10

Science
Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1: Week 1-7
Electronics

DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

Quarter 1: Week 1
Electrical and Electronic Components and Symbols
Background Information
Did you ever wonder how a television set brings to your living room the video and audio of
your favorite TV programs? Perhaps you are also looking for explanations as to how your cellphone
can record pictures and videos and see or play for it whenever you want.
Other electronic equipments that could bring wonders to our lives are the inventions like
pacemakers, computers, smartphones, and other devices that could be used for communication,
transportation, industry, entertainment, and recreation.
Perhaps you will be surprised that if you remove or open the casing of your computer central
processing unit, you will find tiny parts arranged in a manner that each is connected.
Inside of electronic gadgets and devices is the number of basic electronic components that are
used for building electronic circuits. Without these components, circuit designs are never complete or
didn’t function well. The electronic components include resistors, diodes, capacitors, integrated
circuits, and so on. Some of these components consist of two or more terminals that are soldered to
circuit boards. Some may be packaged types like integrated circuits in which different semiconductor
devices are integrated.
The figure below illustrates the basic electronic components.

Figure 1. Basic Electronic Components

Despite the many and the increasing number of electronic gadgets and devices,
electronic components can still be grouped into passive and active electronic
components, the two electronic components work together.
Active electronic components are transistors and integrated circuits (ICs). These
components are used to generate and amplify radio and audio signals and are responsible
for changing the characteristics of voltage and current. On the other hand, passive electronic
components are resistors, capacitors, coils, and transformers and are used to maintain the
operating voltages and current of the active electronic components at their normal values.
The figure below illustrates active and passive electronic components.

Active Passive

Transistor Resistor

Diode LDR

LED Thermistor

Photodiode Capacitor

Integrated Circuit Inductor

Operational Amplifier Switch

Seven Segment Display Variable Resistor

Battery Transformer

Figure 2. Active Electronic and Passive Electronic Components and Symbols

Competency
 Describe and illustrate the different electronic symbol
Activity 1: PART BY PART
Direction: Identify each electrical component found in the circuit image by writingthe name on the
box provided in each number.

1. 3. 5.

2. 4
.

6. 9.

7. 8.
Activity 2: DRAW THAT PART
Direction: Draw each electrical/electronic component labeled in each box.

Light Emitting Diode Ammeter Motor

Ceramic Capacitor Integrated Circuit Light-dependentresistor

Transistor Zener Diode Battery

Inductor Buzzer Microphone

Activity 3: ON or OFF
Direction: Identify the given electronic/electrical components in column A as active or passive then
match them with the descriptions in column B.
A B
1. Resistor  A type of transistor that is fabricated by the
controlledoxidation of a semiconductor

2. MOSFETS  A type of diode that allowsthe flow of current

not only forward direction but it can flow
backward
3. Electrical Cell   These are devices or modules that detect
events or changes in theenvironment and
send information to other electronic devices

4. Zener Diode  An electrical component that opposes the

flow of either direct or alternating current
5. Capacitor  A device that acts as an amplifier or a switch

6. Voltage   A device that converts AC to DC

Transformer
7. Light Emitting   A device that can increase or decrease AC
Diode voltage
8. Transistor   A power generating devicethat converts
chemical energy to electrical energy

9. RectifyingDiode   A semiconductor devicethat emits visible

light when an electric current
passes through it
_10. Sensors   A device that stores electrical energy

Reflection:
1. What have you learned from the different activities that you have accomplished?
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Quarter 1: Week 2
Electrical and Electronic Components and Symbols

Background Information
International letter symbolism is based on the Roman Greek alphabet. There are fewer than
90 distinctive capital and small letters to represent somethousands of scientific and technical
quantities, and extensive duplication is unavoidable. Priority is given here to electrical, electronic, and
manufacturing engineering, and quantities in associated fields are, where necessary, assigned
alternative or second-choice symbols.
Electronic component symbols are used to denote the components in circuit diagrams. There
are standard symbols for each of the components which represent thatcomponent. These Symbols are
used in circuits to recognize a component. It is also called a schematic symbol. Each component has
typical functionality according to its operational characteristics. An electronic circuit or
schematic drawing uses a wired pathbetween electronic components to complete the circuit. These
components are represented by respective symbols for it
Electrical and electronic symbols used in circuits are defined with various national and
international standards. E.g. IEC standard, JIC standard, ANSI standard, and IEEE standard. Though
electrical symbols are standardized, may varyfrom country to country, or engineering discipline, based
on traditional conventions.

Learning Competency
Describe and illustrate the different electronic symbols

Activity 1: DECODE THE MESSAGE

Direction: Supply the missing letters of an electric component being described by the illustration.

1) AN_E_N_ 2) B_T_E_Y 3) _APAC_T_R 4) D_O_E 5) E_RT_

6) GA_V_NOM_T_R 7) _US_ 8) _ND_C_OR 9) J_ NC_IO_S 10) O_MM_T_R

 11) _WI_C_ 12) _ES_ST_R 13) _AM_ 14) PO_E_TIO_E_ER 15) R_EO_T_T

16) _R_NS_S_OR 17) TR_NS_OR_E_ 18) T_ER_IS_O_ 19) VO_T_G_ 20) V_L_M_TE_
SO_RC_

Activity 2: WHAT IS THAT DEVICE?

