Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Module 2:
Common Isotopes and Their Uses
Chemical Formulas, Structural
Formulas and Models
Naming Compounds and Formula
Writing
Empirical Formula

AIRs - LM
LU_Q1_Physical Science_Module1
 STEM – General Chemistry 1
Module 2: Common Isotopes and Their Uses; Chemical Formulas,
Structural Formulas, and Models; Naming Compounds and
Formula Writing; and Empirical Formula
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

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Author: Cristita C. Ferrer

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LU_Q1_Physical Science_Module1
 Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Module 2:
Common Isotopes and Their Uses
Chemical Formulas, Structural
Formulas and Models
Naming Compounds and Formula
Writing
Empirical Formula

LU_Q1_Physical Science_Module1
 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Q1_Physical Science_Module1
 Target

Atoms of an element have a fixed number of protons but can have a different
number of neutrons. Atoms with the same number of protons but with different
number of neutrons are called isotopes.

In your previous lesson, you have learned about atoms, molecules, and ions.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the
element. A molecule, on the other hand, is formed when two or more atoms bond
covalently. Finally, an ion is an atom or a bonded group of atoms that has a positive
or negative charge.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Common Isotopes and Their Uses;
Lesson 2 - Compounds: Naming and Formula Writing; and Lesson 3 - Empirical
Formula.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

A. define isotopes;

B. recognize common isotopes and their uses (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19);

C. define chemical formulas;

D. match the name of the given compounds with their respective formulas;

E. represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and

models (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21);

F. name compounds given their formula and write formula given the
name of the compound (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-23);
G. define percent composition and empirical formula; and

H. calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a

compound (STEM_GC11PCIf-32).

Before going on, let us check how much you know about this
topic. Answer the pretest given on the next page. Good luck!

1
“Test My Pretest!”

Direction: Write the CAPITAL letter of the correct answer on a separate paper.
(15 points)

1. Which of the following statements BEST defines isotopes? Isotopes are _____.
A. elements whose atoms have different masses due to varying numbers of
neutrons
B. elements whose atoms have different masses but similar numbers of
neutrons
C. elements whose atoms have similar masses due to similar numbers of
neutrons
D. elements whose atoms have similar masses but different numbers of
neutrons
2. What isotopes are used for diagnosing and treating illness and diseases?
A. decaying B. diagnostic C. medical D. radioactive
3. Which of the following isotopes is used to fuel nuclear fusion reactions?
A. deuterium B. protium C. technetium D. tritium
4. Which of the following isotopes is used to determine blood volume?
A. 32P B. 59Fe C. 99Tc D.131I
5. Which isotope is used to diagnose anemia?
A. 59Fe B. 89Sr C. 131I D. 238Pu
6. Which isotope is used to detect and ease the pain of bone cancers?
A. 60Co B. 89Sr C. 131I D. 238Pu
7. What is called as an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement
held together by chemical bonds?
A. compound B. element C. ion D. molecule
8. Which of the following statements about compounds is FALSE?
A. It is made up of two or more different elements that are combined
chemically.
B. It is made up of two or more different elements that are combined
physically.
C. It is a distinct group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
D. It is a pure substance.
9. Which of the following gives the composition of the molecule, in terms of the
actual number of atoms present?
A. chemical formula B. empirical formula
C. molecular formula D. structural formula
10. Which of the following provides an idea on how the atoms in the molecule or
the compound are arranged along with their bond formations?
A. chemical formula B. empirical formula
D. molecular formula D. structural formula
11. What is the structural formula of hydrogen peroxide?
A. H-H–O-O B. H-O-O-H C. O-O-H-H D. O-H-H-O

2
12. Pedro feels itchiness in his throat. He drinks distilled water. What is the
CORRECT model for water?
A. B.

C. D.

13. Which of the following is the CORRECT formula of acetate ion?

A. CH3COO- B. HCH3COO- C. CH3COOH- D. HCH3COOH-
14. Which of the following statements BEST define percent composition?
A. It is the percent by mass of each element in the compound.
B. It is the percent by weight of each element in the compound.
C. It is the percent by mass of each element in the chemical formula.
D. It is calculated from a molecular formula by dividing the mass of a single
element in one mole of the compound.
15. Which of the following is the CORRECT empirical formula for C 4H10?
A.C2H5 B. CH2.5 C. C4H10 D. C8H20

That’s indeed a good start! Congratulations!!!

Have fun while learning!

3
 LESSON
Common Isotopes and Their Uses
1

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activity. Have fun!

Are you ready? Let’s start!

Activity 1: “Decode Me!”

Decode the following items given the clues using the alphabet (e.g.: 1 – A; 2 – B; 5
– E; 10 – J; 19 – S; and the like). After which, define each term. Write your answers
on a separate paper. (10 points)
__________ 1. 9 – 19 – 15 – 20 – 15 – 16 – 5 – 19

__________ 2. 20 – 18 – 1 – 3 – 5 – 18

__________ 3. 18 – 1 – 4 – 9 – 15 – 1 – 3 – 20 – 9 – 22 – 5
__________ 4. 21 – 18 – 1 – 14 – 9 – 21 – 13

__________ 5. 3 – 15 – 2 – 1 – 12 - 20

Wow…you are really amazing! You are a good

decoder! Keep it up!

4
 Discover

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses, due to
varying numbers of neutrons. Simply, isotopes are atoms of an element having the
same atomic number but different mass number.

