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Big Data Analytics in Agriculture

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25154.81604

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 Big Data Analytics in Agriculture
S.I. Sandeepanie
Faculty of Information Technology,
University of Moratuwa.
isharasandeepani38@gmail.com

Abstract— Agriculture plays significant role in almost agriculture is mostly depended on analyzing the real time data
every country economy in the world. It is identified that which comes on large amount and from various sources such
agriculture produces huge amount of data with wide as soil, weather, air, equipment, availability etc. Smart farming
velocity and wide range of variety in each second. which is mainly paid attention on how to use big data analytics
Analyzing these data and taking decisions depending on in business processes to enhance their functions [5]. Also the
the data is highly difficult by using traditional tools and growth of data is quicker than the computational speed [25].
techniques. Hence not only large amount of products but Hence it is much needed to minimize the time consuming for
also fertilizers, labor and other resources are wasted. Big analysis of data. Therefore by using the big data analytic tools
data analysis is the best way to explore the data. and techniques, timely information can be obtained for famers
Presenting the discussion on how big data analytics and to take better decisions on how to get the fruitful harvest and
how its tools use in the field of agriculture is the main aim for the policy makers to take better decisions on import or
of this paper. export of products [3].

Keywords—Big Data, Big Data Analysis, Agriculture, Big The rest is organized as follows. An overview of the big data
Data Tools and Techniques and big data analytics and the tools used in analyzing big data
are discussed on the section two. Under section three, major
I. INTRODUCTION researches on big data analytics in agriculture will be
Nowadays people want not only collect the data but also they discussed. In section four big data analytics issues and in
need to understand them and need to identify the importance section five is gone through the big data analytics applications
of the data set in order to take better decisions. Big data is in agriculture. Section six is focused on the conclusion.
considered as a large collection of dataset which is having Finally, in section seven future directions will be discussed.
high velocity, volume and varieties that make difficulty in
processing and managing by using traditional techniques and
tools [1]. It can be either structured, unstructured or semi- II. OVERVIEW OF BIG DATA, BIG DATA ANALYTICS AND BIG
structured. An advanced analytic technique which can be used DATA ANALYTICS IN AGRICULTURE
for analyzing big data to reveal unknown, hidden and useful Since the farmers who are in rural areas do not have the
patterns is identified big data analytics [1]. Hence big data knowledge on the modern technology and still most of them
plays a major part in decision making process. are using traditional methods for farming, productivity is too
low in rural areas. It is identified that 2.5quintillion bytes of
As an outcome of rapid growth of countries, Information data is generated every day [3]. Also, it is identified the
Technology has become major part in almost every field in a growth of big data was doubled at the end of 2015 [3] [7].
country like education, health services etc. Also agriculture Managing and controlling these data by applying traditional
plays a major part in each and every country economy. With tools and techniques is very difficult. Therefore it is needed to
the rapid development of the IT, it will become easier to get to know about the big data and its related areas.
collect data, store data and analyze data in order to derive
useful information. IT can be used in agriculture as a direct a) Big Data
tool for increasing the productivity as well as an indirect tool
A complex and massive collection of data which is hard to
for encouraging farmers to take better decisions [2]. Precision
process by applying traditional data processing techniques or
farming which is popular among developed countries largely
on-hand database management tools is referred as ‘big
uses IT to increase the productivity [2].
data’[13][15]. These data are available on heterogeneity
structures which are structured or unstructured or semi-
Though the big data analytic plays a significant part of other
structured [9]. Data which is having pre-defined structure is
industries, in agriculture it is not adopted. It has been found
called structured (banking information), data without pre-
that the world population will exceed the 9 billion in 2050
defined format is unstructured (text files, audio) and the semi-
[16]. Therefore, producing and delivering products in
structured is data that are able to convert from unstructured to
efficiently is highly important. Applying big data analytics in
structured using available descriptions (xml document) [12]
agriculture, gives highly advanced benefits like innovate
[25]. Also big data is characterized by 3Vs to 4Vs which is
solution for minimizing the usage of resources with having
meant by Volume, Variety, Velocity and Veracity [7] [22].
harvest of promising as in precision agriculture. Precision
Each dimension has an opportunities to advance taking among functions, variables, and concepts [5]. This is
decisions as well as challenges for data management [22]. concentrated on the big data analytics applications including
agricultural value chain and business processes [5].
Volume – amount of data generated
Variety – variation of data with respect to the time d) Big Data Analytics Tools and Techniques
Velocity – how speed data is generated and processed As discussed in earlier, handling and controlling big data by
Veracity – availability and accountability using traditional tools and techniques is very difficult.
