TRACEY ISABELLA FIORELLA SAMMY DREW
REPORTERS
GENERAL ADAPTATION APPLICATION OF STRESS
SYNDROME; SELYE THEORIES TO NURSING
STRESS COPING AND
INTRODUCTION OF
ADAPTATION THEORY;
STRESS THEORIES LAZARUZ
CONTENTS
• deal with
normal human
functioning.
• provide nursing with a
framework to understand the
effects that stress has on
the individual and how the
individual responds to
stressful situations or life
events.
• the ability to successfully
adapt to stress leads to
the equilibrium of the
individual, the inability
to adapt successfully leads
to disequilibrium.
• disequilibrium may result in physiologic or
psychological disorders.
• The important thing to remember with stress
theories is that stress is different for
everyone.
GENERAL ADAPTATION
SYNDROME; SELYE
• Hans Selye pioneered research into stress and
proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome.
• Selye defined stress as wear and tear of the
body; the GAS explains the physiological
responses to stress.
• Selye concentrated on the
physiologic changes in the body
and did not elaborate on the
psychological.
ALARM ALERT
Alarm – this stage mobilizes the body’s defense forces and activates the
fight-or-flight syndrome. Puts the body in a state of disequilibrium.
RESISTANCE
focuses on the body’s physiologic responses to regain homeostasis.
EXHAUSTION
the body has exhausted all its resources and a disease state can occur.
Selye’s and Peplaus’s Anxiety
States
Selye’s stages of Peplau’s Levels Characteristics of
the General ofAnxiety Anxiety
Adaptation
Syndrome
Alarm alert Level 1 (mild) • Increased alertness
Level 2 (moderate) • Increased
awareness
• Increased efforts to
reduce anxiety
• Narrowing of
perceptual field
• Problem solving
present
• Coping is increased
Selye’s stages of
the General
Peplau’s Levels of Characteristics of
Adaptation
Anxiety Anxiety
Syndrome
Resistance Level 2 • Feels threatened
(moderate) • Feels overloaded
• Problem-solving
Level 3 (severe)
difficulties
• Selective
inattention
• Depressed
• Irritable
• Psychosomatic
symptoms
Selye’s stages of
the General Peplau’s
Adaptation Levels of Characteristics of Anxiety
Syndrome Anxiety
Exhaustion Level 3 (severe) • Feels helpless
Level 4 (panic) • Feeling of awe, dread, and terror
• Loss of control
• Personality disorganization
• Loss of rational thoughts
• Decreased ability torelate
rationality to others
• Out of touch with reality
• Dissociation
• Diseasenprocess (physical and
emotional)
STRESS COPING AND
ADAPTATION THEORY
;LAZARUS
• Lazarus’ theory deals with how a person copes with stressful situations.
“Coping, when considered as a process, is characterized by dynamics and changes that
are functions of continuous appraisals and reappraisals of the shifting person
environmental relationship” (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988, p. 3).
• The two major factors that are precedents to stress are
the person–environment relationship and appraisals.
The person–environment relationship includes such
factors as personality, values, beliefs, commitments,
social networks, social supports, demands and
constraints, sociocultural factors, and life events.
The three cognitive appraisals are primary,
secondary, and reappraisal.
COGNITIVE
APPRAISAL
PRIMARY SECONDARY REAPPRAISAL
APPRAISAL APPRAISAL
STRESS COPING AND
ADAPTATION THEORY
;LAZARUS
• Coping is the process by which a person manages the appraisal.
• The two types are problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.
Problem-focused coping actually changes the person–environment relationship
Emotion-focused coping changes the meaning of the situation
• Reappraisal allows for feedback about the
outcome and allows for adjustment to new
information
• Adaptation affects three important areas:
health, psychological well- being, and social
functioning.
• Stress and adaptation are the
basis of Roy’s Adaptation Model
(Roy, 2009) and Neuman’s System
Model (Neuman & Fawcett,
Application 2011).
• they provide a framework for
of Stress
nurses to assess the effects of
Theories to stress, both physical and
Nursing psychological, on the individual
and the coping processes that the
individual uses
• consider the meaning of the
stressor to the individual and the
resources and support that the
person has in coping with the
stressors.
APPLICATION
Anxiety Anger
Rest and
Reduction Management
Sleep
Relaxation
Nutrition
Techniques