Remember: “Equal number of protons and electrons make an atom electrically

neutral and stable.”
To determine the number of protons, electrons, or neutron, use the following
symbols and equations given below:
Mass number
A
X Element Symbol
Atomic number Z

Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons in a

neutral atom
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
However, there are some elements whose atoms have different masses due to
varying numbers of neutrons. These are called as isotopes. Let’s consider hydrogen
as our example in table 1 below.
Table 1: Isotopes of Hydrogen
H-1 (Protium) H-2 (Deuterium) H-3 (Tritium)

A 1 2 3

Z 1 1 1

Number of p+ 1 1 1

Number of e- 1 1 1

Number of n0 0 1 2

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/isotope

Radioactive isotopes have a variety of applications. Generally, however, they

are useful because either we can detect their radioactivity or we can use the energy
they release.
Radioactive isotopes are effective tracers because their radioactivity is easy to
detect. A tracer is a substance that can be used to follow the pathway of that
substance through some structure. For instance, leaks in underground water pipes
can be discovered by running some tritium-containing water through the pipes and
then using a Geiger counter to locate any radioactive tritium subsequently present
in the ground around the pipes. (Recall that tritium is a radioactive isotope of
hydrogen.) Tritium is used to fuel nuclear fusion reactions. When tritium is fused

5
to deuterium, another isotope of hydrogen, massive amounts of atomic energy are
released.

Use of tritium to detect leaks in pipes

Medical Applications
Radioactive isotopes have various medical applications such as diagnosing
and treating illness and diseases.
One example of a diagnostic application is using radioactive iodine-131 to
test for thyroid activity. The thyroid gland in the neck is one of the few places in
the body with a significant concentration of iodine. When the thyroid gland in the
neck become enlarged, it is called as goiter. The thyroid gland, a small, butterfly-
shaped gland located in the neck, below the Adam's apple, produces the hormones
thyroxine (also called T4) and triiodothyronine (also called T3). These hormones
play a role in certain bodily functions, including body temperature, mood and
excitability, pulse rate, digestion and others.
Technetium-99 can also be used to test thyroid function. Bones, the heart,
the brain, the liver, the lungs, and many other organs can be imaged in similar ways
by using the appropriate radioactive isotope. Radioactive strontium is used to not
only detect but also ease the pain of bone cancers.

Radioiodine Treatment Technetium-99m thyroid scan Strontium-89 Therapy

Some radioactive isotopes and their medical uses are shown in table 2 below.
Table 2: Some Radioactive Isotopes with Medical Applications

Isotopes Uses
32P cancer detection and treatment, especially in eyes and skin
59Fe anemia diagnosis
60Co gamma ray irradiation of tumors

6
 Isotopes Uses

99mTc*
brain, thyroid, liver, bone marrow, lung, heart, and
intestinal scanning; blood volume determination
131I diagnosis and treatment of thyroid function
133Xe lung imaging
198Au liver disease diagnosis

*The “m” means that it is a metastable form of this isotope of technetium.

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/uses-of-radioactive-isotopes-2/

In addition to the direct application of radioactive isotopes to diseased tissue,

the gamma ray emissions of some isotopes can be directed toward the tissue to be
destroyed. Cobalt-60 is used for this procedure.
Other common isotopes and their uses can be gleaned in table 3 below.
Table 3: Other Common Isotopes and Their Uses
Isotopes Uses
14C determines the age of once-living artifacts e.g. fossils
235U establishes the ages of various objects e.g. rocks
kill microorganisms on a variety of foodstuffs, extending the
60Co shelf life of these products e.g. tomatoes, mushrooms,
sprouts, and berries
238Pu compact sources of electrical power in spacecraft
Sources: https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/uses-of-radioactive-isotopes-2/
https://www.britannica.com/science/radioactive-isotope

Explore

To master these concepts, here is an activity prepared for you! Keep going!

Activity 2: “My Isotope Cartoon Story!”

Materials:
short bond paper or oslo paper art/drawing materials
coloring materials

Procedure:
1. Choose your own isotope.
2. In a short bond paper or oslo paper, create a cartoon story of your chosen
isotope. For example: You may represent Tritium (H-3) as a Grade 11-
learner. This learner attended a birthday party in their neighborhood
during the Covid-19 pandemic without using a face mask. After a day, the

7
 learner was releasing energy like coughing and sneezing. Then, he got sick.
Think how you will end your own cartoon story.
3. Briefly explain your cartoon story in five to 10 statements.

Rubrics for Cartoon Story Making

Criteria Distinguished Proficient Apprentice Novice
(4) (3) (2) (1)
All information is clear, Storyline is evident in An attempt at creating Storyline is not
appropriate and much of the product. a storyline is evident. evident. It is confusing
Story/Script correct. Story has a Information is clear, Some information is and has no direction.
beginning, middle, and appropriate, and confusing.
an end. correct.

Fully developed The characters are Characters are Lead characters are
characters – correct aligned with the randomly placed – not not defined. It is
size for the storyline, matched the scaled to the size of the Confusing.
background, intricate scale of the background. Background did not fit
Character detailing and background and are into storyline and did
Development appropriate to the detailed and not meet the needs of
story. Characters are appropriate to the the storyline.
modeled and convey story. Background
the story well. details meet the needs
of the storyline.

All features of the All features of the Most of all features of Features of the cartoon
cartoon character are cartoon character are the cartoon character character are missing
Cartoon Features visible and easily visible and easily are visible and easily or difficult to identify.
(Face and Body Parts) identified with extra identified. identified. Some are
care in details. missing and difficult to
discriminate.

Background Personally created Background has all Rudimentary Non-existent

background that elements required to background that background or
contains all required make the scene, most includes some detail. unrelated to the
aspects for the story to found on-line or made animation.
make sense. Animated from stock photos.
objects interact with
the background (walk
on ground, bounce of
walls, etc.)