The characterizing of the big data as bad, good or undefined is Therefore big data analytics framework has found several
depended on incompleteness, inconsistence, latency, tools and techniques in order to manage data to take decisions.
deception, ambiguity and approximations [1]. Efficiency of these techniques is highly important as it makes
easier to take decisions. Clustering, Classification and
Association are the techniques which are currently used in big
b) Big Data Analytics data analytics [3].
As mentioned in eariler, the complexity of big data is very
huge which is unable to process using commonly used MapReduce, Storm and Apache Spark are emerging tools in
software tools. Also data sizes are continously increasing and big data analytics [7]. It is said that a lot of tools use stream
changing from time to time. Hence, the used technique for processing, interactive analysis and batch processing [7]. Most
analyzing data is called big data analytics. batch processing tools follow Apache Hadoop which is an
open-source software which is reliable and very fast [7] [11]
The process of collecting, keeping and analyzing the data with [4]. The framework Hadoop is having two major parts which
the aim of revealing hidden patterns, unknown correlations are HDFS and Hadoop MapReduce [20] [24]. Apache Spark is
and other facts is called big data analysis [8][4]. also a computing framework for real time data as well as
having memory oriented architecture with flexibility [24].
Analyzing big data is needed analytical capabilities as well as Apache Hive, Apache Mahout, Apache Pig and Apache
optimal processing power [3]. In big data analysis, raw format HBase are some tools categorized under Hadoop [7] [10].
data are converted into standard format with the support of Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark most popular among big
tools [12] [20]. This is a process of information gathering, data data analytics applications [24]. Google charts, Tableu, D3,
analysis, visualization and scheduling [12]. Fusion chart, High chart, Canvas etc. are the some of the
visualization tools in big data analytics [14].
c) Big Data Analytics in Agriculture
To identify the crop diseases this Hadoop and Hive tools can
Big data analysis is successfully adopted to industries like be used [10]. Also, Hadoop framework has been used for
banking, insurance etc. Although agriculture did not adopt big taking decision on storage and distribution of the products in
data analysis for the past few years, recently it is used to use it. an efficient way without wastage [4].
Agriculture produces countless types of data from economic
models, crop productivity, crop diseases etc. [18]. Smarter
decisions can be obtained by using real time data on air, III.MAJOR RESEARCHES IN BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN
weather, soil, crop maturity and labor cost and even equipment AGRICULTURE
[3]. Utilization of big data in agriculture diminishes the
failures of farmers and recommend soil, water level etc. As mentioned in previous sections, agriculture produces large
[19].The better service is given when the analysis is done number of data daily. Agriculture is the backbone of the
continuously [15]. economy of both developed and developing countries. In
developing countries majority of labors work on agricultural
Big data analytics in agriculture can be studied under two sector while in developed countries food and agriculture is the
major areas: smart farming and precision agriculture (PA) [5]. key component of the economy [22]. The Gross Domestic
The idea of farming management that is including about Product (GDP) is highly depended on agricultural data.
measuring, observing and responding is called precision Therefore it is highly needed for analyzing these data. Many
agriculture [15]. In PA, it is needed collection of data, researches have been conducted on this area. So, it is better to
analyzing and processing the gathered information [20]. It have a look at what these researches have been talked about.
uses big data tools for maximizing the productivity while
using minimum number of resources [5]. Global Positioning
System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and
According to S.V. Kumari, Dr. P. Bargavi and U. Subhashini
Variable-rate Technology (VRT) are some of the technologies
agriculture is the backbone in India. Also it revealed that
used in Precision Agriculture [19]. Precision agriculture gives
ignorance of the farmers brings agriculture towards critical
not only great challenges but also great opportunities for
situation. So, this research was conducted to discuss on how
Computer Scientists specially who are working in the field of
big data analysis is being able to apply as a tool to take better
data analysis [4]. Smart farming explains the relationships
decisions to farmers and to make policies to policy makers [3].
Ehizogie Omo-Ojugo revealed that the wastage in production type or storage type or data size. Therefore Van-Quyet
process is highly increased in Nigeria due to inefficient use of Nguyen, Sinh Ngoc Nguyen and Kyungbaek Kim proposed a
the data. So the research was conducted to present the ways to system which is capable of collecting data from various
how to adopt big data analysis to Nigerian agriculture [5]. resources using MapReduce and Flume techniques, data
storage using HDFS, Hive and HBase and big data analysis
modules using Hadoop and Spark [24].
Considering India, Ch. C. Sekhar and Ch. Sekhar mentioned
that, most of the farmers have addicted to use traditional tools
and methods which are very slow and due to this, large area of Privacy, security and ownership of data are major challenges in
production have been attacked by bacteria. In order to enhance the area of big data analysis. Therefore Michael E. Sykuta has
the productivity, it is identified how big data should be adopted been explored the nature of ‘ownership’ of data as well as how
[12]. property rights can be conflicted between data owners and
service providers [21].