Direction. Analyze each circuit diagram. Identify the parts that are installed and the device represented
by the circuit diagram.

1.

A. B.

C.

E. D.

2.
B.

A. C.

E. D.
Activity 3: FILL IN THE BOX
Direction. Supply the information needed in each box.

COMPONENT SYMBOL FUNCTION

NAME

INDUCTOR

It hinders the flow of

current
VOLTMETER

It serves as a switch or
amplifier

It converts electrical
energy to sound energy

SWITCH

Reflection
1. What is the importance of knowing the electrical and electronic components andsymbols to
you?
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2. What essential learning you would like to share with your family? Why?
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Quarter 1: Week 3
Properties of Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

Background Information

Electricity is everywhere. It is the fundamental source of energy that allows any

electronic devices like smartphones, laptops, radios, televisions, and even lamps to work. It is a
phenomenon that occurs throughout nature and takes many different forms. From the lightning
produced by the highly charged clouds above or crackling of a static spark at your fingertips, to the
movement through the human nervous system, animating the brain's will in every flourish, breath,
and unthinking heartbeat.

Electricity is briefly defined as the flow of electric charges, but its production is not just a
simple movement of electrons. We need to consider factors such as the amount of potential
difference between two charges, temperature, and the types of material.
The ability of electrons to flow is highly influenced by the type of materials. Materials could
be a conductor, insulator, or semiconductor. It flows easily in conductors while finding difficulty in
insulators. Insulators are poor conductors of electricity. Semiconductors however can have the
property of both insulators and conductors wherein once impurities are introduced to it becomes
conductive of electricity.
Key Differences Between Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator
1. The factor that generates a key difference between conductor, semiconductor, and insulator is that
the energy gap between the conduction band and valence band does not exist as the two bands
overlap in the case of the conductor.
On the contrary, the energy gap between valence and conduction band is small in the case of
semiconductors. While a large energy difference exists between the two bands in the case of
insulators.
2. As conductors allow a large flow of electric current thus exhibits low resistivity as compared to
semiconductor whose resistivity is moderate. On the other side, the insulator possesses the highest
resistivity among all.
3. Conductors are highly conductive while semiconductors possess moderate conductivity. As against,
the conductivity of insulators is almost negligible.
4. Conductors are the materials that exhibit a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, as
resistance increases with the increase in temperature. While semiconductors and insulators
possess a negative temperature coefficient of resistance as their resistivity decreases with the
increase in temperature.

5. In the case of conductors, the conduction band is completely filled, in semiconductors, it is partially
filled while in insulators conduction band is totally vacant.

6. The valence band in conductors is almost vacant, in semiconductors, it is partially filled as some
 electrons are present in the conduction band due to a small band gap. However, the valence band
is completely filled in the case of insulators because there exists a large band gap between the
valence and conduction band.
7. The common conductors are copper, aluminum, graphite, iron, etc. Silicon and germanium are
examples of semiconductors. While common insulators are paper, rubber, glass, plastic, etc.
Learning Competency
 Compare insulators Point, conductors, and semiconductors in terms of its propertiesand uses

Activity 1: Boxes On
Direction: Fill in the box with sufficient answers.

Characteristics Conductor Semiconductor Insulator

A conductor is a
material that allows
the flow of charge
Definition whenapplied with a
voltage.

They have
intermediate
Conductivity . conductivity ((10-7
Ʊ /m to 10- 13 Ʊ
/m), thus they can
acts as insulators &
conductors at
different conditions.
There are no free
electrons orholes
thus, there is no
Conduction conduction.
The band gap of the
semiconductor is
greater than the
Band gap
conductor butsmaller
than an insulator i.e.
1 eV. Their electrons
need a little energy
for the conduction
state.

Resistivity Low
 Number of
Valence 4 Valence
Electron in the electrons in the
Outer Shell outershell.
Rubber, Glass,
Wood, Air,Mica,
Plastic,
Examples
Paper etc.

Activity 2: Three-Way Round

Direction: Identify each material below if it is a CONDUCTOR, INSULATOR, or SEMICONDUCTOR.

1. Selenium 11. Dirty Water

2. Paper 12. Air
3. Gallium 13. Aluminum foil
4. Gold 14. Sea Water
5. Pure Water 15. Earth’s Mantle
6. Copper 16. Sulfur
7. Silicon 17. Graphite
8. Iron 18. Lemon Juice
9. Diamond 19. Steel
10. Bronze 20. Glass

Activity 3: Dude that’s DOPE!

Direction: Identify the elements of each electron configuration and write D if theelement is a Donor
Dopant and A if it is an Acceptor Dopant in asemiconductor.

Electron Configuration Element Type of Dopant

1) 1s22s22p1

2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1

4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

5) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
6s24f14 5d10 6p3

6) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3
 7) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1
8) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3

9) 1s2 2s1

Guide Question:
1. How did you determine the type of dopant of each electron configuration withoutlooking at the
periodic table of elements?
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2. What do you think is the importance of these dopants in a semiconductor?

