Manual Testing

Manual Testing
1. Introduction to Software Testing
1.1 What is Software Testing
“Software testing is a process of executing the application with the intent of finding the defects
by comparing the output behavior of the application with expected behavior (requirement).” In
other words, it’s comparing the actual behavior of an application with expected behavior.
1.2 Why Software Testing
Humans make mistakes all the time!! “Software testing is really required to point out the defects
and errors that were made during the development phases”. We humans can’t identify our
mistakes in a work done by us. We should get someone else to check our work because
another person may identify the mistakes done by us. In the same way software developers
may not identify the mismatches in a program or application implemented by them which can be
identify by another department called Software Test Engineer.
1.3 Benefits of Software Testing
“Software testing helps in finalizing the software application against business requirements.”
Software testing makes sure that the testing is being done properly and hence the system is
ready for the customers to use.
Below are few benefits of software testing.
- Finding the defects before delivery

- Gaines the confidence about quality
- To Prevent defects
- Ensure the requirements are delivered to client
1.4 What is Quality
“Software quality is nothing but delivering a bug free application and delivered on time with all
requirements.”
ISO 8402-1986 standard defines quality as “the totality of features and characteristics of a
product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.”
1.5 What is defect
“A defect is a deviation or mismatch from the requirements”.
When actual result deviates from the expected result while testing a software application or
product then it results into a defect. Hence, any deviation from the specification mentioned in
the functional specification document is a defect. In different organizations it’s called differently
like bug, issue, incidents or problem.
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1.6 Project Vs Product
“Project is developed for a single customer on his own requirements by the software companies
and the project will be used by the customer only.”
“Product is developed for multiple customers on their consolidated requirements by the software
companies and the product will be used by all customers.”
2. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
2.1 What is Software Development Life Cycle
“SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization. It consists of
a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or enhance specific
software”
2.2 Why Software Development Life Cycle
“SDLC ensure success in process of software development.”
2.3 Phases of Software Development Life Cycle
 Initial
 Analysis
 Design
 Coding
 Testing
 Delivery & Maintenance
2.3.1 Initial
“Business requirements are gathered in this phase. “
This phase is the main focus of the project managers and stake holders. Meetings with
managers, `stake holders and users are held in order to determine the requirements like;
- Who is going to use the system?

- How will they use the system?
- What data should be input into the system?
- What data should be output by the system?
Roles Involved: Business Analyst (BA), System Architects
Outcome: System Requirement Specification (SRS)
2.3.2 Analysis
“After requirement gathering these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the
possibility of developing the requirements in the system.”
Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by
both development team and testing team.
Roles Involved: Dev & QA team, Architects, Project Managers
Outcome: Final SRS approved by customer, Technology selection for both Dev & QA
2.3.3 Design
“During this part of the design phase, the consultants/architects break down the system into
pieces that can be programmed.”
System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in
defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the
next phase of the model.
Roles Involved: Architects & Team

Outcome: Technical Design Document (TDD)
2.3.4 Coding
“The actual development starts and the product is built in coding phase. “
The work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started in this coding phase and it is
the main focus
for developer. Coding is one of the longest phase of SDLC.
Roles involved: Developers and Architects
Outcome: Programs or Application or Module
2.3.5 Testing
“In Testing phase testers execute the test cases against the application, report the defects and
retested
the fixed defects. “
During this phase unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing are done.
Roles Involved: Testers, Developers
Outcome: Defects, Test Summary Report, Test Plan, Test Case document
2.3.6 Delivery & Maintenance
“Delivery: After successful testing the product is delivered / deployed to the c
During the Delivery phase, customer will perform user acceptance testing (UAT) in a real time
environment.
Once when the customers starts using the developed system then the actual problems comes
up and needs to be solved
from time to time. This process where the care is taken for the developed product is known as
maintenance.
Roles Involved: Testers, Developers, Customer, Business team, Architects, Project Manager,
and Delivery Manager
Outcome: Quality Product, Enhancements &Production Issues (Maintenance)
3. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Models
“There are many developments models life that cycle have been developed in order to achieve
different required objectives.”
The selection of model has very high impact on the testing that is carried out. It will define the
what, where and
when of our planned testing, influence regression testing and largely determines which test
techniques to use.
3.1 Water Fall Model
“Ina waterfall model, each phase must be completed fully before the next phase ca
The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced. It is also referred to as a linear-
sequential life cycle
model. It is very simple to understand and use. This type of model is basically used for the
project which is small and there are no uncertain requirements.
Advantages of waterfall model:
- This model is simple and easy to understand and use.