Controlling and managing large amount of data using

traditional tools and techniques is very hard. Therefore Er. R. The research by Sjaak Wolfert, LanGe, Cor Verdouw, Marc-
Kaur, R. Garg and Dr. H. Aggarwal have proposed that Jeroen Bogaardt focused on the big data applications in smart
Hadoop and Hive tools for analyzing big data. Here these tools farming in both technical and socio-economic aspects [23].
are used for identifying crop diseases [10].

IV. CURRENT ISSUES OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN

According to Van-Quyet Nguyen, Giang-Truong Nguyen, AGRICULTURE
Sinh-Ngoc Nguyen, Jintae Choi, Kyungbaek Kim, a large
collection of data is always complex and difficult to manage. Even though big data analytics makes the path to interpret data
This review paper talks on the challenges in big data and in a better way, there can be found some limitations and
presents the techniques for storing, collecting, visualization and challenges in this area.
analyzing [9].
It is said that anything can be prevailed for a long time if it is
applied in a correct way. However, dealing with big data is
Changing of the climate and the rapid growth of population somewhat difficult as it wants proper storage, cleansing,
directly affect agriculture. Therefore, this research paper by P. processing and analyzing which are normally increased in an
Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Panwar, S. Dash, K. Sinha, V. K. exponential way [1].
Chaudhary and M. Roy reveals agriculture is highly depended
on population and weather which produces data drastically. To a) Security and Privacy
handle data, tools and techniques in big data are introduced
[13]. Security and privacy of data is a highly important fact when
considering big data analysis. Because of this, although big
data analytics is having capability of using in agriculture,
According to the R. Yadav, J. Rathod and V. Nair, agriculture willingness of the farmers to share data on the agricultural
is the major method of living of the rural areas in India. products is a challenge. It is revealed that data privacy is an
Currently, the agricultural sector in India is in a critical issue in big data analysis in agriculture because misusing of
situation. But it is needed to improve this in near future. The data [6]. Further, data access rights, transparency and
researches have used the concepts of Computer Technology usability, data ethics, data independence, data timeliness and
with big data analysis [15]. barriers in data sharing are also a challenge in big data
analysis in agriculture [16] [14].

As mentioned in the paper by Ch. Chandra Sekhar, J. Uday b) Lack of technical knowledge
Kumar, B. Kishor Kumar and Ch. Sekhar, limitation of water
level, raining pattern and the seasonal pattern make the Indian It is clearly noticed lack of knowledge on technologies and
farmers poorer. So, applying clustering techniques for handling techniques as a challenge. Even, there is a well identified
this crop sale data which improve the crop yielding and also it space between developed and developing countries because of
helps for predicting the prices for the next seasons and expand unbalance access to the technologies and lack of skills [6].
crop deals [25].
c) Difficulty in Scalability and Visualizing