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Reflection:
1. What are the three things that I have learned? I will not forget? I will share with myfamily?

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Quarter 1: Week 4
Tools and Equipment Used in Electronics

Background Information
The earliest tools that were developed dated back at least 2.6 million years ago. The Early
Stone Age includes the most basic stone tool kits made by early humans in Africa. The first-ever
stone toolkit called the Oldowan toolkit was discovered at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania which was
recovered from different localities in eastern, central, and south of Africa. The oldest among these
Oldowan technologies is called the Choppers which consist of stone cores with flakes removed from
part of the surface, creating a sharpened edge that was used for cutting, chopping, and scraping.
With a constant need to increase productivity and operational flexibility, manufacturers in
every industry are realizing the big benefits of emerging technologies. Today’s manufacturers are at
the forefront of a revolutionary shift in the way they do business. A variety of new tools and
technologies are giving leading manufacturers the competitive edge they need, by allowing them to
differentiate their products and operate more efficiently than ever before.
Among the hundreds of tools and equipment are the most useful electronic tools. Electronic
tools aided the modern inventors to produce electronic products such as desktops, laptops, tablets,
smartphones, and modern wonders of technology like the smallest chip you can find in the computer.

Below are samples of common tools and equipment used in electronics.

Philips Head Screwdriver

Tweezers

Wire Stripper
 Multimeter

Soldering Iron

Common Pliers

Galvanometer

Power Supply

Each tool has particular use in electronic works. One must know the use of each tool to better
use it effectively.

Learning Competency
Discuss the use of different tools and equipment in electronics.

Activity 1: THE HOUSE TOOLS

Direction. List down the tools and equipment that you can find inside your home then
sort out them according to their functions

Hand tools Power tools

Guide Questions:
1. Which of the tools and equipment that you found in your home are considered electronic tools?
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2. What are the similarities of these electronic tools that make them apart fromthe common hand
tools?
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Activity 2: Three-Way Round

Direction: Identify each electronic tool and give its functions.
Activity 3: DIY Galvanometer
Direction: Follow the instruction given on each part of the experiment and answerthe guide questions.
Materials:

 10m (11 yds.) of 24-gauge insulated copper wire stripped at both ends.Three 10-cm (4-in.)
lengths of wire
 One 30-cm (12-in.) lengths of wireSewing needle
 One 20-cm (8-in.) strip of wood lathLantern battery
 Paper clip
 Bar magnet

Procedures:
1. Make a coil with your long piece of wire by winding it around a lantern batteryor
small fruit jar. Leave about 50 cm (20 in.) of wire at each end.
2. Remove the coil from the battery and use the 10 cm (4 in.) pieces of wire tohold the
coil together in three places.
3. Use the 30 cm (12-in.) wire to secure the coil in an upright position on the lath.
4. Magnetize the needle by rubbing it 30 times in the same direction with a barmagnet.
It should now pick up a paper clip.
5. Use thread to hang the needle balanced in the middle of the coil. Compare your
finished product with the figure.
6. This is a simple galvanometer used to detect the direction and flow of the electric
current. Touch the wire to a battery and notice the direction of the needlepoint. Now,
switch the wire on the terminal of the battery and notice the direction of the
needlepoint. This device can be used to detect the flow of even small amounts of
electric current.
Video Guide: https://youtu.be/e8t_xln8TBA
Guide Question:
1. How did the needle balance in the middle of the wire behave when you connected the
two terminal wires to the battery?
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2. What do you think is the factor that allows the movement of the needle?
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Reflection:

1. Which would you like to choose, doing work without tools or having tools but nothing to work
on?
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2. Which one would you prefer, a tool that is being overused or a tool just inside of a display
cabinet? Why?
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Quarter 1: Week 5
Safety Precautions in Handling Equipment in Electronics

Background Information

Which is more dangerous? Alternating current or Direct current? This question was posted by
Thomas Alva Edison which launched the propaganda campaign against Nikola Tesla and George
Westinghouse that tells the dangers of using the Alternating current since Edison discovered the use
of Direct current. As part of Edison’s propaganda against Tesla and Westinghouse, animals were
publicly executed with the alternating current just to show the world the dangers of AC. However,
arguments among the dangers of both types of current have been discussed through the years of study
and research. According to Charles Dalziel's experiments on men and women, muscles contraction is
continuous in case of an electric shock with DC. Whereas in the case of AC, a person experiencing
electric shock undergoes a series of muscle contractions which may cause very severe damage to the
muscles.
When working with or testing any electronic equipment, it’s always important to be cautious.
Whatever type of equipment you’re handling, whether simple or complex, it’s important to take the
right safety precautions. Working with electricity comes with huge risks that should never be taken
lightly. If you’re a hobbyist who loves working with electronic components or an electronics
professional at your workplace, safety should always come first. Electronics is a potentially dangerous
hobby. Any circuit that works with 120 V AC power from an electrical outlet is especially dangerous
and could potentially kill you. Here are a few safety guidelines to keep you safe as you work:
1. Never work on a circuit while power is applied.
2. Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have carefully checked your
work.
3. If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine yourcircuit to find
out what went wrong.
4. Keep your work area dry.
5. Always wear safety goggles.
6. Be careful around large capacitors; they can continue to hold voltage long after they are
disconnected from power.
7. Be especially careful when you solder because a hot soldering iron can easily burnyou.
8. Always work in a well-ventilated space.
9. Have safety equipment such as a fire extinguisher, a first-aid kit, and a phone nearby.

