DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS &

ASTRONOMY
UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW

PROPOSED YEAR WISE STRUCTURE &

SYLLABUS OF FOUR YEAR U.G. PROGRAM IN
MATHEMATICS

UNDER

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

 UG - Mathematics Programme
Programme Outcomes

Certificate in Applied Mathematics

1. Ability to communicate mathematical ideas clearly using correct

mathematical terminology and proper mathematical notation and use their
mathematical knowledge to solve problems.
2. Develop appreciation and competency for application of mathematical
approaches and techniques to variety of problems and applications to
problems in other disciplines such as engineering, business and other
decisional sciences.

Diploma in Mathematics

3. Prepare sound mathematical base for enhancing understanding in

interdisciplinary subjects such as physics, engineering, computer science
etc. and for pursuing Master’s Degree in Mathematics or
Engineering/Computer science/ Business/Economics

Degree in Mathematics

4. Utilize mathematical skills to coach school and college students or enhance

their own career prospects through pursuit of advanced degree in
mathematics or full-fill prerequisites of eligibility for various national and
international competitive examinations.

B.Sc. Research

5. Comprehend, analyse and apply knowledge gained to formulate research

objectives, adopt appropriate methodology in identified research area to
provide plausible mathematical solutions in chosen research project.

6. Build solid foundation to pursue Masters degree in Mathematics with

research orientation as a prerequisite for Ph.D. in Mathematics.

Programme Specific Outcomes

1. To formulate, analyze, and solve problems through application of

fundamental mathematical techniques
2. To develop the ability to determine the validity of a given argument,
develop mathematical thinking and be able to solve mathematical problems
and construct mathematical proofs independently.
3. To demonstrate an understanding of the foundations of various branches of
mathematics and apply the same to formulate and develop mathematical
arguments in a logical manner.
4. Apply knowledge and mathematical skills to translate information
presented into mathematical form, select and use appropriate mathematical
formulae or techniques in order to process the information and draw the
relevant conclusion.

1
5. Investigate and apply mathematical solutions in a variety of contexts related
to science, technology, business and industry, and illustrate these solutions
using symbolic, numeric, or graphical methods.
6. Build a solid foundation for higher studies in mathematics and other
disciplines requiring quantitative techniques and enhancing their career
prospects through success in competitive examinations for further
academic progression or placement in various positions requiring
mathematical or quantitative background as a pre-requisite.

2
 Proposed Structure UG- Mathematics

Year Sem. Major1 Major 2 Minor CC/VC Total

Award
Mathematics Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits
P-1 Differential Calculus 4 P-1 4
Sem. 1 P-1 4 CC1 4 24

Certificate
P-2 Matrices and Algebra 4 P- 2 4
1 P-3 Integral Calculus 4 P-3 4
Sem. 2 P-2 4 VC1 4 24
P-4 Geometry 4 P-4 4

P-5 Ordinary Differential 4 P- 5 4

Equations
P-3 4 CC2 4 24
Sem.3

Diploma
P-6 Mechanics 4 P-6 4
2
P-7 Mathematical 4 P-7 4
P-4 4 VC2 4 24
Methods
Sem. 4
P-8 Linear & Abstract 4 P-8 4
Algebra
P-9 Numerical Analysis 4 P-9 4 4 24

Internship/ Term
P-10 Analysis 4 P-10 4

Assignment
P- 11 A Integral & Partial 4
Sem. 5 Differential
Equations
P- 11 B Discrete Mathematics

Degree
3 P- 11 C Number Theory
P-12 Advanced Algebra 4 P-11 4 4 24
Minor Project

P-13 Differential Geometry 4 P-12 4

& Tensor Analysis
Sem. 6
P-14 A Advanced 4
Differential
Equations
P-14 B Operations Research

P- 15 Topology 4 4 24
Major Project Research Methodology

P- 16 Fluid Mechanics 4
P- 17 Geometry of 4
Sem. 7 Manifolds
P-18 Complex Analysis 4
B.Sc. Research

P-19 A Module Theory 4

P- 19 B Measure Theory &
4 Integration
24 24

Sem. 8

3
 UG Semester I
Paper 1: Differential Calculus

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Know the concepts of calculus, namely, limits, continuity,

differentiability of functions of one and two variables and their
applications in the form of mean value theorem and Taylor’s theorem.
2. Sketch curves in a plane using its mathematical properties in the
different coordinate systems of reference.
3. Apply derivatives in Optimization, Social sciences, Physics and Life
sciences etc.
4. Get knowledge of curvature, asymptotes, envelopes and evolutes.

UNIT I

Limit, continuity and differentiability of function of single variable, Cauchy’s

definition, Heine’s definition, Uniform continuity, Borel’s theorem,
boundedness theorem, Bolzano’s theorem, Intermediate value theorem,
extreme value theorem, Darboux's intermediate value theorem for derivatives,
Chain rule, indeterminate forms.

UNIT II

Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange and Cauchy Mean value theorems, mean value
theorems ofhigher order, Taylor's theorem with various forms of remainders,
Successive differentiation, Leibnitz theorem, Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s series,

Limit and Continuity of functions of two variables, Differentiation of function

of two variables, Necessary and sufficient condition for differentiability of
functions two variables.

UNIT III

Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function, Schwarz’s

and Young theorem, Taylor's theorem for functions of two variables with
examples, Maxima and minima for functions of two variables, Lagrange
multiplier method, Jacobians, Inverse function theorem and implicit function
theorem.

UNIT IV

Tangents and normals, Asymptotes, Curvature, Envelops and evolutes, Tests

forconcavity and convexity, Points of inflexion, Multiple points, Parametric
representation of curves and tracing of parametric curves, Tracing of curves in
Cartesian and Polar forms.