Though there are already implemented systems for collecting It is mentioned that the characterized 4Vs of the big data cause
data, storing data, analyzing data, they are restricted to data for many issues in agricultural big data. Since in each minute
massive amount of data is generated and they are increased in
exponentially and most of the generated data are semi- TABLE 1: THE AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
structured or unstructured, dealing with the growth of big data BASED ON BIG DATA
is identified as an issue. With the growth of data, scalability
[9] and data visualization are highly difficult tasks [6]. Also
noted that some computational techniques work well in a ‘V’ aspect ‘V’ Explanation Applications on Agriculture
small set of data, it makes difficult when the data size is Weather forecasting, farmers
increasing [7]. V1 High volume financing, crop identification,
data sharing for earth
observations, food security
d) Limited Data Storage estimations
Weather forecasting, safety and
To store huge amount of data with 4Vs, there should be a high V2 High velocity quality of animal products,
data storage. As well as data should be stored in an efficient farmers’ productivity
manner [16] and there should be high throughput [7]. improvement, weed
discrimination
e) Quality of Data Small farmers’ insurance and
V3 High variety protection, crops’ drought
Since there is massive collection of data, the data accuracy and tolerance, management zones
identifications, wildlife population
quality should be in a high position. When doing analysis
evaluation
extracting most accurate data is important for taking the better
Dairy herd culling, animals’
decision [14] [23]. V4 High veracity disease recognition, food
availability estimation, farmers’
productivity improvement,
V.APPLICATIONS OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN
AGRICULTURE
Reliability is highly important when implementing
applications on big data analysis regarding agriculture.
According to the available researches and studies, big data
analytics in agriculture have been adopted to various Furthermore applications can be found for understanding the
applications and use cases. impact on climate change, irrigation and water distribution,
agriculture finance, crop insurance and marketing [18].
Big data analysis in agriculture applications advance the Several android based mobile applications have been
productivity, weather decisions and increase the cost implemented in India such as CropInfo, KisanYojana,
efficiency related to the fertilizers, pesticides and harvesting mKisan, and m-Krishi is one of the android based agro
[3]. Also, big data analytics applications on agriculture advisory system [18].
maximize the resulting benefits than the cost of operations
[22]. It is needed to identify the right inputs in right time.
Since the most of the countries in the world survive in VI.CONCLUSION
agriculture, implement applications which aid to bring the Currently, big data become more powerful with the
agriculture towards profits is highly needed. development of the technology. Many industries have already
used the analysis of the big data with the aid of technology. As
Some applications are focused on the collecting real time data. big data analytics is vastly adopted by many industries
Using smart phones’ applications and give the knowledge to especially in agriculture, it has to face many challenges. As a
the farmers to how to use it, is one of the method used for result of these challenges, directions for the future are revealed
gathering data from the farmers [8]. Apart from this, for further improvement.
applications are implemented which are having the capability
of collecting data and transmitting them to centralized Table 2 will discuss on the some related researches on big data
database [5]. Also, mentioned that visualization, data analysis in agricultural sector, which are used for this paper.
acquisition and management applications can be found in
Hadoop. Further mentioned that, using 64-bit computers for
big data analysis is the best practice [8].