- It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model
- In this model phases are processed and completed one at a time.
Disadvantages of waterfall model:
- Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change
- No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
- High amounts of risk
- Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
- Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
When to use the waterfall model:
- This model is used only when the requirements are very well known, clear and fixed.
- The project is short.
3.2 V Model
“The – V model is a SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential
manner in V-shape. “
V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase must be
completed before the next phase begins. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a
corresponding phase of development.
Advantages of V-model:
- Simple and easy to use.

- Testing activities like planning, test designing happens well before coding. This saves a
lot of time.
- Proactive defect tracking – that is defects are found at early stage.
Disadvantages of V-model:
- Software is developed during the implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the

software
- are produced.
- If any changes happen in midway, then the test documents along with requirement
documents has to be updated.
When to use the V-model:
- The V-shaped model should be used for small to medium sized projects where
requirements are clearly defined and fixed.
- The V-Shaped model should be chosen when ample technical resources are available
with needed technical expertise.
3.3 Prototype Model
“Prototyping is an attractive plicated and idea large systems for com for which there is no
manual process or existing system to help determining the requirements.”
Advantages of Prototype model:
- Users are actively involved in the development

- Since in this methodology a working model of the system is provided, the users get a
better
understanding of the system being developed.
- Errors can be detected much earlier.
- Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
- Missing functionality can be identified easily
- Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
Disadvantages of Prototype model:
- Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity of the system as scope of the
system
may expand beyond original plans.
- Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as thefull system was
designed
When to use Prototype model:
- Prototype model should be used when the desired system needs to have a lot of
interaction with the end users.
3.4 Agile Model
“Software is developed in incremental, rapid small incremental cycles releases. This with results
each release in building on previous functionality.”
Advantages of Agile model:
- Customer satisfaction by continuous delivery of software.

- Customers, developers and testers constantly interact with each other.
- Working software is delivered frequently
- Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design.
- Even late changes in requirements are welcomed.
Disadvantages of Agile model:
- It is difficult to assess the effort required at the beginning of the software development
life cycle.
- The project can easily get taken off track if the customer representative is not clear what
final
outcome that they want.
- Only senior programmers are capable of taking the kind of decisions required during the
development process.
When to use Agile model:
- New changes can be implemented at very little cost

- To implement a new feature the developers need to lose only the work of a few days.
- Unlike the waterfall model in agile model very limited planning is required to get started
with the project.
4. Software Testing Methodologies
4.1 Block Box Testing
4.1.1 What is Block box testing
“The technique of testing without having technical knowledge of an application i
Specification-based testing technique is also known as „black-box‟ or input/output driven testing

techniques because they view the software as a black-box with inputs and outputs.
4.1.2 How will perform block box testing
“Testing team will perform the block box testing”
The testers have no knowledge of how the system or component is structured inside the box. In
black-box testing the tester is concentrating on what the software does, not how it does it.
4.1.3 How to perform block box testing
Block box testing covers both functional and non-functional testing. Functional testing is
concerned with what the system does its features or functions. Non-functional testing is
concerned with examining how well the system does. Non-functional testing like performance,
usability, portability, maintainability, etc.
Advantages Disadvantages
Well suited and efficient for large code Limited Coverage since only a selected
segments. number of test scenarios
are actually performed.
Code Access not required. Inefficient testing, due to the fact that the
tester only has limited knowledge about an
application
Clearly separates user's perspective from the Blind Coverage, since the tester cannot
developer's perspective through visibly target specific code segments or error prone
defined roles. areas
Large numbers of moderately skilled testers The test cases are difficult to design.
can test the application with no knowledge of
implementation, programming
language or operating systems.
4.1.4 Block box testing techniques
Below is the black box testing techniques:
- Equivalence partitioning
- Boundary value analysis
- Error Guessing
4.2 White box testing
4.2.1 What is white box testing
“Structure-based testing technique is also known as „white-box‟ or „glass-box‟ testing technique