4
References:

Text Books:

1. T.M. Apostol, Calculus Vol. I, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

2. S. Balachandra Rao, C. K. Shantha, Differential Calculus, New Age
Publication.

Suggested Reading:

3. H. Anton, I. Birens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,2002.
4. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, Pearson Education, 2007.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 2: Matrices and Algebra

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Find the rank and eigen values of matrices.

2. Study the system of linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous
equations.
3. Recognize the mathematical objects that are groups, and classify them
as abelian, cyclic and permutation groups, etc.
4. Link the fundamental concepts of Groups and symmetrical figures.
5. Analyze the subgroups of cyclic groups.
6. Explain the significance of the notion of cosets, normal subgroups, and
factor group.
7. Understand the concepts of rings, subrings and fields.

UNIT I

Elementary operations on matrices, Rank of a matrix, Echelon and normal

form of a matrix, Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations, System of
linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, Theorems on
consistency of a system of linear equations. Eigen values, Eigen vectors and
characteristic equation of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem and its use in
finding inverse of a matrix.

5
UNIT II

Equivalence relations and partitions, Congruence modulo n, Definition of a

group with examples and simple properties, Subgroups, Generators of a group,
Cyclic groups, Coset decomposition, Lagrange’s theorem and its consequences,
Fermat and Euler theorems. Normal subgroups, Quotient groups.

UNIT III

Homomorphism and isomorphism, Fundamental theorem of homomorphism,

Theorems on isomorphism, Permutation groups, Even and odd permutations,
The alternating group, Cayley’s theorem, Direct products.

UNIT IV

Rings, types of rings (commutative rings, rings with unity, division rings,
Integral domains and fields) with examples, basic properties, sub-rings,
Characteristic of a ring, Ideals and quotient rings, Ring homomorphism,
Isomorphism theorems, Field of quotient of an integral domain, polynomial
rings.

References:

Text Books:

1. Linear Algebra by K. Hoffman and R. Kunze.

2. V. Sahai and V. Bist, Algebra, Narosa

Suggested Readings:

3. J.B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Pearson

4. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, John Wiley & Sons

Web References: Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/

MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

6
 UG Semester II
Paper 3: Integral Calculus

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Some of the families and properties of Riemann integrable functions,

and the applications of the fundamental theorems of integration.
2. Beta and Gamma functions and their properties.
3. The valid situations for the inter-changeability of differentiability and
integrability with infinite sum, and approximation of transcendental
functions in terms of power series.
4. Compute area of surfaces of revolution and the volume of solids by
integrating over cross-sectional areas.

UNIT I

Definite integrals as limit of the sum, Riemann integral, Integrability of

continuous and monotonic functions, Fundamental theorem of integral
calculus, Mean value theorems of integral calculus, Differentiation under the
sign of Integration.

UNIT II

Improper integrals, their classification and convergence, Comparison test, μ-

test, Abel's test, Dirichlet's test, quotient test, Beta and Gamma functions.

UNIT III

Rectification, Volumes and Surfaces of Solid of revolution, Pappus theorem,

Multiple integrals, change of order of double integration, Dirichlet’s theorem,
Liouville’s theorem for multiple integrals.

UNIT IV

Vector Differentiation, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Normal on a surface,

Directional Derivative, Vector Integration, Theorems of Gauss, Green, Stokes
and related problems.

References:

Text Books:

1. T.M. Apostol, Calculus Vol. II, John Wiley Publication.

2. Shanti Narayan, P.K. Mittal, Integral Calculus, S. Chand.

Suggested Readings:

3. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons.

7
Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 4: Geometry

Credit: 4 T: 04

Course Outcomes:

1. To learn and visualize the fundamental ideas of coordinate geometry.

2. To describe some surfaces by using analytical geometry.
3. To gain knowledge about regular geometrical figures and their
properties.

Unit I

General equation of second degree, System of conics, Tracing of conics,

Confocal conics, Polar equation of conics and its properties.

Unit II

Three-Dimensional Coordinates, Projection and Direction Cosine, Plane

(Cartesian and vector form), Straight line in three dimension (Cartesian and
vector form).

Unit III

Sphere, Cone and Cylinder.

Unit IV

Central conicoids, Paraboloids, Plane section of conicoids, Generating lines,

Confocal conicoids, Reduction of second degree equation.

References:

Text Books:

1. P. R. Vittal, Analytical Geometry

2. S. L. Loney, The Elements of Coordinate Geometry, Macmillan

Suggested Readings:

3. Robert J.T. Bell, Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of three

dimensions, Macmillan India Ltd

8
Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

9
 UG Semester III
Paper 5: Ordinary Differential Equations

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Formulate Differential Equations for various Mathematical models.

2. Solve first order non-linear differential equation and linear differential
equations of higher order using various techniques.
3. Apply these techniques to solve and analyze various mathematical
models.

UNIT I

Differential Equations of first order and first degree, variable separable

equations and equations reducible to this form, linear equations and Bernoulli
equations, Exact differential equations and integrating factors, special
integrating factors and transformations. Differential Equations of first order
and higher degree, Clairaut equation, singular solutions. Orthogonal
trajectories.

UNIT II

Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients, homogeneous linear

equation with constant coefficients, Wronskian, its properties and
applications. Second order linear differential equations with variable
coefficients: Use of a known solution to find another, normal form, method of
undetermined coefficient, variation of parameters,

UNIT III

Systems of first order equations, linear systems, homogeneous linear systems

with constant coefficients, Volterra’s prey predator equations,

Existence and uniqueness of solutions, method of successive approximations,

Picard’s theorem, Application to systems of first order equations.

UNIT IV

Series solutions of differential equations, Power series method. Bessel,

Legendre and Hypergeometric functions and their properties, recurrence and
generating relations.