Most of the applications are implemented focusing on the

characterized 4Vs in big data. The below table will discuss on
the ‘V’ characteristic and the particular applications on that
area [6].
 TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF SOME RELEVANT Focused on Many Different
RESEARCHES A Survey on the huge computational techniques are
Big Data collection of tools act being currently
Analytics: data as a smart for used for
Title of the Aim & Limitations/ Future Challenges, result of small amount analysis.
Research Problem(s) Challenges / Directions Open modern of data but Trying to solve
Paper addressed Drawbacks Research information not for large problems
/Problems Issues and systems and amount of effectively, we
Highlights Dealing with Providing a Tools digital data. hope that these
Big Data what is big big data is roadmap or technologies. There are still techniques are
Analytics data and big very difficult framework for So, discussion missing data used.
data analytics, as the data are big data is on the though the
the tools and increased in management is disagreements data reduction
the techniques an mentioned as a of big data systems are
that are useful exponentially. future work. and its developed.
for big data techniques. Programming
analytics and language on
the some big data
applications analysis.
about big data Identify the As a result of Implementing a
analytics. Applications applications farmers’ new prototype
Inefficiency There is not The progress of of Mobile on big data ignorance a which applies
Relevance of in the farming any empirical the input supply Cloud analytics, large amount both cloud
Big Data practice, studies done sector in the Computing mobile and of products computing,
Analytics in wasted crop in order to agriculture and Big Data cloud become mobile and big
Agriculture: in Nigeria. analysis and Analytics in computing wasted. data analytics for
Focus on Aiming to recommend Agriculture which are solving the
Nigeria discuss on the study. Sector- A used in challenges that
Agricultural how critically Survey agricultural farmers are met
Sector big data sector. is shown as the
analytics future direction.
effect for This talks on Ensuring This framework
farming Big Data in applications privacy and was developed
practice on Smart on big data security. from the
Nigeria. Farming focusing on Needed to perspective of
Though big Issues on Better socio- identify the chain network.
A review on data analysis security and production and economic and availability To look at this in
the practice of can be found privacy. demand smart farming and the more detail is
big data in many Usage prediction tools. challenges. quality of the identified as
analysis in industries, differences of Implement Also reveals data provided. further
agriculture agriculture big data in shipment that the There is not development.
has not developed tracking, scan applications any
adapted. countries and equipment in have been geographical
Therefore this developing plants and retail gone beyond analysis done
is aiming to countries. monitoring of the primary here.
use big data Lack of consumers’ production as
analysis structural and purchases. it effects on
agriculture governance Self-operating the entire
especially in related. agricultural fully food value
smart automated chain.
farming, robots and data-
using the intensive closed
tools and the production
techniques. systems.
High throughput
screening
methods which
are able to offer
analysis of
plants and
products.
 It is hard to Developed Develop a process. are some of
Big Data control a big data framework the challenges
Analytics massive analytics which is identified.
Framework to amount of systems are dynamic in Discussions It is suspected Development of
Identify Crop data using crop and nature. Role of Big on how big that more graphical
Disease and traditional location Data data analytics accurate interfaces help
Recommendat tools and specific. Analytics in can be used as prediction user to run on
ion a Solution techniques. Agriculture a tool for not will be given automatic
Therefore this only to when the interfaces.
propose to use farmers, but dataset is
Hadoop and also to policy fulfill with
Hive tools in makers for various areas.
order to making
identify and decisions.
provide Agriculture in It has used Use more
solutions for Analysis of India has only previous advanced
agricultural Agricultural gone year data for algorithms, IoT
crop diseases. Data Using downwards as the analysis. for e-farming
Big Data the illiteracy and use cloud to
Emphasizes People need In terms of crop Analytics of farmers. store and
Big Data that how big guidance on variants and data Aim is to retrieve data.
Analytics on data will help technology size, this development
Indian Crop to farmers to because of research will be in agriculture
Planning to upgrade their their scaled up. applying the
Increase worth of illiteracy. analytics big
Agricultural products data tools and
Production while using techniques
less amount (MapReductio
pesticides. n).
Hence most As an issue, it Designing Growth of the Preservation A centralized
Productivity of the farmers is identified mobile app Agriculture world and limitation data center for
Improvement in India use about the which is need Big Data population, of data share own data
Using Big traditional availability of low internet (AgBD) urbanization storage. and access
Data Tools methods internet in speed and Challenges and climate Barriers in others data.
which are rural areas in motivate the and change are the data sharing A model for data
very slow and India. farmers to use Opportunities problems Insufficiency protection and
undependable the smart From Farm To identified. in data privacy.
large amount phones. Table: A And also said documentatio
of crop have Midwest Big that big data ns.
been Data Hub analytics is Lack of
vanished. Community the best way connection
Therefore Whitepaper for solving between
aims to find these. observation
the problems and theory.
and enhance Missing
the essential data.
productivity As limitation Study was It can be scaled
using big data Effective use of the water done focusing up focusing on
tools. of Big Data level, raining on seasons data size and
As a Storing Adaption of Analytics in and seasons, and crop crop variation.
Role of big consequences models, emerging Crop planning Indian demand.
data in of the rapid maintaining technologies to increase agriculture
agriculture- A growth of the data security, which are Agriculture becomes into
statistical population, finding dealing with big Production in critical.
prospective productivity patterns in data challenges India Therefore this
should be data, in the area of suggests the
increased. In accessing the agriculture. use big data
order to fulfil data, deals applying
that task big with clustering
data analytics agricultural techniques
is used for data using which assist
better tools and farmers to
decision sharing improve their
making information harvest.
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