Sketching Student shows Student shows Student shows little It is evident that little
development over time, development over time, development over time, care has been taken in
is able to accurately objects are fairly Objects are somewhat drawing the examples,
convey object sizes in accurate in proportion accurate in proportion little change over time.
relation to other objects and characters are and characters are
and to proportion their drawn as the examples reasonably close to the
drawings correctly. are. examples.
Character drawings
include some
personalization.

Sources: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=CXWA626&sp=yes&
Mrkramersd23.weebly.com

Great artwork! That’s amazingly done! You are

indeed a good artist!

8
 Deepen

To fully understand and appreciate isotopes, you need to do this activity.

Activity 3: “Your Song…My Hope!”

Materials:
pen paper cellphone/laptop
Procedure:
1. Compose a song about isotopes and their uses.
2. The song should be at least four stanzas and either in English or Filipino.
3. Lyrics should be original but the tune may be adopted.
4. Write your song on a separate paper.
5. Please be guided with the given rubrics below:
Rubrics for a Song Composition
Criteria Distinguished Proficient Apprentice Novice
(4) (3) (2) (1)
The song lyrics are The song lyrics are The song lyrics are The song lyrics are
outstanding. The good. The words are good. The words are not coherent. The
words are memorable. memorable. The song memorable. The song words are not
The song lyrics are lyrics are lyrics are memorable.
Lyrics enthusiastically enthusiastically enthusiastically
received by the received by the received by the
audience. audience. audience.

The student The student The song composed is The song composed
composed an original composed an original not very original and is not very original.
Creativity song with complete song but there are there are some The message is not
and excellent some elements that elements that are not conveyed.
elements. are not excellent. excellent.

The themes are The theme from the The theme from the The theme from the
clearly explained and composition is composition is not composition is totally
Relevance to the relevant. explained but specific clearly explained and not explained and the
Theme details as evidence the specific evidence specific evidence that
that support this that supports this supports this claim is
theme are not claim is not provided. not provided.
provided.

The writer clearly The writer lacked one The writer lacked two The song was
organized the of the following: of the following: unorganized and
information, used clearly organized clearly organized difficult to follow.
mostly correct information, correct information, correct
Organization grammar and spelling grammar and spelling grammar and spelling
and used legible usage, and/or legible usage, and/or legible
handwriting. handwriting. handwriting.

Source: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm

9
 LESSON Representing Compounds Using
2 Chemical Formulas, Structural
Formulas and Models

Jumpstart

Element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substance

by physical or chemical means. Elements do not usually exist as single atoms in
nature. Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon are the only elements that
exist as single atoms in nature. Matter most often exists as a group of atoms. This is
called compounds.
In your previous lesson, you have learned about matter and its classifications
– pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are further divided into elements
and compounds while mixtures are subdivided into homogeneous and
heterogeneous.
Activity 1: “You and I!”
Match the name of the compound in Column A with its respective chemical
formula in Column B. Write the CAPITAL LETTER of the correct answer on a separate
paper. (5 points)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1. Hydrogen oxide A. CH₃COOH
_____ 2. Sodium chloride B. C6H12O6
_____ 3. Sodium bicarbonate C. CaCO3
_____ 4. Acetic acid D. H2O
_____ 5. Sucrose E. NaCl
F. NaHCO3

You are really doing great! Congratulations!!! Have

fun while learning!

10
 Discover

The composition of a molecule or an ion can be represented by a chemical

formula. Chemical formula in Chemistry is like a short-hand used to represent the
elements in a compound. The formula consists of the symbols of the atoms making
up the molecule. If there is more than one atom present, a numerical subscript is
used. Some examples are as follows: O2 (oxygen gas); H2O (water); NaOH (sodium
hydroxide or liquid Sosa); and HCl (hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid).
There are three types of chemical formulas.

1. Molecular formula gives the number of elements present in a compound where

the elements are written in the form of their symbols as in the periodic table where
the number of atoms is written as a subscript. It gives the composition of the
molecule, in terms of the actual number of atoms present. Some examples are as
follows: C6H12O6; K3PO4; and Na2C2O4.
2. Empirical formula gives the composition of the molecule, in terms of the
smallest ratio of the number of atoms present. Some examples are as follows: CH 2O
and NaCO2
3. Structural formula provides an idea of how the atoms in the molecule or
the compound are arranged along with their bond formations. Letter
symbols and bonds are used to show relative positions of atoms.
By convention, a single straight line connecting the atomic symbols is used to
represent a single (two-electron) bond, two such lines to represent a double (four-
electron) bond, and three lines a triple (six-electron) bond. Representations of
compounds by these symbols are called structural formulas.
Example 1: Water, H2O, has a structural formula as shown below. This molecule is
V-shaped.

Figure 1. Structural Formula for Water.

Example 2: The structural formula of carbon dioxide, CO2, is shown below:

Figure 2. Structural Formula for Carbon dioxide.

Example 3: Ammonia has a chemical formula of NH 3. Let’s look at its structural
formula.