Learning Competency
Enumerate safety precautions in handling equipment in electronic
Activity 1: Know your Guardians
Direction: Describe each of the safety tools and equipment used in handling electronic projects by
naming and giving their functions.

Image Names Descriptions and use

Activity 2: Complete Me

Direction: Fill in the missing words on each sentence that will complete the list of safety precautions
in handling electronic equipment.
1. Don’t work on electronic equipment or make repairs with high on.
2. Never assume the power circuit is off. Test and test again with a to confirm.
3. all wires for bad connections.
4. Always return covers after removing them to reduce the risk of .
5. Don’t work with jewelry on your hands like watches,
rings and bracelets.
6. When removing high-voltage charges on capacitors, always use a .
7. Don’t use your to remove hot parts.
8. Never with interlocks.
9. Look out for wire insulation, of electronic equipment,
damaged circuit boards and components like batteries.
10. Make it a practice to use only hand when equipment
to anelectronic circuit.

Reflection
Direction: Give a few insights on what you learned for the lesson and its practical application in life.
(Minimum of 100 words)

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Rubrics for scoring

Quarter 1: Week 6
Electric Circuit, Ohm’s law, and Network Theorem
Background Information
We all know that electricity is the flow of electrons in which the word electricity is derived
from this tiny sub-particle of an atom. A battery itself doesn’t work if you hold it up in the air
because there would be no passage of electric current. Hence, you need a circuit. In simple terms, an
electronic circuit is a closed pathway for electrons to flow.
The Electric Current in a circuit flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
while electrons flow from negative to positive. So, when the switch is ON the path is complete and
electricity passes through enabling the bulb to light up and we call this type of circuit a Close circuit,
while when the switch is OFF, there is a break in the flow of electricity and the bulb does not light up
and we call this type of circuit as an Open circuit. You would find circuits in every electrical device
you use - from your switchboard, television, refrigerator up until to your laptop.
You must have heard two terms – Electrical and Electronic. First, let’s understand the
difference between these two terms. While electrical is the basis of everything, electronic is a subset
of electrical. An electrical circuit deals with just the flow of electrons and has components like
resistors, inductors, and capacitors and uses an Alternating Current source; while electronic circuit
deals with the transformation of current and controlling the motion of the electrons and use a Direct
Current source. An electrical circuit is termed Passive because it doesn’t have any such component
that reacts to the current/voltage that passes through them and an electronic circuit is called active
because of the additional components like a diode or a transformer that react to the current/voltage
that passes through.
The components of a circuit are arranged in many ways, two of the simplest are Series and
Parallel. If the components of the circuit are connected in one single pathway or one after the other,
it is called a series circuit. However, when the components are connected in different separate
pathways then it is a parallel circuit.
In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of the components is the same, and
the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. In a
parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the
sum of the currents flowing through each component.
Ohm's Law is a formula used to relate voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.
It states that the voltage V across a resistor R is directly proportional to the current I flowing through
it. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Ohm’s Law can be expressed as R = V/I and be rearranged to V=IR and I=V/R. Ohm is assigned
as the unit of resistance in the circuit.

Competency
Describe the types of electric circuit applying Ohm’s law and network theorem
Activity 1: What yah got there?
Direction. List down all the devices and gadgets found in your home that uses series and parallel
circuit.

Series Parallel

Guide Question:
1. How does a series circuit different from parallel and series-parallel circuits (vice versa) based
on the list of devices you categorized?
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2. Why does house circuits are mostly parallel?
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Activity 2: I Got New Rules, I Count ‘Em

Direction. Analyze the electric circuits below and determine the missing voltage and current on each
missing value based on the rules of voltage (O) and current (). Neglect resistance.

Circuit A Circuit B
Guide Question:
1. What will happen to the resistance of the two circuits if the switches are open?
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2. What will be the behavior of each load installed in each circuit?
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Activity 3: The Wheel

Direction. Give the corresponding Formulae, units of measurement, and symbols for each
component of the Ohm’s Law provided on the wheel.

Guide Questions:

1. How does current behaves on the resistance and voltage in the given formulas found in the
wheel?

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2. How does resistance affect the consumption of power and energy loss?
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Quarter 1: Week 7
Electric Circuit, Ohm’s Law and Network Theorem

Background Information
Imagine electricity as a river running down the mountain wherein the current in
electricity is represented by the water. Meanwhile, the voltage serves as the steepness of the river
that allows it to move downward due to the gravitational force of the earth. As water moves
downward there are certain cases that it slows down and most probably it is caused by some rocks
or debris found in the river itself and we can compare it to the resistance of the electricity that slows
down the flow of current.

