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7.3 — Common if statement problems
ALEX1 SEPTEMBER 8, 2022
This lesson is a continuation of lesson 7.2 -- If statements and blocks (https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/if-statements-
and-blocks/)2. In this lesson, we’ll take a look at some common problems that occur when using if statements .
Nested if statements and the dangling else problem
It is possible to nest if statements within other if statements :
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 if (x >= 0) // outer if statement
10 // it is bad coding style to nest if statements this way
11 if (x <= 20) // inner if statement
12 std::cout << x << " is between 0 and 20\n";
13
14 return 0;
15 }
Now consider the following program:
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 if (x >= 0) // outer if statement
10 // it is bad coding style to nest if statements this way
11 if (x <= 20) // inner if statement
12 std::cout << x << " is between 0 and 20\n";
13
14 // which if statement does this else belong to?
15 else
16 std::cout << x << " is negative\n";
17
18 return 0;
19 }
The above program introduces a source of potential ambiguity called a dangling else problem. Is the else
statement in the above program matched up with the outer or inner if statement ?
The answer is that an else statement is paired up with the last unmatched if statement in the same block.
Thus, in the program above, the else is matched up with the inner if statement , as if the program had been
written like this:
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 if (x >= 0) // outer if statement
10 {
11 if (x <= 20) // inner if statement
12 std::cout << x << " is between 0 and 20\n";
13 else // attached to inner if statement
14 std::cout << x << " is negative\n";
15 }
16
17 return 0;
18 }
This causes the above program to produce incorrect output:
Enter a number: 21
21 is negative
To avoid such ambiguities when nesting if statements , it is a good idea to explicitly enclose the inner if
statement within a block. This allows us to attach an else to either if statement without ambiguity:
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 if (x >= 0)
10 {
11 if (x <= 20)
12 std::cout << x << " is between 0 and 20\n";
13 else // attached to inner if statement
14 std::cout << x << " is greater than 20\n";
15 }
16 else // attached to outer if statement
17 std::cout << x << " is negative\n";
18
19 return 0;
20 }
The else statement within the block attaches to the inner if statement , and the else statement outside of the
block attaches to the outer if statement .
Flattening nested if statements
Nested if statements can often be flattened by either restructuring the logic or by using logical operators (covered
in lesson 5.7 -- Logical operators (https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/logical-operators/)3). Code that is less nested is less
error prone.
For example, the above example can be flattened as follows:
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 if (x < 0)
10 std::cout << x << " is negative\n";
11 else if (x <= 20) // only executes if x >= 0
12 std::cout << x << " is between 0 and 20\n";
13 else // only executes if x > 20
14 std::cout << x << " is greater than 20\n";
15
16 return 0;
17 }
Here’s another example that uses logical operators to check multiple conditions within a single if statement :
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter an integer: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
9 std::cout << "Enter another integer: ";
10 int y{};
11 std::cin >> y;
12
13 if (x > 0 && y > 0) // && is logical and -- checks if both conditions are true
14 std::cout << "Both numbers are positive\n";
15 else if (x > 0 || y > 0) // || is logical or -- checks if either condition is true
16 std::cout << "One of the numbers is positive\n";
17 else
18 std::cout << "Neither number is positive\n";
19
20 return 0;
21 }
Null statements
A null statement is an expression statement that consists of just a semicolon:
1 if (x > 10)
2 ; // this is a null statement
Null statements do nothing. They are typically used when the language requires a statement to exist but the
programmer doesn’t need one. For readability, null statements are typically placed on their own lines.
We’ll see examples of intentional null statements later in this chapter, when we cover loops. Null statements
are rarely intentionally used with if statements . However, they can unintentionally cause problems for new (or
careless) programmers. Consider the following snippet:
1 if (nuclearCodesActivated());
2 blowUpTheWorld();
In the above snippet, the programmer accidentally put a semicolon on the end of the if statement (a common
mistake since semicolons end many statements). This unassuming error compiles fine, and causes the snippet to
execute as if it had been written like this:
1 if (nuclearCodesActivated())
2 ; // the semicolon acts as a null statement
3 blowUpTheWorld(); // and this line always gets executed!
Warning
Be careful not to “terminate” your if statement with a semicolon, otherwise your conditional statement(s) will
execute unconditionally (even if they are inside a block).
Operator== vs Operator= inside the conditional
Inside your conditional, you should be using operator== when testing for equality, not operator= (which is
assignment). Consider the following program:
1 #include <iostream>
3 int main()
4 {
5 std::cout << "Enter 0 or 1: ";
6 int x{};
7 std::cin >> x;
8 if (x = 0) // oops, we used an assignment here instead of a test for equality
9 std::cout << "You entered 0";
10 else
11 std::cout << "You entered 1";
12
13 return 0;
14 }
This program will compile and run, but will produce the wrong result in some cases:
Enter 0 or 1: 0
You entered 1
In fact, this program will always produce the result You entered 1 . This happens because x = 0 first assigns the
value 0 to x , then evaluates to the value of x , which is now 0 , which is Boolean false . Since the conditional is
always false , the else statement always executes.