Figure 3. Two structural formulas for ammonia, NH3

From both of these structural formulas, the central nitrogen atom is connected
to each hydrogen atom by a single covalent bond. Keep in mind, however, that atoms

11
and molecules, just like everything else in the universe, exist in three dimensions—
length, width, and depth. In the structural formula to the left, we see two-
dimensional approximation of this molecule. However, in the more detailed
structural formula on the right, a dashed line is used to indicate that the rightmost
hydrogen atom is sitting behind the plane of the screen, while the bold wedge
indicates that the center hydrogen is sitting out in front of the plane of the screen.
The two dots above nitrogen indicate a lone pair of electrons that are not involved in
any covalent bond.
In studying the molecular structures of covalent compounds, models are used
as representations of the molecule. These are the Lewis Dot Structure, space-filling
molecular model and the ball-and-stick model.
Lewis dot structures (LEDS) are two-dimensional representations of
molecules that illustrate each atom as its chemical symbol. Lines indicate bonds to
other atoms, and non-bonding electrons are represented as small dots next to the
chemical symbols.
Ball and stick models are three-dimensional models where atoms are
represented by spheres of different colors and bonds are represented by sticks
between the spheres. Particular atoms are associated with different colors, for
example, black is usually used to represent carbon and white to represent hydrogen.
Space fill models are similar to ball and stick models in that they are three-
dimensional models that represent atoms as colored spheres. The difference between
them is that instead of sticks representing bonds, as in the ball and stick model, the
spheres that represent atoms are fused together and the size of the sphere represents
the size of the actual atom.
Example 1: Water, H2O

Figure 4. LEDS (left), Space-Filling (center) and Ball-and-Stick (right) Models for water

Example 2: Carbon dioxide, CO2

Figure 5. LEDS (left), Space-Filling (center) and Ball-and-Stick (right) Models for carbon dioxide
Example 3: Ammonia, NH3

Figure 6. LEDS (left), Space-Filling (center) and Ball-and-Stick (right) Models for
ammonia, NH3

. Table 1 presents the advantages and disadvantages of the three common

molecular models which are used to represent compounds.

12
 Table 1. The Common Molecular Models
Model Advantage Disadvantage

Lewis Dot Shows bonding and non- Larger molecules can become
Structure bonding electrons crowded and confusing

Ball-and- Shows three-dimensional Identification of atoms requires a

Stick arrangement of atoms and key of color representations
bonds

Space Fill Shows three-dimensional Bonding between atoms can

arrangement as well as size sometimes be difficult to
relationships between atoms distinguish
Source:https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/chemical/chemistry-and-
seawater/covalent-compounds/compare-contrast-connect-chemical-structures-visualizing-
invisible

Explore

To master these concepts, here is an activity prepared for you! Keep going!

Activity 2: “Complete Me!”

Materials:
Modern Periodic Table of Elements pen paper
Procedure:
Part I:
1. Complete the given Table below by writing the chemical formula, structural
formula, and ball-and-stick model of each given compound.
2. Write your answer on a separate paper.
3. You may refer to your Modern Periodic Table of Elements. (15 points)

Structural
Compound Chemical Formula Ball-and-Stick Model
Formula

Table salt

Methane

Nitrous
Oxide

13
 Structural
Compound Chemical Formula Ball-and-Stick Model
Formula

Hydrochloric
acid

Carbon
monoxide

You got them right! That’s amazing! You are now ready
to do the next task!

Deepen

To fully understand and apply compounds and how they are being
represented, you need to do this activity.

Activity 3: “Know My Compounds!”

Materials:
Periodic Table of Elements pen paper
common products at home
Procedure:
1. Look for common products at home.
2. Read the product labels and list down one compound included in each
product.
3. Indicate the uses of your chosen compounds.
4. Write their chemical and structural formulas on a separate paper
through a table.

You are really doing great! That’s amazing! You are done with
Lesson 2 and you are now ready for the next lesson.

14
 LESSON Naming Compounds and Formula
3 Writing

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the this activity. Have fun and good
luck! Are you ready? Let’s start!

Activity 1: “Choose Me If You Can!”

Direction: Write the CAPITAL letter of the correct answer on a separate paper.
(5 points)
1. A group of learners conducted an experiment in a chemistry class. They
combined sodium and hydroxide under the supervision of their science
teacher. What is the name of the new compound formed?
A. hydroxide sodium B. hydroxide sodiumate
C. sodium hydroxide D. sodiumate hydroxide
2. What is the chemical formula of the new compound formed in #1?
A. NaOH B. Na2OH C. (OH)2Na D. (OH)2Na2
3. Biyo class conducted a simple science activity where they used potassium iodide.
What is the chemical formula of this compound?
A. KI B. K2I C. KI2 D. K2I2
)
4. A science student reads (NH4 2SO4 in a bottle. What is the name of this compound?
A. ammonium sulfate B. ammonium disulfate
C. di-ammonium sulfate D. di-ammonium disulfate
5. In a science experiment, Pepito noticed a bottle on top of the teacher’s
demonstration table. Magnesium chloride is written in the bottle. What is the
formula of this compound?
A. MgCl B. Mg2Cl C. MgCl2 D. Mg2Cl2

This is a good start! You have a good background on

our next lesson! Keep going and discover more!

15
 Discover

Compounds can be classified into binary compounds which are made up of

two elements or ternary compounds that are made up of three elements.
There is an important set of rules to be followed in naming compounds.
I. Binary Compounds
a. Ionic compounds are made up of a cation and an anion. An ionic
compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together by ionic
bonds. Usually, the positively charged portion consists of metal cations and
the negatively charged portion is an anion or polyatomic ion. Ionic
compounds have high melting and boiling points, and they tend to be hard
and brittle. Ionic compounds have charges that are neutral even though
they are made up of ions. Thus, for an ionic compound to be neutral, the
sum of positive charges and negative charges must be equal to zero.
Examples:
1. potassium chloride
The potassium cation K+ and the chlorine anion Cl- comprise the ionic
compound potassium chloride. The sum of their charges is:
+1 + (-1) = 0
This means that only one K+ ion is needed to combine with one Cl - ion.
Thus, no subscripts are needed. The formula is therefore KCl.
2. calcium bromide
The calcium cation Ca2+ and the bromine anion Br- comprise calcium
bromide. The sum of their charge is:
+2 + (-1) = +1
For the sum of their charges to be zero, the -1 must be multiplied by 2.
So, we get -2. Thus, we have:
+2 + (-2) = 0
This means that one Ca2+ ion is needed to combine with two Br- ion.
Thus, we put the subscript “2” to Br. The formula for calcium bromide is
CaBr2.
Remember:
• Most cations and anions can combine to form neutral compounds (typically
solids under normal conditions) that are usually referred to as salts.
• The net charge of an ionic compound must be zero. Therefore, the number of
cations and anions in an ionic compound must be balanced to make an
electrically neutral molecule.
• If a metallic element has cations of different charges, which cation is used has
to be indicated by its suffix (an older method) or by Roman numerals in
parentheses after its name in writing (the Stock system).
• Stock system: A system of naming that includes using Roman numerals to
indicate the charge on transition metals.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/naming-compounds/

