WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER IN A CRUNCH

Brainstorming a Research Topic Quickly

1
Read the prompt your teacher or professor gave you. Before you pick a topic, you will
want to be sure that it fits within the confines of the assignment. Read the instructions
very carefully; you don’t want to waste time writing something and then find out that it
doesn’t fit the assignment.
 Imagine that this is your prompt: “Though virtually every 19th century woman
did domestic work inside the home, many also labored outside of their homes.
Choose an occupation that American women frequently held in the 19th
century. Write an 8-10 page research paper about this occupation.”
 Take note of the particular confines of the research paper. For example, you
can only write about women’s work, and you must stick with a job American
women held in the 1800s.

2
Brainstorm a list of possible topics for your research paper. [1]Think about the topics you
already know a little about from class or personal interest. Your list of possible topics for
a paper on 19th century women’s labor might look like this:
 teacher
 midwife
 innkeeper
 seamstress
 factory laborer

3
Do a quick Google search on each of your topics. If any of them return very few results,
cross them off your list. You won’t have time to track down sources for a difficult topic,
so go with one that returns lots of hits.
 Be sure that a lot of your hits return results from credible sources. Look for
sites that end in .edu or .gov. [2]
  Check to see if a Google search returns any books on your topic. Odds are good
that you’ll be able to find at least part of the book (or a book review) online, so
this will help you later.

4
Select the topic of your research paper. Pick a topic that returned a lot of credible hits on
Google, and, if possible, also interests you.
 Let’s imagine that you chose midwives as the topic of your paper on 19th
century women’s labor. This topic returned a lot of hits from university and
government sources, and there appear to be lots of books about 19th century
American midwifery.

5
Write a preliminary outline of subtopics. It’s a good idea to write a simple outline before
you get too far into your research. This will help you form more in-depth searches.
[3] Odds are good that you will have to alter the outline as you go, but that’s okay. You
may want to include some questions that you have about your topic in your preliminary
outline.
 You will probably want one subtopic for roughly every 2-3 pages.
 So for a 10 page paper, try to think of at least 3-4 subtopics.
It’s okay to have too many or too few at this stage.
 Your outline on 19th century midwifery may look something like this:
 Demographics - Which women were midwives? (Age? Race?
Class?)
 Payment - Did people pay them cash?
 Daily life - Did midwives have other responsibilities beyond
childbirth? What did their daily lives consist of?
 Laws - Legality of midwifery?
 Qualifications - How did a person get to be a midwife?
 Stats - How many women were midwives?

Doing Research Online in a Time Crunch

Decide how you will organize your research as you go. Especially since you’re in a
hurry, you don’t want to have to waste valuable minutes trying to find a website you saw
an hour ago. Choose an organization system that works well for you. Consider:
  Bookmarking the websites on your browser of choice
 Copy and pasting links into a Word or Google document (which you can later
turn into a Bibliography)
 Using a research organization tool such as Zotero (or any other site that keeps
track of sources and creates Bibliographies)

Do a Google search on the first subtopic. Be sure to try various ways of phrasing it.
 For example, if you want to find out about midwife demographics first, there
are a variety of ways you might accomplish this. You might search variations
on any of the following:
 ”19th century midwife demographics”
 ”how old were most 19th century midwives?”
 ”19th century midwives, race”

Save the most relevant web pages that Google returns. At this point, you should just
skim them for relevance to your topic. You will look at them more carefully as you start
to write.[4]
 Don’t spend more than one minute on each page. If you’re fairly certain that it
contains information that can help you, save it, and move on.
 For example, if your search “19th century midwife demographics” returned a
chart from a university website organizing midwives by age, race, class, and
location, you do not need to read the chart carefully right now. This is obviously
a source that will help you, so you should save it and move on.

Use Google Books and Amazon previews. Google and Amazon have both digitized a
huge quantity of books.[5]
 Start by searching for your subtopic on Google and Amazon. Save links to any
books that appear.
 If you find part of a relevant book on Amazon, but it’s missing pages that might
help you, try Google Books (and vice versa). One of the two sites may have the
part that you need.
 The advantage to looking at digitized version of books is that you can use the
search feature to find keywords relevant to your topic.
 If you find a book that has exactly what you need, but the text of it is not
available online, you may want to make a quick trip to your library and check it
 out. If you’re not writing your whole paper in the library, it’s probably best to
save a trip there until you have finished doing online research so that you can get
everything you need all at once.
 For example, a book with a title like, American Midwifery
Before and After the Civil War may be worth the effort to track
down.
 On the other hand, a book called, Life in the 18th Century, which
appears to include just a few paragraphs on midwifery, may not
be worth your time.