References

Text Books:

1. B. Rai, D.P. Choudhary & H.J. Freedman, A Course in Differential

Equations.

10
 2. S. L Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Edition, Wiley

Suggested Readings:

3. G.F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical

Notes, Tata McGraw Hill

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 6: Mechanics

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. The significance of mathematics involved in physical quantities and

their uses.
2. To understanding the various concepts of basic mechanics like simple
harmonic motion, motion under other laws and forces.
3. To study and to learn the cause-effect related to these.
4. The applications in observing and relating real situations/structures.

Unit I

Frame of reference, work energy principle, Forces in three dimensions,

Poinsot's central axis, Wrenches, Null lines and planes.

Unit II

Virtual work, Stable and Unstable equilibrium, Catenary, Catenary of uniform

strength.

Unit III

Velocities and accelerations along radial and transverse directions, and along
tangential and normal directions, Simple Harmonic motion, Motion under
other law of forces. Elastic strings, Motion in resisting medium, Constrained
motion, Motion on smooth and rough plane curves.

Unit IV

Motion of particles of varying mass, Rocket motion, Central orbit, Kepler's

laws of motion, Motion of particle in three dimensions, Rotating frame of

11
reference, Rotating Earth, Acceleration in terms of different coordinates
systems.

References

Text Books:

1. R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics-Statistics

2. Nelson, Engineering Mechanics- Dynamics, Tata McGraw Hill

Suggested Readings:

3. J.L. Synge & B.A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

12
 UG Semester IV

Paper 7: Mathematical Methods

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. To develop mathematical skills in calculus and analysis.

2. To get knowledge of Laplace Transforms and Fourier series.
3. To get acquainted with the essentials of calculus of variations.

Unit I

Definition of a sequence, theorems on limits of sequences, bounded and

monotonic sequences, Cauchy's convergence criterion, Cauchy sequence, limit
superior and limit inferior of a sequence, subsequence, Series of non-negative
terms, convergence and divergence, Comparison tests, Cauchy's integral test,
Ratio tests, Root test, Raabe's logarithmic test, de Morgan and Bertrand's tests,
alternating series, Leibnitz's theorem, absolute and conditional convergence.
Sequences and series of functions: point wise and uniform convergence of
sequences of functions, consequences of uniform convergence, integration and
differentiation of series of functions.

Unit II

Existence theorems for Laplace transforms, Linearity of Laplace transform and

their properties, Laplace transform of the derivatives and integrals of a
function, Convolution theorem, inverse Laplace transforms, Solution of the
differential equations using Laplace transforms.

Unit III

Fourier series, Fourier expansion of piecewise monotonic functions, Half and

full range expansions, Fourier transforms (finite and infinite), Fourier integral.

Unit IV

Calculus of variations-Variational problems with fixed boundaries- Euler's

equation for functionals containing first order derivative and one independent
variable, Extremals, Functionals dependent on higher order derivatives,
Functionals dependent on more than one independent variable, Variational
problems in parametric form.

References:

Text Books:

1. T.M. Apostol. Mathematical Analysis, Pearson

2. RG Bartle, Introduction to Real Analysis, Wiley India

13
Suggested Readings:

3. G.F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical

Notes, Tata- McGraw Hill
4. A.S. Gupta, Calculus of Variations with Applications Prentice Hall India.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 8: Linear & Abstract Algebra

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. The fundamental concept of Rings, Fields, subrings, integral domains

and the corresponding morphisms.
2. The concept of linear independence of vectors over a field, the idea of
basis and the dimension of a vector space.
3. Basic concepts of linear transformations, the Rank-Nullity Theorem,
matrix of a linear transformation and the change of basis.
4. Automorphisms for constructing new groups from the given group.
5. Group actions, Sylow theorems and their applications to check
nonsimplicity.
6. Compute inner products and determine orthogonality on vector spaces.

Unit I

Automorphism, inner automorphism, automorphism groups and their

computations, Conjugacy relations, Normaliser, Counting principle and the
class equation of a finite group, Center of group of prime power order, simple
groups, Group action, Burnside lemma, Sylow theorems and its applications.

Unit II

Prime and maximal ideals, Euclidean Rings, Principal ideal rings, Polynomial
Rings, Polynomial over the Rational Field, The Eisenstein Criterion, Polynomial
Rings over Commutative Rings, unique factorization domain.

Unit III

Vector spaces, Subspaces, Linear independence and dependence of vectors,

Basis and dimension, Quotient space, Linear transformations, Direct sums,
The Algebra of linear transformations, rank nullity theorem, their

14
representation as matrices, Linear functionals, Dual space, Characteristic
values, Cayley Hamilton Theorem.

Unit IV

Inner product spaces, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Orthogonal vectors,

Orthonormal sets and bases, Bessel’s inequality for finite dimensional spaces,
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process, Bilinear and Quadratic forms.

References:

Text books:

1. Topics in Algebra by I. N. Herstein.

2. Algebra by V. Sahai and V. Bist
3. Linear Algebra by V. Sahai and V. Bist

Suggested Readings:

4. Linear Algebra by K. Hoffman and R. Kunze.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links : NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

15
 UG Semester V

Paper 9: Numerical Analysis

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Some numerical methods to find the zeroes of nonlinear functions of a

single variable and solution of a system of linear equations, up to a
certain given level of precision.
2. Interpolation techniques to compute the values for a tabulated function
at points not in the table.
3. Applications of numerical differentiation and integration to convert
differential equations into difference equations for numerical solutions.

Unit I

Solution of equations: bisection, Secant, Regular Falsi, Newton Raphson’s

method, Newton’s method for multiple roots, Interpolation, Lagrange and
Hermite interpolation, Difference schemes, Divided differences, Interpolation
formula using differences.