because here testers require knowledge of how the software is implemented, how it works “
4.2.2 Who will perform White box testing
“Developers use -based structure techniques in component testing and component integration
testing, especially where there is good tool support for code coverage.”
4.2.3 How to perform White box testing
White box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of the code. White
box testing is also called g lass testing or Open box testing.
Advantages Disadvantages
As the tester has knowledge of the source Due to the fact that a skilled tester is needed
code, it becomes very easy to find out which to perform box testing, the costs are
type of data can help in testing the increased.
application effectively.
It helps in optimizing the code. Sometimes it is impossible to look into every
nook and corner to find out hidden errors that
may create problems as many paths
Extra lines of code can be removed which will go untested.
can bring in hidden defects.
Due to the tester's knowledge about the It is difficult to maintain white box testing as
code, maximum coverage is attained during the use of specialized tools like code
test scenario writing. analyzers and debugging tools are required.
4.3 Grey Box testing
4.3.1 What is grey box testing
“Grey Box testing is a technique application with to limited test knowledge the of the internal
working of an application.”
4.3.2 Who will perform Grey box testing
“Unlike black testing, box where the tester only tests the application's user interface, in grey box
testing, the tester has access to design documents and the database. Having this knowledge,
the tester is able to better prepare test data and test scenarios when making the test plan.”
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Black Box vs Grey Box vs White Box:
5. Levels of testing
“In software development life cycle models there are defined phases like require coding or
implementation, testing and deployment. Each phase goes through the testing.”
Hence there are various levels of testing. The various levels of testing are:
5.1 Unit Testing
What is Unit testing: “A unit is the smallest testable part of an applicate procedures, ion like
function interfaces. “
Unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code are tested to determine if they
are fit for use.
Who will perform Unit testing: “Unit tests are basically written and executed to make by
software sure that code meets its design and requirements and behaves as expected.”
5.2 Module/Component Testing
What is Module/Component Testing: “Component testing is a method where testing of each c

application is done separately.”
Suppose, in an application there are 5 components. Testing of each 5 components separately

and efficiently is called as component testing.
Who will perform Component Testing: “Component testing is done by the tester.”
5.3 Integration Testing
What is Integration Testing: “Integrations done testing when two modules are integrated, in
order to test the behavior and functionality of both the modules after integration.”
As displayed in the image below when two different modules ‘Module A’ and ‘Modul integration
testing is done.
Who will perform Integration Testing: “Integration testing is done by a specific integration
tester or test team.”
Integration Testing Techniques:
- Top down
- Bottom Up
Top-down integration testing: Testing takes place from top to bottom, following the control
flow or architectural. Components or systems are substituted by stubs.
Below is the diagram of ‘Top down App roach’:
Bottom-up integration testing: Testing takes place from the bottom of the control flow
upwards. Component or systems are substituted by drivers.
Below is the image of ‘Bottom up approach’:
Stub: A stub is called from the software component to be tested.
Driver: A driver calls the component to be tested.
5.4 System Testing
What is system testing: “Once all the components are integrated, the application as a wh see
that it meets the requirements?”
System testing is most often the final test to verify that the system to be delivered meets the
specification and its purpose.
Who will do the system testing: “System testing is carried out by specialist testers or inde
5.5 User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
What is UAT: “Acceptance testing is basically done to ensure fth specification that the
requirements agreement. ”o
- The goal of acceptance testing is to establish confidence in the system.