Electric current is the flow of electric charge(C) in the form of electrons and it is measured
by the number of electrons passing a particular point within a circuit per second (s). Therefore, the
flow of charge per unit second defines as the amount of electric current. When the charge moves at
the rate of 6.25x1018 electrons flowing past a given point per second, the value of the current is one
ampere (A). But what makes these charges move from a certain point? that’s where voltage
(potential difference) comes in.
The concept of electric force is usually the reason why these tiny particles move. When two
like-charged particles are brought near to each other they repel like two magnets having the same
pole while two particles having opposite charges will attract each other like the north and south pole
of a magnet. If these particles move towards or away from each other then they can do work which
is called electric potential. Thus two dissimilar charges have a difference in electric potential
(potential difference) that will allow charges to move and the unit of potential difference is called
Joule/Coulomb or volt (J/C or V).
The resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electric
current. An object of uniform cross-section will have a resistance proportional to its length and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the material
or R α ῤL/A where R is resistance, ῤ is resistivity, L is the length of wire and A is the cross-sectional
area of the wire. Discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, electrical resistance shares some
conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the
ohm (Ω). Resistance refers to how much the material that is conducting electricity opposes the flow
of electrons. The higher the resistance, the harder it is for the electrons to pass through.
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s laws provide fundamental rules in the electronic network or
circuit analysis. Network or circuit theorems are beneficial to help find voltage and currents in multi-
loop circuits. Theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of mathematics to
analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as voltages, currents,
resistance, and so on. These fundamental theorems include the basic theorems like Superposition
theorem, Tellegen’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem, and Thevenin’s
theorems. Another group of network theorems that are mostly used in the circuit analysis process
includes the Compensation theorem, Substitution theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Millman’s
theorem, and Miller’s theorem.
 Superposition theorem is a way to determine the currents and voltages present in a circuit
that has multiple sources (considering one source at a time). The superposition theorem states that
in a linear network having a number of voltage or current sources and resistances, the current through
any branch of the network is the algebraic sum of the currents due to each of the sources when acting
independently.

Figure 1.
The superposition theorem is used only in linear networks. This theorem is used in both AC
and DC circuits wherein it helps to construct Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits.
In the above figure, the circuit with two voltage sources is divided into two individual circuits
according to this theorem’s statement. The individual circuits here make the whole circuit look simpler
in easier ways. And, by combining these two circuits again after individual simplification, one can easily
find parameters like voltage drop at each resistance, node voltages, currents, etc.
A linear network consisting of a number of voltage sources and resistances can be replaced
by an equivalent network having a single voltage source called Thevenin’s voltage (Vthv) and a single
resistance called (Rthv).

Thevenin’s Theorem
 The above figure explains how this theorem is applicable for circuit analysis. Thevenin’s
voltage is calculated by the given formula between the terminals A and B by breaking the loop at
terminals A and B. Also, Thevenin’s resistance or equivalent resistance is calculated by shorting
voltage sources and open circuiting current sources as shown in the figure.
This theorem can be applied to both linear and bilateral networks. It is mainly used for
measuring the resistance with a Wheatstone bridge.
Norton’s theorem states that any linear circuit containing several energy sources and
resistances can be replaced by a single constant current generator in parallel with a single resistor.
This is also the same as that of the Thevinens theorem, in which we find Thevinens
equivalent voltage and resistance values, but here current equivalent values are determined. The
process of finding these values is shown as given in the example within the above figure.

Norton’s Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer theorem explains the condition for the maximum power
transfer to load under various circuit conditions. The theorem states that the power transfer by a
source to a load is maximum in a network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance
of the source. For AC circuits load impedance should match with the source impedance for maximum
power transfer even if the load is operating at different power factors.

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

For instance, the above figure depicts a circuit diagram wherein a circuit is simplified up to a
level of source with internal resistance using Thevenin’s theorem. The power transfer will be
maximum when this Thevinens resistance is equal to the load resistance. The Practical application of
this theorem includes an audio system wherein the resistance of the speaker must be matched to the
audio power amplifier to obtain maximum output.

The Reciprocity theorem helps to find the other corresponding solution even without further
work, once the circuit is analyzed for one solution. The theorem states that in a linear passive bilateral
network, the excitation source and its corresponding response can be interchanged.

In the above figure, the current in the R3 branch is I3 with a single source VS. If this source is
replaced to the R3 branch and shorting the source at the original location, then the current flowing
from the original location I3 is the same as that of I3. This is how we can find corresponding solutions
for the circuit once the circuit is analyzed with one solution.
Millman’s theorem states that when any number of voltage sources with finite internal
resistance is operating in parallel can be replaced with a single voltage source with series equivalent
impedance. The Equivalent voltage for these parallel sources with internal sources in Millman’s
theorem is calculated by the below-given formula, which is shown in the figure below.