16
The Stock Method of Naming
Ionic compounds are named first by its cation and then followed by its anion.
The cation has the same name as its element. For example, K1+ is called the
potassium ion, just as K is called the potassium atom.
The anion is named by taking the elemental name, removing the ending, and
adding “-ide.” For example: F- is called fluoride, for the elemental name, fluorine. The
“-ine” was removed and replaced with “-ide.”
To name a compound, the cation name and the anion named are added
together. For example, KF is also known as potassium fluoride.
If either the cation or the anion was a polyatomic ion, the polyatomic ion name
is used in the name of the overall compound. The polyatomic ion name stays the
same. For example: Ca(NO3)2 is called calcium nitrate.
For cations that take on multiple charges (typically transition metals), the
charge is written using Roman numerals in parentheses immediately following the
element’s name. For example: Cu(NO3)2 is copper (II) nitrate, because the charge of
two nitrate ions (NO3−1) is 2(-1) = -2. Since the net charge of the ionic compound
must be zero, the Cu ion has a 2+ charge. This compound is therefore, copper (II)
nitrate.
The Roman numerals in fact show the oxidation number, but in simple ionic
compounds this will always be the same as the metal’s ionic charge. Examples of
compounds with their respective formulas, systematic names, and common names
are as follows:
CuCl - copper (I) chloride cuprous chloride
CuCl2 - copper (II) chloride cupric chloride
FeS - iron (II) sulfide ferrous sulfide
Fe2S3 - iron (III) sulfide ferric sulfide

b. Molecular compounds are made up of two non-metals. They are usually

gases. Molecular compounds are named by giving the name of the first
nonmetal and then that of the second nonmetal modified by the ending -
ide. They are named using a systematic approach of prefixes to indicate
the number of each element present in the compound.
For examples, HCl for hydrogen chloride and SiC for silicon carbide.
Chemical Nomenclature
Chemical nomenclature primarily aims to ensure that a spoken or written
chemical name leaves no ambiguity concerning to what chemical compound the
name refers. Each chemical name should refer to a single substance. Today,
scientists often refer to chemicals by their common names.
For example, water is not often called dihydrogen oxide. However, it is
important to be able to recognize and name all chemicals in a standardized way. The
most widely accepted format for nomenclature has been established by
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Molecular compounds are made when two or more elements share electrons
in a covalent bond to connect the elements. Typically, non-metals tend to share
electrons, make covalent bonds, and thus, form molecular compounds.

17
Rules for Naming Molecular Compounds
1. Remove the ending of the second element, and add “ide” just like in ionic
compounds.
2. When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the
number of a given element present in the compound.
Table 1: SI Prefixes in Covalent Compounds
Number of SI Prefixes Number of SI Prefixes
Atoms Atoms

1 Mono 6 hexa

2 Di 7 hepta

3 Tri 8 octa

4 tetra 9 nano

5 Penta 10 deca
Sources: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/naming-compounds/
Chemistry Matter and Energy
General Chemistry 1, p. 73

3. If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix.
Example: CO is carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
4. If there are two vowels in a row that sound the same once the prefix is
added (they “conflict”), the extra vowel on the end of the prefix is removed.
Example: One oxygen would be monooxide, but instead it’s monoxide.
The extra o is dropped. Other examples are as follows: SO2 (sulfur dioxide),
SiI4 (silicon tetraiodide), SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride), and CS2 (carbon
disulfide).
II. Ternary Compounds
In naming ternary compounds, the name of the cation is given first, followed
by the name of the anion. For example: NaNO3 (sodium nitrate), BaCrO4(barium
chromate), and K2SO4 (potassium sulfate)
III. Acids and Bases
Acids are named by the anion they form when dissolved in water. Depending
on what anion the hydrogen is attached to, acids will have different names.

Naming Acids
a. Binary acids are composed of hydrogen and another element, usually a
nonmetal. The first part of the name starts with the prefix hydro- followed
by the name of the element, modified by the ending –ic. The second part
consists of the word “acid”.
Name = hydro- (root name of element) –ic + acid
Examples are: HCl (hydrochloric acid), H 2S (hydrosulfuric acid), and
HI (hydroiodic acid).
b. Ternary acids are made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually containing
oxygen. The first part of the name consists of the root word of the name of
the element, modified by the ending –ic. The second part consists of the

18
 word ‘acid’. If there is another acid with the same atoms, the suffix –ous
is used to denote the one with less number of atoms.

Name = (root name of element) -ic (or –ous) + acid

Examples are: HNO3 (nitric acid), H2SO3 (sulfurous acid), HNO2

(nitrous acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid), and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid).