- Acceptance testing is most often focused on a validation type testing.
Who will perform UAT: “Acceptance testing is basically done by the user or customer although
other stakeholders may be involved as well.”
Alpha Testing: “Alpha testing is done at the developer’s site. It is do ne at the end
Beta testing: “Beta testing is done at the customers site. It is done just before the
6. Verification & Validation
6.1 Verification
6.1.1 What is Verification: “The process of evaluating work-products (not the actual final
product) of a development phase to determine whether they meet the specified requirements
Verification is done at the starting of the development process. It includes reviews and
meetings, walkthroughs, inspection, etc. to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and
specifications.
6.1.2 Who will perform: Peers (Sr Team Members, Architects, Analysts)
6.1.3 Verification Techniques: Below are the validation techniques
- Reviews
- Inspections
- Walk through
Reviews: “A review is a systematic examination of document by one or more people with the
main aim of finding and removing errors early in the software development life cycle.”
There are two types of Reviews held in verification. They are Formal Review and Informal
Review.
A. Formal Review: “Formal reviews follow a formal process. It is well structured and
regulated. It contains: Planning, Kick-off, Preparation, Review meeting, Rework.”
B. Informal Review: “Informal reviews are applied many times during the early stages of
the life cycle of the document. A two person team can conduct an informal review.” The
most important thing to keep in mind
about the informal reviews is that they are not documented.

6.1.4 Inspection:
“Inspection is the most formal form of reviews, a strategy adopted during static testing phase. It
is the most formal review type
- It is the most formal review type

- It is led by the trained moderators
- During inspection the documents are prepared and checked thoroughly by the reviewers
before the meeting
6.1.5 Walkthrough
“A walkthrough is conducted by ‘document under of their view‟ who takes the
Participants document and his or her thought processes, to achieve a common understanding
and to gather feedback.”
6.2 Validation
6.1.1 What is Validation: “The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the
development process
to determine whether it satisfies specified business requirements.”
6.1.2 Who will perform: Testing Team, Dev Team, Client or BA team
7. Functional & Non Functional Testing
Functional Testing: “Functional Testing is a testing technique that is used to test the
features/functionality of
the Software”.
7.1 Smoke Testing: “Smoke testing refers to testing the basic functionality of the bui declared
as unstable and it is NOT tested anymore until the smoke test of the build passes.
7.2 Sanity Testing: “Software testing technique performed by the test team for some basic
tests. The aim of basic test is to be conducted whenever a new build is received for testing. “
The terminologies such as Smoke Test or Build Verification Test or Basic Acceptance Test or
Sanity Test are
interchangeably used, however, each one of them is used under a slightly different scenario.
Sanity test is usually unscripted, helps to identify the dependent missing functionalities. It is
used to determine if the section of the application is still working after a minor change. Sanity
testing can be narrow and deep. Sanity test is a narrow regression test that focuses on one or a
few areas of functionality
7.3 Re-testing: “Retesting is executing a previously failed test against new software to check if
the problem is resolved. “
7.4 Regression Testing: “Regression testing is performed to verify if the build has NOT broken
any other parts of the application by the recent code changes for defect fixing or for
enhancement. “
The purpose of a regression testing is to verify that modifications in the software or the
environment have not caused any unintended adverse side effects and that the system still
meets its requirements.
7.5 Exploratory Testing: “Testing of software without any documents (test cases or test
planning) and Identify the functionality of
application by exploring the application and exploring & learning
7.6 Monkey Testing: “Monkey testing is a software testing technique in which the testing
system under test randomly. The Input data that is used to test also generated r
7.7 End to End Testing: “End-to-end testing is a methodology used to test whether the flow of
an application is performing as designed from start to finish.”
The purpose of carrying out end-to-end tests is to identify system dependencies and to ensure
that the right information is passed between various system components and systems.
Difference between System testing and End to End testing:
There isn't really a huge difference between the two and in some establishments the terms
could be used interchangeably. Everywhere is different.
System testing: You're testing the whole system i.e. all of its components to ensure that each
is
functioning as intended. This is more from a functional side to check against requirements.
End to end testing: This is more about the actual flow through a system in a more realistic end
user scenario. Can a user navigate the application as expected and does it work. You're testing
the workflow.
Non Functional Testing:
7.8 User Interface Testing: “Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing is checking the application
design of an application”.
Ex: Required/Optional, Fields Align, Lengths, Progress Bars, Scroll Bars, Alignments, etc.
7.9 Usability Testing: “In usability testing basically the testers tests the ease with which the
user interfaces can be used. It tests that whether the application is user-friendly or not.
“Usability Testing tests the following features of the software.
- How easy it is to use the software.