Millman’s Theorem

Tellegen’s theorem is applicable for circuits with a linear or nonlinear, passive, or active and
hysteric or non-hysteric networks. It states that the summation of instantaneous power in the circuit
with n number of branches is zero.

Substitution theorem states that any branch in a network can be substituted by a different
branch without disturbing the currents and voltages in the whole network provided the new branch
has the same set of terminal voltages and current as of the original branch. The substitution theorem
can be used in both linear and nonlinear circuits.
 Miller’s theorem states that in a linear circuit if a branch exists with impedance Z connected
between two nodes with nodal voltages, this branch can be replaced by two branches connecting the
corresponding nodes to the ground by two impedances. The application of this theorem is not only an
effective tool for creating an equivalent circuit but also a tool for designing modified additional
electronic circuits by impedance.

Learning Competency

Describe the types of electric circuit applying Ohm’s law and network theorem

Activity 1: Guess the Word

Direction. Fill in the necessary letters to complete the crossword
puzzle. Base your answers on the given clue for each item.

Clues

ACROSS

1. Potential difference:
unit

2. Oppose

5. Charge per second

6. positively or
negatively

7. Copper: Loop

9. Force: Electricity

11. Valence_________

DOWNWARD

1. Person: Battery

3. Natural: Lightning

4. Particle: Moving

8. AC: Resistance

10. Unit: Law

Activity 2: We the Resistance V.2
INSTRUCTION. Determine the total resistance of each circuit below and show your solutions.

Circuit A Circuit B
Activity 3: Ohm my Circuit!
INSTRUCTIONS. Determine the amount of voltage, current and resistance of the series-parallel
circuit. Show your solutions.

Find the following.

RTotal= _______________ IR4-7 = _______________

ITotal = _______________ IR5 = _______________

VR1 = _______________ VR6 = _______________

VR2-7= _______________ IR6-7 = _______________

VR2 = _______________ VR7 = _______________

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think will happen to the total resistance of the circuit if we increase the value of the
voltage source?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Is the current in the negative terminal the same that is released in the positive terminal of the
voltage source? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
Activity 4: Theorems of Everything
Direction. Match the theorems on Column A with their descriptions in Column B

COLUMN A COLUMN B

______1. Superposition Theorem A. It is used as a tool for designing modified

additional electronic circuits by impedance.

______2. Thevenin’s Theorem B. Any branch in a network can be substituted by a

different branch without disturbing the currents
and voltages.
______3. Norton’s Theorem C. It is used only in linear networks and used in both
AC and DC circuits.

______4. Maximum Power D. The equivalent resistance is calculated by

Transfer Theorem shorting voltage sources and open circuiting
current sources
______5. Reciprocity Theorem E. It states that the summation of instantaneous
power in the circuit with n number of branches
is zero.
______6. Compensation Theorem F. Any number of voltage sources with finite
internal resistance is operating in parallel can be
replaced with a single voltage source with series
equivalent impedance.
______7. Millman’s Theorem G. In any bilateral active network, if the amount of
impedance is changed from the original value to
some other value carrying a current then the
resulting changes in other branches are same as
those that would have been caused by the
injection voltage source.

______8. Teelegen’s Theorem H. It states that in a linear passive bilateral network,

the excitation source and its corresponding
response can be interchanged.

______9. Substitution Theorem I. This theorem explains the condition for the
maximum power transfer to load under various
circuit conditions.
_____10. Miller’s Theorem J. States that any linear circuit containing several
energy sources and resistances can be replaced
by a single constant current generator in parallel
with a single resistor.
References
Build-electronic circuit.com, Basic Electronic Components Used in Circuit, Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/basic-electronic-components/

Electronicsandyou.com, Electronic Components-Overview of Basic Electronics, Accessed

July 17, 2020. http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electronic-components-parts-and-

their- function.html

Build-electronic circuit.com, Basic Electronic Components Used in Circuit, Accessed

July 16, 2020. https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/basic-electronic-components/

Electronicsandyou.com, Electronic Components-Overview of Basic Electronics, Accessed July 17,

2020.

Build-electronic circuit.com, Basic Electronic Components Used in Circuit, Accessed July 16,

2020. https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/basic-electronic-components/

Electronicsandyou.com, Electronic Components-Overview of Basic Electronics, Accessed

July 17, 2020. http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electronic-components-parts-and-

their-function.html

Electronicsdesk.com, Differences Between Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator,

Accessed July 21, 2020. https://electronicsdesk.com/difference-between-conductor-

semiconductor-and-insulator.html

John Papiewski, Basic Tools and Equipment in Electronics, Accessed July 27, 2020

https://itstillworks.com/basic-tools-equipment-electronics-1630.html

Electronicsclub.info, Tools For Electronics, Accessed July 24, 2020

https://electronicsclub.info/tools.htm

Electronicsandyou.com, Electronic Components-Overview of Basic Electronics, Accessed

July 17, 2020. http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electronic-components-parts-and-

their-function.html

Dummies.com, Electronics safety rules, Accessed August 28, 2020.