Remember:
• Acids are named based on their anion — the ion attached to the hydrogen.
In simple binary acids, one ion is attached to hydrogen. Names for such
acids consist of the prefix “hydro-“, the first syllable of the anion, and the
suffix “-ic”.
• Complex acid compounds have oxygen in them. For an acid with a
polyatomic ion, the suffix “-ate” from the ion is replaced with “-ic.”
• Polyatomic ions with one extra oxygen (as compared to the typical
polyatomic ion) have the prefix “per-” and the suffix “-ic.”
• Polyatomic ions with one fewer oxygen have the suffix “-ous”; ions with
two fewer
iv. H 2SO3have the prefix
– sulfurous “hypo-” and the suffix “-ous.”
acid
• v. H3PObases
Strong 4 – phosphoric acid (hydroxide) groups are named like ionic
with “-OH”
compounds. Weak bases are named like molecular compounds or organic
compounds.
* polyatomic ion: A charged species (ion) composed of two or more atoms
covalently bonded. It is also known as a molecular ion.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/naming-compounds/

Some common anions and their names can be gleaned from Table 2.

Table 2: Some Common Anions and Acids

Anion Anion Name Acid Acid Name

Cl- Chloride HCl Hydrochloric acid

CO32- Carbonate H2CO3 Carbonic acid

NO2- Nitrite HNO2 Nitrous acid

NO3- Nitrate HNO3 Nitric acid

SO32- Sulfite HSO3 Sulfurous acid

SO42- Sulfate HSO4 Sulfuric acid

CH3COO- Acetate CH3COOH- Acetic acid

Source:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/naming-
compounds/

More complex acids have oxygen in the compound. There is a simple set of rules
for these acids.

19
 Any polyatomic ion with the suffix “-ate” uses the suffix “-ic” as an acid.
Example: HNO3 will be nitric acid.
1. When you have a polyatomic ion with one more oxygen than the “-ate” ion, then
your acid will have the prefix “per-” and the suffix “-ic.”
Example: Chlorate ion is ClO3–. Therefore, HClO4 is called perchloric acid.
2. With one fewer oxygen than the “-ate” ion, the acid will have the suffix “-ous.”
Example: Chlorous acid is HClO2.
3. With two fewer oxygen than the “-ate” ion, the prefix will be “hypo-” and the
suffix will be “-ous.”
Example: Instead of bromic acid, HBrO3, we have hypobromous acid,
HBrO.
Naming Bases
Most strong bases contain hydroxide, a polyatomic ion. Therefore, strong
bases are named following the rules for naming ionic compounds. Examples are:
NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide), and Ca(OH) 2 (calcium
hydroxide).
Weak bases made of ionic compounds are also named using the ionic naming
system. For example: NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide).
Weak bases are also sometimes molecular compounds or organic compounds
because they have covalent bonds. Therefore, they are named following the rules for
molecular or organic compounds. For example, methyl amine (CH 3NH2) is a weak
base. Some weak bases have “common” names. For example: NH3 (ammonia).

Formula Writing
In writing the formula, the total positive charges of the cations should be equal
to the total of the negative charges of the anion. The net charge should be zero.

Rules in Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds

1. Write the symbol (or formula) for each ion, writing the cation first and the
anion second. Examples are: Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and potassium iodide
(KI).
2. Place parentheses around formulas for polyatomic ions. Crisscross their
charges. Then, write them as subscripts. Examples are as follows:
a. Ca(OH)2 where Ca and OH have 2+ and 1- charges, respectively.
Ca2+ + OH1- becomes Ca(OH)2.
b. Ba3(PO4)2 where Ba and PO4 have 2+ and 3- charges, respectively.
Ba2+ + PO43- becomes Ba3(PO4)2.
3. Choose subscripts for the ions such that the net charge is zero.
(Remember: A polyatomic ion is a single ion, even though it is made of
several atoms.)
4. Be sure the subscripts are in lowest whole number ratio.
5. Rewrite the formula without showing the charges.
6. If the subscript for a monoatomic ion is 1, the 1 is not shown.
Example: Hydrobromic acid – HBr
7. If the subscript for a polyatomic ion is 1, the 1 is not shown and the
parentheses are removed. Example; NaNO3, not Na(NO3).

Remember:
In writing formulas, write the symbol and charge of the cation followed
by the symbol and charge of the anion.
Use the crisscross method to 20 ensure that the final formula is neutral.
 Explore

To master these concepts, here are some activities prepared for you! Keep going!

Activity 2: “Complete Me!”

Materials:
Modern Periodic Table of Elements pen paper
Procedure:
1. You may use your Periodic Table of Elements as your guide.
2. Complete the given tables below.
3. Write your answers in a separate paper.
Part I: Naming Compounds
Complete the chart by writing the formula of the ions of the compounds and
the names of the given compounds. (9 points)
Compound Cation Anion Name

Ba(NO3)2

Li2CO3

(NH4)2SO4

Part II: Writing Formulas from Chemical Names

Write the formula of the ions expected from the following compounds. (6 points)
Compound Cation Anion Formula of the
Compound

Tin (IV) oxide

Strontium chromate

You are really doing great! That’s amazing! You are

now ready for the next task.

21
 Deepen

To fully understand and apply naming compounds and formula writing, you
need to do this as a young scientist. Ready? Have fun!
Activity 3: “It’s Science Experiment Time!”

Materials:
water vegetable oil food coloring
medicine dropper glass Alka Seltzer
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass halfway with oil.
2. Then add water to an inch from the top.
3. Add 10 drops of food coloring.
4. Place the glass on a pan to catch any spills.
5. Cut or break the Alka Seltzer tablet into quarters and drop one quarter
into the glass. What did you observe?
6. When the bubbling slows, add another 1/4 tablet to get it started again.

Questions:

1. What are the compounds present in Alka Seltzer? Indicate their names.
2. What happened when you placed the Alka Seltzer into the glass containing
oil, water, and food coloring?
3. Why bubbling effect occurred?
4. What are the different compounds produced in this chemical reaction?
Indicate their names and their respective chemical formulas.