- How easy it is to learn the software.
- How convenient is the software to end user.
7.10 Stress Testing: “It is a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given
system, Stress testing involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking
point, in order to observe the results. “ Stress testing is a generic term used to describe the
process of putting a system through stress.
7.11 Load Testing: “Load testing is performed to determine a system’s behavior under both
normal and at peak conditions. “
A load test is usually conducted to understand the behavior of the application under a specific
expected load.
E.g. If the number of users are increased then how much CPU, memory will be consumed, what
is the network and bandwidth response time.
7.12 Performance Testing: “Performance testing is testing that is performed, to determine how
fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload. “
It can serve different purposes like it can demonstrate that the system meets performance
criteria.
7.13 Localization Testing: “Localization translates the product UI and occasionally changes
some initial
settings to make it suitable for another region.” Localization testing checks the quality of a
product's
localization for a particular target culture/locale.
The test effort during localization testing focuses on:
- Areas affected by localization, such as UI and content

- Culture/locale-specific, language-specific, and region-specific areas
7.14 Globalization Testing: “Globalization Testing is testing process to check whether software
can perform properly in any locale or culture & functioning properly with all types of international
inputs and steps to effectively make your product truly global.” This type of testing validates
whether the application is capable for using all over the world and to check whether the input
accepts all the language texts.
Ex: Let’s see another example of a Zip code field in Sign up form:
- For globalized, it should allow to enter alphanumeric inputs

- For localized (country like INDIA), it should allow only numbers in input field.
7.15 Security Testing: “Security testing is basically to check that whether the application or the
product is secured or not. “
Can anyone came tomorrow and hack the system or login the application without any
authorization. It is a process to determine that an information system protects data and
maintains functionality as intended.
Security testing is related to the security of data and the functionality of the application. You
should
be aware of the following concepts while performing security testing:
1. Confidentiality - The application should only provide the data to the relevant party e.g. one
customer's transactional data should not be visible to another customer; the irrelevant personal
details of the customer should not be visible to the administrator and so on.
2. Integrity - The data stored and displayed by the application should be correct e.g. after a
withdrawal, the customer's account should be debited by the correct amount.
3. Authentication - It should be possible to attribute the data transmitted in the application to