https://www.dummies.com/programming/electronics/electronics-safety-rules/
http://www.blog4safety.com/2017/02/safety-precautions-to-take-when
working-with-electronic-equipment/
Electrical Technology.org, Personal Protective Equipment.
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2018/07/personal-protective-
equipment-ppe.html

Osha. Gov, Electrical Safety, Accessed August 28, 2020.

 https://www.osha.gov/Publications/electrical_safety.html#:~:text=Electrical
%20Safety%201

%20Assume%20that%20all%20overhead%20wires,away%20from%20the%20line.%20...%
20More%20items...%20

Physicsclassroom.com, Combination Circuits, Accessed July 28, 2020

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-4/Combination-Circuits

electronicsandyou.com, Electric Circuits-Types of Electric Circuit, Accessed July 28, 2020

http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electric-circuit-types-of-electric-circuit.html

electronicshub.org, Basic Electrical Circuits-Components Types, Accessed July 29, 2020

https://www.electronicshub.org/basic-electrical-circuits-componentstypes/

allaboutcircuits.com, What are Series and Parallel Circuits? Accessed July 29, 2020

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-

parallel- circuits/

physicsclassroom.com, Combination Circuits, Accessed July 28, 2020

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-4/Combination-Circuits

electronicsandyou.com, Electric Circuits-Types of Electric Circuit, Accessed July 28, 2020

https://www.electronicshub.org/basic-electrical-circuits-componentstypes/

allaboutcircuits.com, What are Series and Parallel Circuits? Accessed July 29, 2020

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-
parallel-circuits/

allaboutcircuits.com, Ohm’s Law - How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate, Accessed

July 28, 2020. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage-

current-resistance-relate/

Basic Electronics Tutorials by Wayne Storr of Electronics- Tutorial.

elprocus.com, Introduction to Network Theorems in Electrical Engineering, Accessed July 29, 2020.
https://www.elprocus.com/basics-of-network-theorems-in-electrical-engineering/

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-parallel-
circuits/

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage-current-resistance-
relate/

Basic Electronics Tutorials by Wayne Storr of Electronics- Tutorial

https://www.elprocus.com/basics-of-network-theorems-in-electrical-engineering/
 Activity 1: DECODE THE MESSAGE
Answer Key (Week 2):
Activity 2: Draw that Part
Activity 1: Part by Part
1. Buzzer 6. Connecting Wires
2. Transistor 7. Resistor
3. Ceramic Capacitor 8. Integrated Circuit
4. Capacitor 9. LED
5. Breadboard
Answer’s Key (Week 1):
Activity 1: Boxes on The Point
Characteristics Conductor Semiconductor Insulator
Characteristics Semiconductor Insulator
A conductor is a material A semiconductor is a An insulator is a material
that allows the flow of material whose that does not allow the
Definition charge whenapplied with a conductivity lies between flow of current
voltage. conductor and insulator
The conductor has very They have intermediate They have very low
high conductivity (10-7 Ʊ conductivity ((10-7 Ʊ conductivity (10- 13 Ʊ /m),
Conductivity /m) thus they can conduct /m to 10- 13 Ʊ /m), thus thus they do not allow
electrical current easily. they can acts as current to flow
insulators & conductors
at different
conditions.
The current in conductors The conduction in semi There are no free
is due to the free electrons conductors is due to the electrons orholes thus,
Conduction in metal bonding movement of electrons there is no conduction.
and holes
There is no or low energy The band gap of the The band gap in the
gap between the semiconductor is greater insulator is huge (+5eV),
Band gap conduction and valence than the conductor but which need an enormous
band of a conductor. It smaller than an insulator amount of energy like
does not need extra i.e. 1 eV. Their electrons lightning to push electrons
energy for the conduction need a little energy for the into the conductivity band
state. conduction state.
Resistivity Low Normal Very High
Number of Valence 1 valence electron in the 4 Valence electrons in the 8 valence electrons in the
Electron in theOuter Shell outer shell outershell. outer shell
Examples Rubber, Glass,
Wood, Air,Mica,
Plastic,
Paper etc.
Answer Key (Week 3)
Activity 2: WHAT IS THAT DEVICE?
Activity 3: Dude that’s DOPE!
Electron Configuration Element Type of Dopant
1) 1s22s22p1 Boron Accepetor Dopant
2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 Phosporus Donor Dopant
3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1 Indium Acceptor Dopant
4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 aluminum Acceptor Dopant
5) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 Bismuth Donor Dopant
4f14 5d10 6p3
6) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3 Antimony Donor Dopant
7) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1 Gallium Acceptor Dopant
8) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3 Arsenic Donor Dopant
9) 1s2 2s1 Lithium Donor Dopant
1. By finding the number of outer electrons on the last shell
2. These dopants are introduced to the semiconductors that allow them to gain the electrical property
20. Insulator 15. Insulator 10. Conductor 5.Insulator
19. Conductor 9. Semiconductor 14. Conductor 4. Conductor
18. Conductor 13. Conductor 3. Semiconductor 8. Conductor
17. Conductor 7. Semiconductor 12. Insulator 2. Insulator
16. Semiconductor 11. Conductor 1. Semiconductor 6. Conductor
Activity 2: THREE WAY ROUND
Activity 2: Three Way Round
Activity 3: DIY Galvanometer
It is the flow of electrons in the copper that allows it
to move.
Activity 1: The House Tools
Hand Tools Power Tools
Hammer Chain saw
Screwdriver Engravers
Long nose Lawn Maw
Oscilloscope Drill
Wire stripper Routers
Metal files Sheet Sander
Utility knife Reciprocating Saw
Hacksaw Die Grinders
Multimeter Snow Blower
Guide Questions:
1. Oscilloscope, Soldering Iron, Disordering tool,
ohmmeter, voltmeter, galvanometer, Wire
ANSWER KEY (Week 4)
Activity 2: Complete Me
1. Don’t work on electronic equipment or make repairs with high voltage on.
2. Never assume the power circuit is off. Test and test again with a voltmeter to confirm.
3. Recheck all wires for bad connections
4. Always return covers after removing them to reduce the risk of electric shock.
5. Don’t work with metallic jewelry on your hands like watches, rings and bracelets.
6. When removing high-voltage charges on capacitors, always use a shorting stick.
7. Don’t use bare hands to remove hot parts.
8. Never tamper with interlocks among motors.
9. Look out for damaged wire insulation, overheating of electronic equipment, damaged circuit boards and
corrosive components like batteries.
10. Make it a practice to use only one hand when connecting equipment to an electronic circuit
Activity 1: Know Your Guidance
Image Names Descriptions and use
Insulating Gloves are worn by electricians working on powerlines
Designed to reduce exposure to high voltage
conductors, and offer dielectric protection upto
Class E Hard Hat 20,000 volts (phase to ground)
Made with soles and heals not capable of conducting
EH Footwear electricity, reducing the risk ofinjury significantly for
electricians
Commonly worn in laboratories, constructionor
landscaping sites, manufacturing facilities,
Safety Goggles automotive repair shops, or woodworking
environments.
They are worn with electrical-insulating rubber
Rubber Sleeves gloves and extend protection up thearm.
ANSWER KEY (Week 5)
Activity 3-Week 6: The Wheel
Activity 2-Week 6: I Got New Rules, I Count ‘Em
Activity 1-Week 6: What yah got there?
Series Parallel
Flashlight Multiple bulb House Lighting
Lamps AC outlet
Water heater Car head lights
Remote control Christmas Lights
Toy Car Laptops
Galvanometer Smartphone
1. Things that are found in the house that runs in series circuit is much more lesser than the things that run in
parallel circuit
2. House circuits are mostly parallel because for most of the time we are using different appliances at the same
ANSWER KEYS (Week 6)
ANSWER KEYS (Week 7)