Wow… you did it great and amazing young scientists!!!

Now that you are knowledgeable about compounds, you are so
ready for the last lesson.

22
 LESSON
Empirical Formula
4

Jumpstart

For you to learn the lesson well, do the following activity. Have fun and good
luck! Are you ready? Let’s start!
Activity 1: “Give Me Your Yes!”
Write the word YES if the statement is true. Otherwise, make the statement
true. Write your answers on a separate paper. (10 points)
1. The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element in
a compound.
2. The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from the percent
composition.
3. The empirical formula of the compound C 0.650Cl2.601 is C2Cl8.
4. The empirical formula of the compound PO2.5 is P2O5.
5. Mercury forms a compound with chlorine that is 73.9% mercury and 26.1%
chlorine by mass. The empirical formula of the compound is Hg 2Cl.

This is a good start! You have a good background on

our next lesson! Keep going and discover more!

Discover

The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element

in a compound. Mathematically,
(𝑛)(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

where: n = the number of atoms of the element

For example: Carbon dioxide, CO2

23
 The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from the percent
composition. It is the chemical formula of a compound that gives the proportions
(ratios) of the elements present in the compound but not the actual numbers or
arrangement of atoms. This would be the lowest whole number ratio of the elements
in the compound. Because percentage is given, it is convenient to assume 100.00
grams of the compound.

Steps to determine empirical formula:

1. Assume a 100-g sample of the compound so that the given percentages can
be directly converted into grams.
2. Use each element's molar mass to convert the grams of each element to
moles.
3. In order to find a whole-number ratio, divide the moles of each element by
whichever of the moles from step 2 is the smallest.
4. If all the moles at this point are whole numbers (or very close), the empirical
formula can be written with the moles as the subscript of each element.
5. In some cases, one or more of the moles calculated in step 3 will not be
whole numbers. Multiply each of the moles by the smallest whole number
that will convert each into a whole number. Write the empirical formula.

To find the empirical formula of a compound in a shorter way, the chemist

measures the percentage by mass of each element in the compound. From the
percentage of each element in the compound, the chemist then determines:
1. The number of moles of atoms of each element in 100g of the compound and;
2. The ratio of the moles of atoms
A simple rhyme can be used to remember the process:
Percent to Mass
Mass to Mole
Divide by Small
Multiply until Whole

Example 1: A compound is found to consist of 7.81% C and 92.19% Cl. What is the
empirical formula of the compound?
Step 1: Percent to Mass
If we have 100 g of the compound, 7.81 g and 92.19 g would be C and
Cl, respectively.
Step 2: Mass to Mole
All we have to do is convert these masses to moles of atoms.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
7.81 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑥 12.01 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
= 0.650 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
92.19 g of Cl x = 2.601 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
35.45 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙

Step 3: Divide by Small

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated.
0.650 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶: =1
0.650 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
2.601 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 CCl4
𝐶𝑙: =4
0.650 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

Thus, the empirical formula is C 1Cl4 or CCl4.

24
 Since the lowest possible ratio is a whole number, then we will stop at step 3.
Example 2: What is the empirical formula for the compound with composition
52.9% Al and 47.1 % O?
Step 1: Percent to Mass
Assume a 100.0-gram sample of the compound. There would be 52.9
g of Al and 47.1 g of O in that 100.0 g sample.
Step 2: Mass to Mole
All we have to do is convert these masses to moles of atoms.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
52.9 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 𝑥 = 1.959 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
27.0 𝑔 𝐴𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
47.1 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑥 = 2.944 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
16.0 𝑔 𝑂

Step 3: Divide by Small

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated.

1.959 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴𝑙: =1
1.959 𝑚𝑜𝑙

2.944𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑂: = 1.50
1.959 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Step 4: Multiply ‘til Whole

In case division by the smallest number does not lead directly to a
whole-number ratio, multiplication of each element by 2 can be done.
Al: 1 x 2 = 2
O : 1.50 x 2 = 3 Al O 2 3

Explore

To master these concepts, here is an activity prepared for you! Keep going!
Activity 2: “Calculate Me!”
Solve the following worded-problems accurately and completely. Write your
solutions on a 1WSOPP. (10 points)
1. What is the empirical formula of a compound whose percentage composition
is 50.05 % S and 49.95% O?
2. A compound is found to consist of 43.64% P and 56.36% O. The molar mass
for the compound is 283.88 g/mol. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?

You are really doing great! That’s amazing!

25
 Deepen

To be fully aware of and practice the significance of this topic, do this

activity.

Activity 3: “An Oath to My Self!”

1. Identify your most favorite snack food like potato chips, peanuts, popcorn,
etc. and brand.
2. Look at its food labels. Get the amount in grams of one serving of your snack
food.
3. Get the amount of sodium in mg in one serving of your snack food.
4. Obtain the percentage of sodium by mass in one serving of your snack food.
5. After realizing the presence of large amount of sodium in your most favorite
snack food, make an oath to your self to have a healthy and happy life.
6. Please be guided with the given rubric below:
Criteria Distinguished Proficient Apprentice Novice
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Content The oath is very much The oath is moderately The oath is less The oath is not
connected to the connected to the central connected to the connected to the
(X2) central idea/theme. idea/theme. central idea/theme. central idea/theme.

The oath is very The oath is moderately The oath is less The oath is not
organized and is very organized and is easy to organized but easy organized. Readers
Organization easy to read. Readers read. Readers can fully to read. Readers can cannot follow the
can accurately and follow the oath. There follow the oath. oath. There are
(X2) fully follow the oath. are 1 – 2 errors in the There are 3 – 4 many errors in the
There are no errors in work. errors in the work. work.
the work.

