Internal Combustion Engines MAE 408
Engine Performance and Testing Dr. Peter B. Corson, 3171 Broughton Hall Slides courtesy of Dr. Tiegang Fang Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department North Carolina State University
Engine Full Load Performance
Three characteristics curves showing the brake torque, brake power, and brake specific fuel consumption
Intermittent
Example Full Load Performance
Example Full Load Performance
Engine Performance Maps
Added contours of constant BSFC and constant power to the load-speed graph Load is commonly denoted by torque or BMEP
Constant power curves
Engine Performance Maps contd
These help to describe the effect of load-speed variations
There is one load-speed combination with BSFC reaching a minimum
Optimizing Engine Performance
Finding the engine work in the region of low BSFC and high efficiency
For constant speed, BSFC decreases with increasing load (due to mechanical efficiency loss) and then increases up to the full load conditions (due to over fueling with poor combustion) 7
Optimizing Engine Performance contd
For constant load, BSFC decreases with increasing speed (due to heat loss) and then increases up to the maximum speed conditions (due to friction loss) 8
Optimizing Engine Performance contd
The optimum efficiency curve can only be achieved by using the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) technique
Map Example
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Map Example: Engine Torque vs. Throttle
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Car Load Curve 30% 20% 0%
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Engine Testing
Parameters to be measured:
1. Power (brake, indicated) 2. Torque 3. Speed 4. Fuel consumption 5. Air consumption 6. In-cylinder pressure for combustion analysis 7. Other parameters such as pressures, temperatures, etc. Specific equipment is required for different parameters
Engine Test Cell
Control Room
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Power, Torque, and Speed Measurement
Power, Torque, and Speed are measured by dynamometers (dynos) Three types of dynos are commonly used: 1. Fluid or Hydraulic dynamometers (water brakes) 2. Eddy current dynamometers 3. Electric dynamometers Types 1 and 2 can only absorb power from the engine Type 3 (electric) can absorb power from the engine or deliver power to engine, which can be used to motor the engine to measure the friction power
Water brake dyno
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Power, Torque, and Speed Measurement contd
Eddy current dyno
Electric Dynos (AC and DC)
AC electric dynos are newer and response faster.
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Fuel Consumption Measurement
Measurement includes two types: Mass or Volume Volume measured using rotameter: Float in a tapered tube Reading affected by viscosity and temperature of fuel Volume measured using turbine flow meter Volume measured by positive displacement flow meters: Advantage: independent of viscosity
Rotameter
Turbine flow meter
Positive displacement flow meters
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Fuel Consumption Measurement contd
Mass: steady state batch flow measurement with scale and beaker Mass: Coriolis flow measurement Fluid passes through a vibrating tube, causing the tube to twist; the amount of twisting is proportional to the mass flow
Coriolis mass flow meter
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Air Consumption Measurement
Most common: calibrated orifice or nozzle Pressure drop across orifice or nozzle increases with flow rate Pressure differential measured with pressure transducer Normally calibrated by manufacturer under controlled conditions Orifice or nozzle cause slight air restriction
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Engine Combustion Data Acquisition
Pressure-volume conditions in combustion chamber easily measured Two-channel shaft encoder (synchronize the timing) Top Dead Center (TDC) pulse Crank angle pulses at <0.25 degree intervals Piezoelectric transducer for measuring in-cylinder pressure Sensor slight recessed Effect of connecting passage Special coatings on the surface to limit radiant energy transfer Water cooled to prevent damage at high temperatures Can be used to calculate energy release rate
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Engine Test Facility
Typical engine test facility
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