Unit II

Numerical differentiation, Numerical Quadrature: Newton Cotes Formulas,

Gaussian Quadrature Formulas, System of Linear equations: Direct method for
solving systems oflinear equations (Gauss elimination, LU Decomposition,
Cholesky Decomposition),Iterative methods (Jacobi, Gauss Seidel, Relaxation
methods). The algebraic Eigen value problem: Jacobi’s method, Givens method,
Power method.

Unit III

Numerical solution of Ordinary differential equations: Euler method, single

step methods, Runge-Kutta method, Multi-step methods: Milne-Simpson
method, Types of approximation: Last Square polynomial approximation,
Uniform approximation, Chebyshev polynomial approximation.

Unit IV

Difference Equations and their solutions, Shooting method and Difference

equation method for solving Linear second order differential equation with
boundary conditions of first, second and third type.

References

Text Books:

1. S. S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, PHI

2. Numerical Methods for Engineering and scientific computation by M. K.
Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar & R.K. Jain.

16
Suggested Readings:

3. Kandasamy P. & et Al., Numerical Methods, S. Chand & Co.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 10: Analysis

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Understand the basic concepts of metric spaces.

2. Know the concepts such as open balls, closed balls, compactness,
connectedness etc.
3. Understand the significance of differentiability of complex valued
functions leading to the understanding of Cauchy-Riemann equations.
4. Evaluate the contour integrals and understand the role of Cauchy-
Goursat theorem and the Cauchy integral formula.
5. Expand some simple functions as their Taylor and Laurent series,
classify the nature of singularities, find residues and apply Cauchy
Residue theorem to evaluate integrals.

Unit I

Definition and examples of metric spaces, Neighbourhoods, Interior points,

Limit Points, Open and closed sets, Convergent and Cauchy sequences,
Completeness, Cantor’s intersection theorem.

Uniform convergence of sequences and series of functions, Uniform

convergence and continuity, Uniform convergence and integration, Uniform
convergence and differentiation, Power series.

Unit II

Stereographic projection, Continuity and Differentiability of complex

functions, Analytic functions, Cauchy Riemann equations, Harmonic functions.

17
Unit III

Complex integration, Cauchy-Goursat theorem, Cauchy’s Integral formula,

Formulae for first, second and nth derivatives, Cauchy’s Inequality, Liouville’s
Theorem, Elementary functions, Mapping by elementary functions, conformal
mapping.

Unit IV

Taylor and Laurent Series, Absolute and uniform convergence of Power series,
Residues and Poles, Residue theorem, Zeros and poles of order m, Evaluation
of improper real integrals, Definite integrals involving sines and cosines.

References:

Text books:

1. Mathematical Analysis by Shanti Narain.

2. Complex variable and applications by Brown & Churchill.

Suggested Readings:

3. Magnus Robert, Fundamental Mathematical Analysis, Springer

Undergraduate Mathematics Series

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 11 A: Integral & Partial Differential Equations

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Describe different types of Linear integral equations and partial

differential equations for the impart knowledge of formulation of
practical problems of applied mathematics.
2. Understand the theoretical basic behavior of different types of arising
problems such as Fredholm, Volterra, Singular, Hilbert and Cauchy
integral equations.
3. Explain the foundations of various problems related to Wave, Laplace
and Diffusion equations by the method of separation of variables.
4. Deal with problems in applied mathematics, theoretical mechanics and
mathematical physics and engineering.

18
Unit I

Origin of first order partial differential equations. Partial differential equations

of the first order and degree one, Lagrange's solution, Partial differential
equation of first order and degree greater than one. Cauchy’s method of
characteristic, Charpit's method of solution, Surfaces orthogonal to the given
system of surfaces.

Unit II

Origin of second order PDE, Solution of partial differential equations of the

second and higher order with constant coefficients, Classification of linear
partial differential equations of second order, Solution of second order partial
differential equations with variable coefficients, Monge's method of solution,
Cauchy’s problem for Homogenous wave equation, Properties of Harmonic
function, Methods of separation of variable for solving Laplace, wave and
diffusion equations.

UNIT III

Linear Integral Equations-Definition and Classification of conditions, Special

kinds of Kernels, Eigen values and Eigen functions, Convolution integral, Inner
product, Integral equations with separable Kernels. Reduction to a system of
algebraic equations.

UNIT IV

Fredholm alternative, Fredholm Theorem, Fredholm alternative theorem,

Approximate method, Method of successive approximations, Iterative scheme.
Solution of Fredholm and Volterra integral equation, Results about resolvent
Kernel.

References:

Text Books:

1. I.N. Sneddon: Elements of Partial Differential Equations, Mc -Graw Hill, 1988.

2. Ram P. Kanwal, Linear Integral Equations (2nd ed.), Birkhäuser, Boston.

Suggested Readings:

3. T. Amarnath: An Elementary Course in Partial Differential Equations, Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2005.
4. Tyn Myint U: Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics, Elsevier
Publications.

19
Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 11B: Discrete Mathematics

Credit: 4 T: 04

Course Outcomes:

1. Lattices and their types.

2. Boolean algebra, switching circuits and their applications.
3. Graphs, their types and its applications in study of shortest path
algorithms.
4. Display familiarity with the mathematical models which are the integral
part of the hardware and software of computer science.
5. Elaborate and expand their understanding of the tools helpful in the
implementation of circuit design, AI algorithms and compiler
construction.

Unit I

Propositional Logic- Proposition logic, basic logic, logical connectives, truth

tables, tautologies, contradiction, normal forms (conjunctive and disjunctive),
modus ponens and modus tollens, validity, predicate logic, universal and
existential quantification, proof by implication, converse, inverse
contrapositive, contradiction, direct proof by using truth table.