either the application or the customer. In other words, no one other than the customer or the
bank should be able to create or modify any data.
4. Authorization - The application or a user should only be able to perform the tasks which they
are respectively authorized to perform e.g. a customer should not be able to withdraw more than
the balance in their account without having an overdraft facility, the application should not be
able to levy charges on a customer account without prior customer approval.
5. Availability - The data and functionality should be available to the users throughout the
working period
Ex. if the bank's operating times are from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on all working days, it should be
possible for a customer to access their account and make the necessary transactions on their
account.
6. Non-repudiation - At a later date, it should not be possible for a party to deny that a
particular transaction or data change took place e.g., if a customer withdraws an amount from
their account, this should trigger the relevant actions (posting to their transaction records,
debiting their account and sending them a notification etc.).
7.16 Compatibility Testing:” Compatibility Testing ensure compatibility of the application built
with various other objects such as other web browsers, hardware platforms, operating systems
etc.”
This type of testing helps find out how well a system performs in a particular environment that
includes hardware, network, operating system and other software etc.
Ex: Browser Compatibility Testing, OS Compatibility Testing
7.17 Installation Testing: “Installation testing is performed to ensure that all necessary
components are installed properly and working as per the requirements of the software, post
installation. Installation process may include partial, full or upgrade install. “
7.18 Recovery Testing: “Recovery testing is done in order to check how fast and better the
application can recover after it has gone through any type of crash or failure “
Ex: For example, when an application is receiving data from a network, unplug the connecting
cable. After some time, plug the cable back in and analyze the application’s ability to continue
receiving data from the point at which the network connection got disappeared. Restart the
system while a browser has a definite number of sessions and check whether the browser is
able to recover all of them or not.
8. Windows & Web Application
8.1 What is Windows application: “A program that is written to run under Microsoft's Windows
operating system. “
8.2 What is Web application: “Web application is an application that is accessed via Web
browser over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. “
8.3 Difference between Windows & Web:
Windows Application:
a. Windows applications typically run under all 32-bit versions of Windows, but earlier
applications might also run under the 16-bit versions (Windows 3.x) as well.
b. Runs on personal computers and work stations.
c. Window based app. need to be installed on your machine to access.
d. Windows applications (desktop) need to be installed on each client's PC.
e. Windows application runs faster than Web application.
f. Windows application has many inbuilt classes in .Net compared to Web application.
Web application:
a. It is a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language

(such as HTML, ASP, PHP, Perl, Python etc.) and reliant on a common web browser to
render the application executable.
b. Web applications are very much useful when they are hosted. Web app. can be access
from any ware in the world through the internet.
c. Web application is tested mainly for browser compatibility and operating system
compatibility, error handling, static pages, back-end testing and load testing.
d. Web applications are programs that used to run inside some web server (e.g., IIS) to
fulfill the user requests over the http.
e. Common Web applications include Webmail, online retail sales, online auctions, wikis,
discussion boards, Weblogs
9. Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
“STLC consists of series of activities carried out methodologically to help certify your software
product. These activities are part of the Software Testing Life Cycle.”
The different stages in Software Test Life Cycle:
9.1 Requirement Analysis: “During this phase, test team studies the requirements from a
testing point of view to identify the testable requirements.”
The QA team may interact with various stakeholders (Client, Business Analyst, Technical
Leads, and System Architects etc.) to understand the requirements in detail. Requirements
could be either Functional (defining what the software must do) or Non Functional (defining
system performance /security availability).
Deliverables: Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM), Clarification Document
RTM: “Traceability matrix links a business requirement to its corresponding functional