Activity 1: Guess the Word

0.25V VR7 = 1V VR2 =

0124A IR6-7 = 3V VR2-7=
0.25V VR6 = 2V VR1 =
0.125A IR5 = 0.5A ITotal =
0,25A IR4-7 = 10Ω RTotal= Activity 2: We the Resistance V.2

Find the following.

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think will happen to the total

resistance of the circuit if we increase the
value of the voltage source?

The total resistance will change in

which it depends on the number of
installed resistors in series and in
parallel.

2. Is the current in the negative terminal the

same that is released in the positive
terminal of the voltage source? Explain.

Yes. According to the law of

Activity 3: Ohm my Circuit! conservation of energy.
 2nd Level Evaluator Layout/Illustration Evaluator TWG-G10-STE
GEMIMA A. ESTRABILLO NORWEEN T. MALONZO ARNEL C. PEREZ
Re-evaluated by:
Angeles City Science High School
SST-II Science-Electronics
MARK ALBERT T. PINEDA
Prepared by
Activity 4: Theorems Everything
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_C___1. Superposition A. It is used as a tool for designing modified additional
Theorem electronic circuits by impedance.
__D__2. Thevenin’s Theorem B. Any branch in a network can be substituted by a different
branch without disturbing the currents and voltages.
__J___3. Norton’s Theorem C. It is used only in linear networks and used in both AC and
DC circuits.
__I___4. Maximum Power D. The equivalent resistance is calculated by shorting voltage
Transfer Theorem sources and open circuiting current sources
__H___5. Reciprocity Theorem E. It states that the summation of instantaneous power in the
circuit with n number of branches is zero.
__G___6. Compensation F. Any number of voltage sources with finite internal resistance
Theorem is operating in parallel can be replaced with a single
voltage source with series equivalent impedance.
__F___7. Millman’s Theorem G. In any bilateral active network, if the amount of impedance
is changed from the original value to some other value
carrying a current then the resulting changes in other
branches are same as those that would have been caused by
the injection voltage source.
__E___8. Teelegen’s Theorem H. It states that in a linear passive bilateral network, the
excitation source and its corresponding response can be
interchanged.
_B___9. Substitution Theorem I. This theorem explains the condition for the maximum power
transfer to load under various circuit conditions.
_A__10. Miller’s Theorem J. States that any linear circuit containing several energy
sources and resistances can be replaced by a single constant
current generator in parallel with a single resistor.