Unit II

Boolean Algebra- Basic definitions, Sum of products and products of sums,

duality principle, Boolean functions, Logic gates and Karnaugh maps. Lattice,
Duality, types of lattices, sublattices, bounded lattices, distributive lattices,
complemented lattices, modular lattices, join irreducible elements.

Unit III

Combinatorics- Inclusion- exclusion, recurrence relations (nth order recurrence

relation with constant coefficients, Homogeneous recurrence relations,
Inhomogeneous recurrence relations), generating function (closed form
expression, properties of G.F., solution of recurrence relations using G.F.
solution of combinatorial problem using G.F.)

20
Unit IV

Finite Automata- Basic concepts of automation theory, Deterministic Finite

Automation (DFA), transition function, transition table, Non Deterministic
Finite Automata (NDFA), Mealy and Moore machine, Minimization of finite
automation.

References:

Text books:

1. Discrete Mathematics by C. L.Liu.

2. Discrete Mathematics with computer application by Trembley and
Manohar.
3. Mendelson, Elliott: Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Chapman & Hall,
1997
4. John E. Hoprcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman: Introduction to
Automata Theory, Languages and Computation, Pearson Education,
2000

Suggested Readings:

5. Arnold B. H.: Logic and Boolean Algebra, Prentice Hall, 1962

6. K. H. Rosen: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, MGH 1999

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 11C: Number Theory

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. To have knowledge of primes, congruences, quadratic residues and

primitive roots.
2. Solving Diophantine equations.
3. Derive generating functions and recurrence relations.

UNIT I

Divisibility; Euclidean algorithm; primes; congruences; Fermat’s theorem,

Euler’s theorem and Wilson’s theorem; Fermat’s quotients and their

21
elementary consequences; solutions of congruences; Chinese remainder
theorem; Euler’s phi-function. Congruences

UNIT II

Congruence modulo powers of prime; primitive roots and their existence;

quadratic residues; Legendre symbol, Gauss’ lemma about Legendre symbol;
quadratic reciprocity law; proofs of various formulations; Jacobi symbol.

UNIT III

Diophantine Equations, Solutions of ax + by = c, 𝑥𝑛+ 𝑦𝑛= 𝑧𝑛; properties of

Pythagorean triples; sums of two, four and five squares; assorted examples of
diophantine equations.

UNIT IV

Generating Functions and Recurrence Relations, Generating Function Models,

calculating coefficient of generating functions, Partitions, Exponential
Generating Functions, A Summation Method. Recurrence Relations: Recurrence
Relation Models, Divide and conquer Relations, Solution of Linear, Recurrence
Relations, Solution of Inhomogeneous Recurrence Relations, Solutions with
Generating Functions.

References:

Text Books:

1. Niven, I., Zuckerman, H. S. and Montgomery, H. L. (2003) An Int. to the

Theory of Numbers (6th edition) John Wiley and sons, Inc., New York.
2. Burton, D. M. (2002) Elementary Number Theory (4th edition) Universal
Book Stall, New Delhi.
3. Balakrishnan, V. K. (1996) Introductory Discrete Mathematics, Dover
Publications.

Suggested Readings

4. Balakrishnan, V. K. (1994) Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of

Combinatorics Including Concepts of Graph Theory, Schaum’s Outline.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

22
 Internship / Term Assignment

Credit :04

23
 UG Semester VI
Paper 12: Advanced Algebra

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Give the structure of an abelian group of a given order.

2. Construct the splitting field extension of a given polynomial.
3. Understand the interplay of group theory and field theory.
4. Determine the minimal polynomial of an algebraic element.

Unit I

Series of groups, Schreier theorem, Jordan Holder theorem, solvable groups,

Nilpotent groups, Insolvability of Sn for n>5,

Unit II

Finite Abelian groups, primary decomposition theorem, basis theorem,

fundamental theorem of finite Abelian group, elementary divisors and
invariant factors,

Unit III

Field extensions: finite extension, finitely generated extension, algebraic

extension, simple extension, transcendental extension, finite field.

Unit IV

Splitting field, algebraically closed field, normal extension, separable

extension, primitive element theorem. Galois theory- Galois group, Galois
extension, Fundamental theorem of Galois theory, Artin’s theorem,
Fundamental theorem of algebra (Algebraic Proof)

References:

Text Books:

1. V. Sahai & V. Bist: Algebra, Fourth Edition, Narosa.

2. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, Narosa
3. DJS Robinson, An Introduction to Abstract Algebra, Hindustan Book
Agency.

Suggested Readings:

4. J. B. Fraleigh: A first course in Abstract algebra, Narosa

5. S. Lang: Algebra, Addison Wesley.

24
Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper I3: Differential Geometry & Tensor Analysis

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Explain the concept of differentiable geometry.

2. Understand the concepts of tensors in differentiable geometry.
3. Apply various concept of differential calculus in tensors.

Unit I

Local theory of curves-Space curves, Examples, Plane Curves, tangent and

normal and binormal, Osculating Plane, normal plane and rectifying plane,
Helices, Serret-Frenet apparatus, contact between curve and surfaces, tangent
surfaces, involutes and evolutes of curves, Bertrand curves, Intrinsic
equations, fundamental existence theorem for space curves.

Unit II

Metric-first fundamental form and arc length, Direction coefficients, families

of curves, intrinsic properties, geodesics, canonical geodesic equations, normal
properties of geodesics, geodesics curvature, Gauss-Bonnet theorem, Gaussian
curvature, normal curvature, Meusneir’s theorem, mean curvature, Gaussian
curvature, umbilic points, lines of curvature, Rodrigue’s formula,Euler’s
theorem.