Search Google Scholar for your subtopic. This search engine will return peer-reviewed
and reliable sources. Save your results.
 This search will return both scholarly articles and books. If any books appear,
don’t forget to go back and check for them on Amazon or Google Books.
 If you find a particularly helpful article, look for the “related articles” link.
Clicking this may yield more good sources.
 Some articles that Google Scholar returns will only have a preview or an
abstract. If you can’t get all of the information you need from the text that
appears, you can usually buy the article for less than $20. You may want to
wait until you have conducted the bulk of your research to determine whether
any articles are worth buying.

Search online databases. If you have access to a college or university library, login,
and choose a database such as JSTOR, Proquest, or LexisNexis.
 Search for your topic and subtopics in any of the databases you have access to.
 If you don’t have access to a college or university library, and you are having
trouble finding enough resources online, it might be worth your time to figure
out if any of your friends or family has a university library login.

Repeat your searches for every subtopic. Be sure to save all of the relevant sources.
 At this point, you still shouldn’t be carefully reading every source you find. Even
if you aren’t 100% sure that the source will be helpful to you, save it.
Eliminating sources later is much easier than having to do more research at the
last minute.
  For example, maybe you ran across an article that discussed 19th century
midwifery worldwide. A quick skim shows you that there may be some
information here that helps you write about American midwives, but it’s hard to
tell how much of the information will be useful at this point. Save the article
anyway, and you can return to it later if you need to.
Revise your outline. This is the time to decide for sure which subtopics you will write
about. You will probably want at least 2-3 pages per subtopic, depending on how much
information you found. Narrow your focus to the topics that you have lots of information
on.
 If any of your subtopics did not turn up enough relevant results for you to write a
few pages about them, cross them off your outline.
 Perhaps you didn’t find much about how midwives were paid.
There are a few good websites that talk about the exchange of
goods in payment for midwifery services, but not enough
information to yield several paragraphs. Cross this topic off your
list or absorb it into another subtopic, such as “daily life.”
 If any of your searches yielded ideas for new subtopics, add them to your
outline.
 Maybe as you were searching, you discovered that 19th century
American midwives frequently clashed with professional,
licensed physicians, and you found lots of good sources
discussing this issue. Add an appropriate subtopic (such as
“conflicts with doctors”) to your outline.

Writing a Research Paper Quickly

Start drafting. Pick the subtopic that you feel most comfortable with, and start writing
about that topic, then work your way through the other subtopics.
  Keep a Word or Google document open on one side of your computer (or one
monitor, if you have dual monitors), and open your first resource under your first
subtopic on the other side (or the other monitor). Be sure that you can see both at
the same time. This will save you a lot of time switching back and forth between
screens and losing your place.
 Beginning with the first source that you open, start reading carefully. Absorb the
information, and then write about it in your own words.
 Don’t edit much as you go. It’s okay to just let your ideas flow at this point.
Don’t waste time editing sentences that you may eliminate later.
 Don’t worry much about phrasing at this point. If you come to a place where you
don’t know how to express your thought, just make a note about what you’re
trying to express, highlight it so that you remember to return to it, and move on.
 Don’t write your introduction first. Your introduction will need to sum up your
major points, so you should not write it until you’ve written the bulk of your
paper.

Cite as you go. Check your research paper instructions to determine how your instructor
wants you to cite your sources. Citing as you go can help save time in the long run
since you have your sources open and next to you. That way, you don't need to filter
through them all again once you've finished your paper.
 Each time you use information from a particular source, cite it. Be very careful
not to plagiarize in your haste.
 You probably don’t want to write out a full citation as you’re creating your first
draft. Simply inserting a link or the title and author’s name is okay at this point.
Don’t waste valuable time formatting citations for information that you may
decide to eliminate later.

Adjust your outline again. After you’ve written a couple of sections, return to your
outline. Are you going to have enough information to reach the page limit using only the
subtopics you’ve written about so far? Do you need to expand the subtopics a bit?
 For example, maybe you discovered that there is a lot to say about the daily lives
of midwives. You might want to cut out some of the other subtopics that you
haven’t written about yet.

Finish drafting. Write about any remaining subtopics on your outline, being sure to cite
as you go.
  Keep an eye on the page limit. You don’t want to write the bare minimum,
because you’ll look like a slacker. On the other hand, you don’t want to waste
valuable time by writing much more than you have to.

Write your introduction and conclusion. Now that your ideas are all down on paper,
summarize your arguments and major points in the intro and conclusion.
 Write a strong thesis statement stating your major point or argument. Be sure
that this sentence is the last sentence in your introduction.
 For example, perhaps the major point of your paper on midwives is “Nineteenth
century American midwives, most of whom were middle-aged, working class
women, struggled to practice their trade in the face of economic hardships,
increasing legal restrictions, and competition from licensed male physicians.”