Wow, you did it great! You are already done with the four
lessons! Congratulations!!!

26
 Gauge

To assess how much you have learned in and understood the lessons, answer
these posttest. Write the CAPITAL letter of the correct answer on a separate paper.
(15 points)

1. Which of the following statements BEST define isotopes? Isotopes are _____.
A. elements whose atoms have similar masses due to similar numbers of
neutrons
B. elements whose atoms have similar masses but different numbers of
neutrons
C. elements whose atoms have different masses due to varying numbers of
neutrons
D. elements whose atoms have different masses but similar numbers of
neutrons
2. Which isotope is used to diagnose anemia?
A. 59Fe B. 89Sr C. 131I D. 238Pu
3. Which of the following provides an idea of how the atoms in the molecule or
the compound are arranged along with their bond formations?
A. chemical formula B. empirical formula
C. molecular formula D. structural formula
4. Which of the following statements BEST define empirical formula?
A. It is determined by the percent by mass of each element in the chemical
formula.
B. It is calculated using the mass in grams of the element divided by the
mass in grams of the compound multiplied by 100%.
C. It is the chemical formula of a compound that gives the proportions or
ratios of the elements present in the compound and the actual numbers or
arrangement of atoms.
D. It is the chemical formula of a compound that gives the proportions or
ratios of the elements present in the compound but not the actual
numbers or arrangement of atoms.
5. Kenneth experienced pain in his stomach after drinking soda. What
compound had increased in his stomach?
A. CaCl2 B. HCl C. KCl D. MgCl2
6. Aling Linda was washing their dishes. After pouring the water, she observed
that the water clogged in the sink. She thought of pouring liquid Sosa into the
sink to prevent clogging. What is the chemical formula of liquid Sosa?
A. KOH B. Mg(OH)2 C. NaOH D. Zn(OH)2
7. Which of the following is the CORRECT formula of copper (II) nitrate?
A. CuNO3 B. Cu(NO3)2 C. Cu2NO3 D. Cu2(NO3)2
8. Nita, a chemist, combined zinc and chlorine. What is the name of the
compound formed?
A. zinc chlorine B. zinc chloride C. zinc chlorate D. zinc chlorite

27
9. Myrna, a chemistry student, read a bottle of chemical which is written as
Fe2S3. What is the systematic name of this compound?
A. iron (II) sulfide (III) B. iron (II) sulfide
C. iron (III) sulfide (II) D. iron (III) sulfide
10. Which is the empirical formula of a substance with molecular formula
C8H10N4O2?
A. C4H5N2O B. CHN2O C. C4H5NO D. CH5N2O
11. Gloria noticed that there is a lump below her neck. After a few months, her
lump became larger. She visited her doctor in the hospital. What radioactive
isotope will the doctor use to diagnose the function of her thyroid gland?
A. 32P B. 59Fe C. 131I D. 198Au
12. Juan has a tomato plantation in Basca, Aringay, La Union. He, together with
his workers, took the first batch of their produce. Due to Covid-19 pandemic
and extreme weather changes, most of his tomatoes were unsold and got
rotten. How can Juan extend the shelf life of the tomatoes? He can apply _____
into the tomatoes.
B. 60Co B. 99mTc C. D. 198Au
13. Anna is watching environmental pollution in the Youtube channel. She sees
a moving representation of carbon dioxide. What is the CORRECT model for
this gas?
A. B.

C. D.

14. What is the CORRECT structural formula of the gas in #13?

A. B.

C. D.

15. NutraSweet is 57.14% C, 6.16% H, 9.52% N, and 27.18% O. What is the

CORRECT empirical formula of NutraSweet?
A. C14H18N2O5 B. C7H9NO5 C. C2H9 N2O5 D. CH2N2O

Congratulations!!! You did very well in this module!!!

You had fun while learning, too!

28
Answer Key

29
30
References
A. Books
Buthelezi, Thandi, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, and Dina
Zike. Chemistry Matter and Change. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2013.
Ilao, Luciana V., Bettey M. Lontoc, and Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon.
General Chemistry 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016.

B. Government Publications
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General
Chemistry 1. n.d.
Mapalo, M. AIRs-LM in General Chemistry 1. La Union Schools Division. 2020.

C. Online and Electronic Sources

“Animation Rubric.” Accessed July 23, 2020. Mrkramersd23.weebly.com.
“Discovery of Protons and Neutrons.” Accessed July 22, 2020.
https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/discovery-of-proton-and-neutron.
“Empirical Formula.” Accessed August 5, 2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Introduct
ory_Chemistry_(Tro)/06%3A_Chemical_Composition/6.08%3A_Calculating_Empirical
_Formulas_for_Compounds
“ESL Speaking Rubric.” Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=L6B942&
“Goiter.” Accessed July 22, 2020.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter.
“Goiter: Causes, Types, and Treatment.” Accessed August 6, 2020. https://www.
healthline.com.
Herzog, G. F. “Isotope.” Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/science/isotope. 2020.
“iRubric: Cartoon Charater Rubric.” Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=CXWA626&sp=yes&.
“John Dalton and Atomic Theory.” Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/john-dalton-and-
atomic-theory/.
Key, J. A. “Uses of radioactive isotopes.” Accessed July 24, 2020.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/uses-of-radioactive-
isotopes-2/. 2014.
“Radioactive Isotopes.” Accessed July 24, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/science/radioactive-isotope.
Sutradthar, Subhasish. “Structure of atom: Discovery of electrons, protons and
neutrons.” Accessed July 24, 2020.
http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/physical-
chemistry/discovery-of-electrons-protons-and-neutrons/.

31
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriclum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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