Unit III

Tensor algebra: Vector spaces, the dual spaces, tensor product of vector
spaces, transformation formulae, contraction, special tensor, inner product,
associated tensor.

Tensor Analysis: Contravariant and covariant vectors and tensors, Mixed

tensors, Symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors, Algebra of tensors,
Contraction and inner product, Quotient theorem, Reciprocal tensors,
Christoffel’s symbols, Covariant differentiation.

25
Unit IV

Gradient of scalars, Divergence of a contra-variant vector, covariant vector and

conservative vectors, Laplacian of an invariant, curl of a covariant vector,
irrotational vector, Riemannian space, Riemannian curvatures and their
properties, Ricci tensor, and scalar curvature, Einstein space and Einstein
tensor, Geodesics.

References:

Text books:

1. T.J. Willmore, An introduction to Differential Geometry,Dover Publication

2012.
2. S.Lang., Fundamentals of Differential Geometry; Springer, 1999.
3. B. O'Neil, Elementary Differential Geometry, 2nd Edition, Academic press,
2006.
4. R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Application to Riemannian Geometry,
Pothishala 1988.

Suggested Readings:

5. David C. Kay, Tensor Analysis, Schaum's Outline series McGraw Hill 1988.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 14 A: Advanced Differential Equations

Credit: 4

Course Outcomes: T:04

1. Solve the system of 1st order differential equations, 2nd order differential
equations, nth order differential equations, oscillatory equation, stability and
unstability of linear and non-linear system of equations.
2. Conceptualize Green’s functions and nature of critical points.
3. Prove advanced understanding of topics in applied mathematics,
computational physics etc.

26
Unit I

Linear System- Introduction, properties of linear homogeneous systems, Abel-

Liouville formula, Periodic linear System, Floquet’s theorem, Solution of nth
order linear homogeneous equation with variable coefficients.

Unit II

Inhomogeneous linear system, nth order linear non-homogeneous equation

with variable coefficients, Hurwitz’s theorem, Non-linear system, Volterra’s
prey & predator equation, Non linear equations: Autonomous system.

Unit III

The phase plane & its phenomena, types of critical points & Stability, Critical
points & stability for linear system, stability by Liapunov’s direct method.
Green function, Construction of Green functions, Green function of
homogeneous and non-homogeneous end conditions, Strum Liouville systems.

Unit IV

Second order differential equation: Introduction, Preliminary results,

Boundedness of solutions, Oscillatory equation, number of zeroes, Pruffer’s
transformation, Strum theorem, Strum’s comparison theorem.

References:

Text Books:

1. G. F. Simmons: Differential Equation, Tata McGraw-Hill

2. B. Rai, D. P. Chaudhary, H.I. Freedman: A course in Ordinary Differential
Equations, Narosa Publishing House.
3. S. L. Ross: Differential Equations, Wiley Indian, 2004

Suggested Readings:

4. E. A. Coddington: An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

27
 Paper 14 B: Operations Research

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Be able to understand the application of OR and frame a LP Problem

with solution
2. Be able to build and solve Transportation and Assignment problems
using appropriate method.
3. Be able to design and solve simple models of CPM and queuing to
improve decision making and develop critical thinking and objective
analysis of decision problems.
4. to take best course of action out of several alternative courses for the
purpose of achieving objectives by applying game theory and
sequencing models.

Unit I

Linear programming problems, Slack and surplus variables, Statement of

general Linear programming Problems, Standard and matrix forms of linear
programming problem, Basic feasible solution.

Unit II

Convex sets, Fundamental theorem of linear programming, Simplex method.

Artificial variables, Big-M method, Two- phase method, Revised simplex
method.

Unit III

Resolution of degeneracy, Duality in linear programming problems, Dual

simplex method, Primal-dual relation analysis, integer programming.

UNIT IV

Transportation problems, assignment problems, Queuing Theory, Markov

Chains, PERT and CPM, Optimization and constrained Optimization using
Langrange’s Multiplier.

References:

Text books:

1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research: An Introduction, 10th Edition,

Pearson
2. Kanti Swaroop, P. K. Gupta, Manmohan, Operations Research, Sultan
Chand

28
Suggested Readings:

3. G. Hadley, Linear Programming

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Minor Project

Credit :04

29
 UG SEMESTER VII
Paper 15: Topology

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Define and illustrate the concept of topological spaces and continuous

functions,
2. Illustrate the concept of limit point, dense sets, interior, exterior,
boundary points.
3. Identify and understand bases, sub-bases and different type of spaces
like Lindelof, Separable, and their properties.

Unit I

Countable and uncountable sets, Schroeder-Bernstein theorem, Cantor’s

Theorem, Cantor’s Sets, Cantor’s continuum hypothesis, Zorn Lemma, Well
ordering principle.

Topological spaces: Definitions and Examples, open base and open subbase for
a topology, Lindelof theorem, limit points, closure, interior; Continuous
functions, Homeomorphisms; relative topology, Metric Topology, Product
Topology, Weak topology, The function algebras C(X,R) and C(X,C).

Unit II

Compact spaces, Heine Borel theorem, product of spaces, Tychonoff theorem,

generalized Heine Borel theorem, locally compact spaces, compactness for
metric spaces, Ascoli’s theorem.

Unit III

Separation Axioms: T1 and Hausdorff spaces, completely regular and normal

spaces, Urysohn’s lemma; Tietze extension theorem. Uryohn’s imbedding
theorem; Stone Cech compactification.

UNIT IV

Connected spaces, the components of a space, totally disconnected space,

locally connected space,

References

Text Books:

1. G.F. Simmons: Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Mc-Graw

Hill Int. Book Company
2. J. R. Munkres: Topology - A first course, Prentice hall India Pvt. Ltd.