requirement.” If a Test Case fails, traceability helps determine the corresponding functionality
easily; it also helps ensure that all requirements are tested.
Sample RTM:
Clarification Document: “Contains all clarifications which will arise during the requirement
analysis phase”.
Sample:
9.2 Test Planning:
What is Test plan: “Test planning is the first step of the testing process. In this phase we
identify the activities and resources which would help to meet the testing objectives.”
What Test Plan contains: (IEEE 829 STANDARD TEST PLAN TEMPLATE)
Test plan identifier
Test deliverables
Introduction
Test tasks
Test items
Environmental needs
Features to be tested
Responsibilities
Features not to be tested
Staffing and training needs
Approach Schedule
Item pass/fail criteria
Risks and contingencies
Who will prepare the test plan: Test Lead or Test Manager.
What is Test Strategy: “A Test Strategy document is a high level document and normally
developed by project manager. This document defines “Software Testing Approach” to achieve
testing objectives. The Test Strategy is normally derived from the Business Requirement
Specification document.”
Test plan Vs Test Strategy: Generally it doesn’t matter which comes first. Test planning
document is a combination of strategy plugged with overall project plan. According to IEEE
Standard 829-2008, strategy plan is a sub item of test plan.
Every organization has their own standards and processes to maintain these documents. Some
organizations include strategy details in test plan itself. Some organizations list strategy as a
subsection in testing plan but details is separated out in different test strategy document.
Ex: Test plan gives the information of who is going to test at what time. For example: Module 1
is going to be tested by “X tester”. If tester Y replaces X for some reason, the test plan has to be
updated.
On the contrary, test strategy is going to have details like – “Individual modules are to be tested
by test team members. “ In this case, it does not matter who is testing it- so it’s generic and the
change in the team member does not have to be updated, keeping it static.
Deliverables: Test Plan with estimation
9.3 Test Case Development: “During this phase the test cases will be prepared”.
9.3.1 What is test case: “A test case is a set of conditions under which a tester will determine
whether a system under test satisfies requirements or works correctly.”
Writing Good Test Cases:
 As far as possible, write test cases in such a way that you test only one thing at a time.
Do not overlap or complicate test cases. Attempt to make your test cases ‘atomic’.
 Ensure that all positive scenarios and negative scenarios are covered.
 Language:
 Write in simple and easy to understand language.
 Use active voice: Do this, do that.
 Use exact and consistent names (of forms, fields, etc).
 Characteristics of a good test case:
 Accurate: Exacts the purpose.
 Economical: No unnecessary steps or words.
 Traceable: Capable of being traced to requirements.
 Repeatable: Can be used to perform the test over and over.
 Reusable: Can be reused if necessary.
9.3.2 Test Case Techniques:
- Equivalence Portioning (EP)

- Boundary Value Analysis (BVP)
- Error Guessing
Equivalence Portioning: “EP divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of
equivalent data from which test cases can be derived.”
Test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. This technique tries to define test
cases that uncover classes of errors, thereby reducing the total number of test cases that must
be developed. An advantage of this approach is reduction in the time required for testing a
software due to lesser number of test cases.
Error Guessing: “The Error guessing is a technique where the experienced and good testers
are encouraged to think of situations in which the software may not be able to cope.”
The success of error guessing is very much dependent on the skill of the tester, as good testers
know where the defects are most likely to be. This is why an error guessing approach, used
after more formal techniques have been applied to some extent, can be very effective.
9.3.3 Test Data Preparation
What is Test Data: “In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for
testing most of the features. Any such specifically identified data which is used in tests is known
as test data.”
Test data preparation: In the above example we can generate the inputs for Valid and Invalid
partitions.
Ex:
Valid: 1, 2, 5, 10, 11, 12
Invalid: -2, -1, 0, 13, 15, 99, 150, 999
9.3.4 Types of test cases
Functional Test Cases: “The test cases based on functional requirement specifications”
Positive Test Cases: “Test Cases with valid input and also verifying that the outputs are
correct.”
Negative Test Cases: “This testing involves exercising application functionality using a
combination of invalid inputs, some unexpected operating conditions and by some other “out-of-
bounds” scenarios.”
Non-Functional Test Cases: “The test cases based on functional requirement specifications
like
performance, Load, Stress, Security, etc.”
9.3.5 Test Case Review: Reviewing is a form of testing too – the verification part of the V&V,
also called static testing.
Why Review: For exactly the same reason we test the software
 To uncover errors
 To check for completeness
 To make sure the standards and guidelines are followed
Review Checklist:
 Do test cases cover all requirements?

 Has each test case been assigned a test case identifier?
 Does each test case specify?
- Actions
- Test condition
- Expected result
 Have the expected results been recorded in detail?
 Is any method for validating expected results specified?
 Do test cases for field validations, record validations and database updates include the
following?
- Valid conditions
- Invalid conditions
- Boundary or unusual conditions
 Do the test cases for reports include the test data along with the expected output?
 Have the inter test case dependencies been described?
 Have Pass/Fail criteria been specified?
 Have all requested environments been specified?
 Has the method for logging on to the test environment been specified?
 Are pre-conditions for the test specified?
 Is the number of Test cases met customer standards?
Self-Review: “Review our own work by us”
Peer Review: “Review our own work by colleague”
Lead Review: “Review our work by our Test lead or Manager”
Client Review: “Review our work by client or business team after lead review.”
Deliverables: Test Case Document, Test Data
9.4 Test Environment Setup
“Test environment decides the software and hardware conditions under which a work product is
tested “.
Test environment set-up is one of the critical aspects of testing process and can be done in
parallel with Test Case Development Stage. Test team may not be involved in this activity if the
customer or dev team provides the test environment in which case the test team is required to
do a readiness check (smoke testing) of the given environment.
Deliverables: Test Environment
How many environments do we have: “A Typical project can have following environments”?
- Dev
- QA
- Pre-Production
- Production
-
9.5 Test Execution
“In this phase testing team start executing test cases based on prepared test planning &
prepared test cases in the prior step in testing environment”.
Deliverables: Test cases updated with results
9.6 Result Analysis & Reporting:
“After test execution phase, if the test case is passed then same can be marked as Passed. If
any test case is failed then corresponding defect can be reported to developer team via bug
tracking system & bug can be linked for corresponding test case for further analysis.”
Severity: It is the extent to which the defect can affect the software. In other words it defines the
impact that a given defect has on the system.
If an application or web page crashes when a remote link is clicked, in this case clicking the
remote link by an user is rare but the impact of application crashing is severe. So the severity is
high but priority is low.
 Critical: The defect that results in the termination of the complete system or one or more
component of the system and causes extensive corruption of the data. The failed
function is unusable and there is no acceptable alternative method to achieve the
required results then the severity will be stated as critical.
 Major: The defect that results in the termination of the complete system or one or more
component of the system and causes extensive corruption of the data. The failed
function is unusable but there exists an acceptable alternative method to achieve the
required results then the severity will be stated as major.
 Medium: The defect that does not result in the termination, but causes the system to
produce incorrect, incomplete or inconsistent results then the severity will be stated as
moderate.
 Minor: The defect that does not result in the termination and does not damage the
usability of the system and the desired results can be easily obtained by working around
the defects then the severity is stated as minor.
 Cosmetic: The defect that is related to the enhancement of the system where the
changes are related to the look and field of the application then the severity is stated as
cosmetic.
Priority: “Priority defines the order in which we should resolve a defect. Should we fix it now, or
can it wait?”
This priority status is set by the tester to the developer mentioning the time frame to fix the
defect. If high priority is mentioned then the developer has to fix it at the earliest. The priority
status is set based on the customer requirements.
For example: If the company name is misspelled in the home page of the website, then the
priority is high and severity is low to fix it.
 Low: The defect is an irritant which should be repaired, but repair can be deferred until
after more serious defect has been fixed.
 Medium: The defect should be resolved in the normal course of development activities.
It can wait until a new build or version is created.
 High: The defect must be resolved as soon as possible because the defect is affecting
the application or the product severely. The system cannot be used until the repair has
been done.
Few very important scenarios related to the severity and priority which are asked during
the interview:
 High Priority & High Severity: An error which occurs on the basic functionality of the
application and will not allow the user to use the system. (Eg. A site maintaining the
student details, on saving record if it, doesn’t allow to save the record then this is high
priority and high severity bug.)
 High Priority & Low Severity: The spelling mistakes that happens on the cover page or
heading or title of an application.
 High Severity & Low Priority: An error which occurs on the functionality of the application
(for which there is no workaround) and will not allow the user to use the system but on
click of link which is rarely used by the end user.
 Low Priority and Low Severity: Any cosmetic or spelling issues which is within a
paragraph or in the report (Not on cover page, heading, title).
Famous Defect Tracking Tools:
- Bugzilla
- JIRA
- ALM (QC)
A typical Defect Tracker will have:
- