe part simple) “The two actions are usualy Inked by when or 35. 3 We ofton use the past continuous with while for two actions happening atthe same time. 4 We often use the past continuous to describe what's happening atthe beginning ofa story or aneedot Geta comect form When the teacher collected the. or that Robbie chested / isd chest 1 They did't pay well inthe match although they were training hod waned every evening 1 2 Mike had an accident ashe cycled / was eyting to wot 2 3 left work early because | wonted / was wanting to wach the match a 4 Thore seas ot of rac, and when we arived, the match abeady started / had aleady started 4 5 The captain alc’ score / nado cored any ale uaen the referee sent him oft 6 My son got injured while he played / was playing 5 basketoal act Saturday 7 When the snowstorm started, we stopped / had ‘ stopped sking and went back to the hotel. 8 England didnt lose / hadnt lost any of ther previous 7 ‘games when they played nthe quarter-finals 9 The referee suspended the match because it was a ‘pining sine vo hae. 513 lefty hon they tuned onthe TY the match tha lead ished ‘As soon as shut the door, raed that {eye onthe table. Wi couldn’ eto table inthe restaurant because ‘shade booked + We use the past perfect when we ae talking bout the pet and we want total about 0 tater pest action. Compare Wher John arved, they went out. (= fist John arved and then they were out) When Jon avec, they had gone out. they wont out befar John arved) using narrative tenses together Iewaracold ight arditwasssinng. S14 {was watching TVin the bring room, Sudden hoard a krock atthe door got up and opened the + We use the past continuous vas raining, was ‘watching ta st the scene + Wiese the past simple (heard, got up, ete) to say what happened! + Wows the past perfect tha knocked, had isappeared to soy hat happened bafare the previous past action, b_ Complete with the past simple, past continuous, past perfect. “Trea CW Seema ri Wa the fish ine. (sweat, 7058) The accident home thappen, chive) The crows the final whistle, (cheer, blow) = dane a fist because she 6 much. fot recognize, change) The police my set on the motorway because she a eat bel (Stop. not wean Some ofthe players coach | To ther thot ston, a) We use the ski slope because it__ ‘enough: (not ean, not snow) They play tennis because they —_ 2 court (notable te, net book) ‘The playor yellow card because he his she ater seoring 2 gaa, (get oko of when they when the rferee ‘while the5B GRAMMAR BANK past and present habits and states 1 used to teach Engsh when ns ving brood. S16 He didn't use todo any arr, but row he rans marathons. I nover used tik footbal, but | watch t every Weck now. We ured tobe core ends, but we dont talk to eachother anymore. ‘Thathotel ad havea svinming pool, bt they coset i thy use fo ve nthe year? Did you use to have long hi? 2 usually meet my ends at weskends don't oemally go out during he week, English houses sully have gadens. De younormally walk to work? 1 For pat habits and states, wo use used to/ did't uso to + infinitive. + uzedo doesnot exit inthe present tense. NOT Hare (getn ot 00 during themes + Wo ure used 0 for tinge that wore ue over perio of ‘imo inthe past used o often rafers to something whichis aed to doa lot of port (= id let of port for vied of time in the pst, butrow dont + We often use never used toinsted of dict use to. * used o/ dd’ use to can be used with action verb eg. {dol and non-acton verbs eg be, have. | We can aso use the post simple to deseribe past habits (often than adverb of Fequency) Wie (often) want to France for our holidays when (was a chil 2 Are the highlighted verb forms right V) for wrong (XJ? Correct the wrong ones. When | was a teenager usetaihave very short hase usa t9 have 1 | didtuseettoike my maths teacher when las 3 school 2 Doyou usualy telcos rends about your probleme? 3 Mysister never dittusetowant children, 2 butnow she's got four 4 How wsedyoutokeepintouch in thedays 5 before the internet? i 5 They used 4099 on holiday together every winter because they all love sing 5 6 That coupla have thee kids, so they dant usualy go out at night. 7 Didyourparentsusetomeet each ctherat university? Z 8 My husbend use towok fora bank, but now he's unemployed. : 9 We love the theatre. Nowadays, we US! (9010 a play at least once ammonth 2 For present habits, wo use a vr inthe present simple, ‘often with an adver of requency, 23. usally or north D ssed tor past simple? We cn use used the past simpleton wth an acer offequane forested actons or ssi the maenng Swherme, se ove in eed cid vein eed cil We set go tothe cere on Saturdays We fen went 0 the cena oo Settle Bure have tour the paige i = we manton exact dees orrumber of te ~ the action pened ony once. We ment tothe cinema on Satur. soy noe nd any longer Wo oto se nc. ary mre any longer not rou with te prosontmp to contar wth ure Tisedt@ go 10 the gy, but dor gl any mare any longer be used to and get used to Dont confise usedto/ dtu odo with Bouse or getused tong tt {am usd to gtting up ear voc. = 1am aceustorne ton -Iawayedo't 20 ent 3 problem forma Lola can't get used to ning inte UK. + She cant get accustomed tf 's3 problem fhe b Complete with used to + infinitive or usually + present simple (¢] =| or (1) and a verb from the list. argue be eat eatout geton go have play speak watch work My brother sic’ use 0 2: vegetables, but now he loves them, We lt in common, but now wore completely diferent we tobe eaty during the week because we have to get up at 600 am, H TV.on my phone, but now | often do. ae {ootball on Sundey momings? Could Tjoin you next weokend? ‘Thay love sushi 80 they in Japanese restaurants. Where yourhusband before he got the jb inthe bank? My stor has lost lot of weight. She never soln, you 3 lot wth your parent when you wore a teenager? laure really well wth her fatmates, but they ‘ecasionally argue about housework. My exboyfiend tome, but now he cals me quite often.6A GRAMMAR BANK passive (all tenses) 1 Alotof fis ar shot on aation ‘When ie our car being repaired? [Andy bik has boon stolen, ‘The director ded whan the im was being made ‘Youllbe picked up at the apart by one of our sta ‘Thisbil must be pei tomortom: Hoe being given amassoge. 2 Thenow concert hal willbe opened bythe Queen. Gladator was direct by Ray Scot The callge bles Bulbin he 1th century. 1 The costumes forthe show are making / are being made by hand 2 The story nse / was npn to mak fim. 2 This castle han nated haat been inhabited for realy 9entiry 4 His lates fn ets setin France inthe 19605. 5 Teflon wll shoot/ willbe shot the aut, 6 The actors aren't recreing / aren't being recorded the dialogue un ext week 7 Thehouse wasn't using! wasn't being used by the comers ring tho wit. 8 Themako-op artist hos varafomed/ hos been transormed te actor intaa monster 9 They hac owned/hacn® boon cued the company {orvery long bette they wert bankupt 10 The photo took / was tater by my husband on he balony of our ot 1 We often ute the passive be + past participle) when tien't £ig, known, oF important whe does an aeton ‘Andys bike has beon stolen (= somebody hes stolen Andy's bike, but we don't know whe). In passive sentences, the ‘object ofthe verb becomes the new subject. 2 Wwe want to say who did the action, we use by. + We can often say things in two ways in the active o in the passive, Compare Elasator was sivecte by Ridley Scot we want to focus ‘more on the fil Ricloy Scot directo Gladiator (= we want to focus more on the eestor + We form negatives and questions ia the same way a in Some fs arent shot on location 'syourcar being repaired todey? + We often use the passive to tak about processes, for ‘example, scentfe processes, andin forma language, such asrews reports ‘Then the wateris heated to 100 degrees, ‘Mary bilingsin the ety have been damaged by the sarthquake 1b Complete with the passive so that the meaning is ‘the same. Only use by if necessary. People don't ure this room very often, This room ates ait 1 They subtite alot of foreign fms Alotof foreign fins 2 Garcie Marque wrote Love in the Time of Cholera in 1985. Love inthe Time of Cholera in 1985. 3. Someone is epsiring my laptop atthe moment. My laptop atthe moment 4 They haven't released the OVD ofthe fim yet. ‘The DVD of the film 5 They won't irish the lm uni the spring The fm ‘ntl the eptng, 6 You have to collect the tckets from the box office. The tickets from the box afc. 7 They hade't told the actor about the changes inthe srt. The actor about the chenges inthe script. {8 Damien Chazelle directed La La Land, Lalaland 9 Thay’ srosdy recorded he soundtrack The sounded 10 They wer itervienng the director about the fim Thetirocoe Stout the fim Ors6B GRAMMAR BANK modals of deduction: might, can‘t, must ‘might (when you think something is possibly true) en Tonys phone ie eitchad off He might be on the plane now or ust Bowring aura might not ke that tir hs nt real he eye can’t (when you are sure something is impossible / rot true) [Niga can't eam much money ni jo.H Svthhiporent “That worn can't be c's wife Jack’ wile ha dark hic sulting @e2 ‘must (when you are sure something is true) “The neighbours must be out. Thee arent anylightson 613 Inthahoue, ‘Your ster must have alt of money ifshe ives a Porshe 2 Match the sentences. He might be American He can't bea uiverty student. He must be col. He might be going to the gym. He could be lot. He must be martied He mustbe a tour. He can't be enjoying the party. He may not have a job. He can't be a businessman. z 1 2 3 AA He's carving a sports bag, carrying a camera and a guide book. 5 C He's looking ata map. D He's wearing basebal cap. He's looking atjob adverts in the newspaper. F He tt talking to anybody. G He isn't wearing a st H He's wearing a wedding ring | He's wearing school uniform. 4 Itsfreezing and he isn't wearing a jumper 0 + We often use might, cant, must a say how sue o eeetain swe ae about something [based an the nformstion we hove) + Inthis conten, the opposite of musts cant, Compare! The neighbours must be out. There aent any hgh on nthe house houre. NOT + We can use mayinetaad of might and we ean use could in postive sentences “Tack could or may be a the party Im not sur. + We don't use caninstead of might/ my. NOT He-canbe ‘onthe pane now + We often use be + gerund ater might must ant They must be having a party= the musics very loud The neighbours can't be out. Al the ight re on in he The neinhowrs mine ot ‘Complete with must, might (not), or can't ‘A What doos Pete's new gina do? B Iimnotsure, but she mon! bea doctor. think she works at the hospital ‘A Do you know anyone who dives a Ferrari? B Yer, my nephew don't know his slay, but he arn fortune! ‘A Why don‘tyou buy this dress for your mum? B Iimnotaure she ke ffs Bt short for her. ‘AMy sister work as an interpreter forthe EU B She ‘speak alt of languages to work there. ‘A Did you know that Andy's parents have split up? B Poor Andy Ho bbe vory happy about that. ‘A Avo your neighbours away? Al the curtains are closed. B Iimnotsure. suppose they ‘be on holiday. ‘A Wheres your colleague today? B She ‘ell She caled to say that she was going to the doctors {A 7 looking forward to sesing Jana haven't sen her or yer, B You recognize her ~ she's lost lt of weight. {A My deughter has aie aller exams again, B She bbe working very hard ‘A Why is Tina 0 happy? B l'mnot sue, but she ‘A Where does your boss lve? B I dont know, but he he commutes everyday by ain have anew partner lve near the office because Oo7A GRAMMAR BANK first conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc. ‘first conditional sentences: if+ present simple, will/ won't + infinitive 1 you work hard youl pass your exams On ‘The eocher wort be very plesed fer late for ls 2 Come and sce snert week yu have tne 3 Alon wen't get ito university ures she gets goo grades. won't gounoss you goto. PE iced ee 2 Complete with the present simple or future with will and the verbs in brackets. 11a my exams ake them again next year. (ake) 1 That into vouble If she doesn't ose her uniform: (get 2 Ifyou give in yourhomewark ate, the teacher it tnt mark) 3 Dont write anything unless you sure ofthe anawer. oe) 4 Gary willbe expelled ifhis behaviour (rot improve) 5 Theyllbe Lote far schoo! unless they hur) 6 Aske fyou hat to da. (et know) 7 Johnny wil be purished ithe atthe teacher again. Ghou) 8 My sistor passes allher exams nish) ot ‘tonight unless finish my homework quickly (not go out 10 Call meifyou project. need) university this yoarif he some help with your + We use ist contona sentences to talk about a posible / probable ture stuotion adits consequence. 1 We use the present tense (NOT the future after ifn fist conditional sntences. NOT Hyovilwerkc hard youd poss thou cans | 2 We can aso use an imperative instead of the willcause 3 Wecan use unless + present simple] intead of inot in conditional sentences. Compare: Alison wort get into University If she doesnt get good wade. future time clauses Weil have dener when your father gets home. ‘As soon a5 you get your exam resus call me won't go to bed uti you come home. Pthave quik uneh before ese, Alter fioh univers, ll probably take ye off andre one + We use the prosent tanse (NOT the futur) ater when, 35 soon as, ul before, and after tak about the future b Gireléthe correct word or expression. | won't go to unversity{Ry unless | don't get good results. 11 Don't turn over the exam paper after untl the teacher tllsyou to. 2 Please check the weter's not too hot before / afterthe kids got inthe bath 3 Your parents will be really happy when / unless they hear your good news. 4 00k fora job in September before/after! come ‘back from holiday 5 The schools will dose unless / unit stops snowing 6 The jb is very urgent, so please doit after / as soon as you can, 7 Well stay inthe library 2 soon as / untilit closes. Then we'l. go home. 8 Harry will probably lean to drive when / until he's 18. 9 You won't be able to speak to the head teacher unless 1 ifyou make an appointment. 10 Give Mummy a kiss before / after she goes to work.