Suggested Readings:

30
 3. J. L. Kelley: General Topology. Van Nostrand. Reinhold Co., New York
1995

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 16: Fluid Mechanics

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. understand the concept of fluid and their classification, models and

approaches to study the fluid flow.
2. formulate mass and momentum conservation principle and obtain
solution for non viscous flow.
3. know potential theorems, minimum energy theorem and circulation
theorem.
4. understand two dimensional motion, circle theorem and Blasius
theorem.

Unit I

Types of fluids, Continuum hypothesis, Lagrangian and Eulerian method of

describing fluid motion, Motion of Fluid element: Translation, Rotation and
Deformation. Stream lines, Path lines and streak lines. Material derivative.
Acceleration of a fluid particle in Cartesian, Cylindrical Polar and Spherical
Polar Coordinates. Vorticity Vector, Vortex Lines, Rotational and Irrotational
motion of fluid, Rotational velocity, Velocity Potential, Boundary surface,
Boundary condition.

Unit II

Reynold transport theorem. Principle of conservation of Mass-Equation of

continuity (By Lagrangian and Eulerian method). Equation of Continuity in
different coordinate systems. Body force and Surface force. Euler’s equation of
motion-conservation of momentum, Bernoulli’s Equation, Energy Equation,
Impulsive effects.

Unit III

Irrotational motion in two dimensions: Stream function, Physical significance

of stream function, Sinks, Doublets and their images in two dimension,
Complex Velocity Potential. Sources, Milne-Thompson circle theorem, Vortex,

31
Vortex motion, Image of Vortex, Kelvin Circulation Theorem, Complex
potential due to Vortex, Kirchhoff vortex Theorem, Blasius Theorem and
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem.

Unit IV

Irrotational motion produced by motion of circular cylinders in an infinite

mass of liquid, Liquid Streaming past circular cylinder, Kinetic energy of
liquid, Motion of sphere through a liquid at rest at infinity. Liquid streaming
past a fixed sphere, Axis-Symmetric flow, Stoke’s function.

References:

Text Books:

1. Frank Chorlton: Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi.

2. Z.U.A. Warsi: Fluid Dynamics, Theoretical and Computational
Approaches, C.R.C. Press
3. S.W. Yuan: Foundation of Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi
4. N. Curle and H J Davies: Modern fluid dynamics

Suggested Readings:

5. G. K. Bachelor: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge

University Press. London.
6. R.W. Fox, P.J. Pritchard and A.T. McDonald: Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 17: Differential Geometry of Manifolds

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Elaborate the concept of differentiable manifolds and their examples.

2. Clarify the concepts of vector fields, tangent vectors & tangent spaces in
a manifold.
3. Apply various concepts of differential calculus to the settings of
abstract set called manifold.

32
 4. Use Riemannian metric on a given manifold to find the various types of
curvatures with emphasis on the surface/ types of manifold.
5. Bring out different connections on Riemannian manifold and its
properties.
6. Calculate curvature tensor & tensors of respective connections.

Unit I

Definition and examples of differentiable manifolds, Tangent vectors, Tangent

Spaces, Vector fields and their examples, Jacobian map. Immersions and
submersions, Diffeomorphism and their examples, Curve in a manifold,
Integral curves and their examples, Distributions, Hypersurface of Rⁿ, Sub-
manifolds.

Unit II

Standard connection on Rⁿ, Covariant derivative, Sphere map, Weerigarten

map, Gauss equation, the Gauss curvature equation and Coddazi-Mainardi
equations.

Unit III

Invariant viewpoint, Cartan view point, coordinate view point, Difference

Tensor of two connections, Torsion and curvature tensors.

Unit IV

Riemannian Manifolds, Length and distance in Riemannian manifolds,

Riemanian connection and curvature, Curves in Riemannian manifolds,
Submanifolds of Riemannian manifolds.

References:

Text Books:

1. N.J. Hicks: Notes on Differential Geometry, D. Van Nostrand, 1965.

2. U. C. De., A. A. Shaikh: Differential Geometry of Manifolds, Narosa
Publishing House.

Suggested Readings:

3. Y. Matsushima: Differentiable Manifolds, Marcel Dekker, INC. New York,

1972.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

33
 Paper 18: Complex Analysis

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Understand the topics of Complex Analysis needed to pursue research

in pure mathematics.
2. Understand the properties of maximum modulus of a Complex valued
function and the results based on that property.
3. Develop manipulation skills in the use of Rouche’s theorem and
Argument Principle.
4. Show knowledge of Gamma and Zeta functions with their properties
and relationships.
5. Understand the Harmonic functions defined on a disc and concerned
results.
6. Make factorization of entire functions having infinite number of zeros.

Unit I

Maximum Modulus Theorem, Schwarz’s Lemma, Minimum Modulus Theorem,

Hadamard’s three circle theorem, automorphism of the unit disk. Convergence
of sequences and series of complex numbers, absolute convergence. Uniform
convergence of sequence and series of functions, Cauchy’s criterion,
Weierstrass’s M-test, analytic convergence theorem. Absolute and uniform
convergence of power series, integration and differentiation of power series,
radius of convergence.

Unit II

Zeroes of holomorphic functions, Open Mapping Theorem, Inverse Function

Theorem. Index of a closed path, meromorphic functions, argument principle,
Rouche’s theorem, residueat the point at infinity, indentation around a
branch point and the branch cut, summation of series.

Unit III

Function spaces: Hurwitz theorem, Infinite products, Weierstrass factorization

theorem, Mittag-Leffler’s theorem, Gamma functions and its properties,
Riemann’s Zeta function.

UNIT IV

Uniqueness of direct analytic continuation, Power series method of analytic

continuation, Natural boundary, Schwarz’s reflection principle, Harmonic
Functions, Mean value property for harmonic functions, Harnack’s inequality,
Poisson formula, Jensen’s formula, Poisson-Jensen’s formula, Convex
functions, Hadamard’s three circle theorem as a convexity theorem, Canonical
products, Hadamard’s factorization theorem, order of entire functions.

34
References:

Text Books:

1. J. V. Deshpande: Complex Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi
2. E. C. Titchmarsh: Theory of functions, Oxford University Press
3. John B. Conway: Functions of one complex variables, Springer
International

Suggested Readings:

4. R.V. Churchill, J.W. Brown, Complex Variables and Applications, McGraw

Hill.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 19 A: Module Theory

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Identify cyclic modules, simple modules, finitely generated modules etc.

2. Find a basis of a free module.
3. Use the basis to describe module homomorphisms.
4. Describe the structure of a finitely generated module over a PID.

Unit I

Modules-Definition and examples, simple modules, submodules, Module

Homomorphisms, Quotient modules, torsion free and torsion modules, direct
sum of modules.

Unit II

Exact sequences, Short exact sequence, split exact sequences, Five-lemma, free
modules, modules over division rings are free modules, invariant rank
property.

35
Unit III

Free modules over PID’s, Invariant factor theorem for submodules, Finitely
generated modules over PID, Chain of invariant ideals, Fundamental structure
theorem for finitely generated module over a PID,

Unit IV

Projective and injective modules, Divisible group.

References:

Text Books:

1. V.Sahai and V. Bist: Algebra, Fourth Edition, Narosa.

2. I.B.S. Passi and I.S. Luther: Algebra, Volume 3 Modules, Narosa

Suggested Readings:

3. S. Lang: Algebra, Addison Wesley.

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

Paper 19 B: Measure Theory & Integration

Credit: 4 T:04

Course Outcomes:

1. Display understanding of the essential foundations of important aspect

of mathematical analysis.
2. Explain the measurability of a set of real numbers and measurable
functions.
3. Differentiate between the Riemann integral and the Lebesgue integral.
4. Apply the Measure theory and theory of the integral in other branches
of pure and applied mathematics.

Unit I

Algebra of sets, countable sets, Cantor set, Borel sets, outer measure of a set
and its properties. Measurable sets. Lebesgue measure, a non-measurable set.

36
Measurable functions and their properties. Concept of almost everywhere.
Littlewood's three principles.

Unit II

The Lebesgue integration of bounded function over a set of finite measure, the
Lebesgue, Bounded convergence theorem, the integral of a non-negative
function, Fatou’s Lemma, Monotone convergence theorem, the general
Lebesgue integral, Lebesgue convergence theorem.

Unit III

Differentiation of monotone functions, Vitali’s Lemma, the four derivatives,

the differentiation theorem. Functions of bounded variation, Differentiation of
an integral. Absolute continuity.

Unit IV

Inequalities and the Lp Spaces: The Lp Spaces, convex functions, Jensen’s

inequality, the inequalities of Holder and Minkowski, completeness of Lp(µ).
Convergence inmeasure, almost uniform convergence.

References:

Text Books:

1. H.L. Royden: Real Analysis, Pearson Prentice Hall

2. G.de Barra: Measure Theory and Integration, Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Suggested Readings:

3. Taylor, Measure Theory and Integration,American Mathematical Soc., 2006

Web References:

Digital platforms web links: NPTEL/SWAYAM/ MOOCS/Openstax.org

https://openlearninglibrary.mit/edu/courses

http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/e-content-faculty-of-science

37
 Research Methodology

Credit: 4 T:04

Course outcomes:

This course is designed to enable students to:

1. Identify and discuss the role and importance of research.

2. Identify and discuss the issues and concepts salient to the research process.
3. Identify and discuss the complex issues inherent in selecting a research
problem, selecting an appropriate research design, and implementing a
research project.
4. Identify and discuss the concepts and procedures of sampling, data collection,
analysis and reporting
5. Read, comprehend and explain research article and writing a research article.

UNIT I

Research Formulation and Design

Motivation and objectives – Research methods vs. Methodology. Steps of research,
Types of research – Descriptive vs. Analytical, Applied vs. Fundamental,
Quantitative vs. Qualitative, Conceptual vs. Empirical, concept of applied and basic
research process, criteria of good research. Defining and formulating the research
problem, selecting the problem, necessity of defining the problem, importance of
literature review in defining a problem, literature review-primary and secondary
sources, reviews, monograph, patents, research databases, web as a source,
searching the web.

UNIT II

Data measurement and Data Analysis

Measurement: Concept of measurement, Problems in measurement in research –
Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement – Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Observation and collection of data, methods of data collection, sampling methods,
data processing and analysis strategies and tools, data analysis, hypothesis testing.

UNIT III

Soft Computing
Computer and its role in research, some mathematical software like MATLAB, R etc.
and their application in research. Software for paper formatting like LaTeX/MS
Office.

38
UNIT IV

Research Ethics and Report Writing

Significance of Report Writing, Different Steps in Writing Report, Layout of the
Research Report, Ethical issues related to publishing, Plagiarism, Software for
detection of Plagiarism, publishing a research article.

REFERENCES:

1. Kothari, C.R., 1990. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New

Age International.
2. Garg, B.L., Karadia, R., Agarwal, F. and Agarwal, U.K., 2002. An introduction
to Research Methodology, RBSA Publishers

Suggested Readings:

3. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, by Kate L.

Turabian, Wayne C Booth, Gregory G. Colomb.

Web references:

https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-research-methodology-17760
http://users.cla.umn.edu/~nwaller/math.htm

39
 UG SEMESTER VIII

Major Project

Credit :24

40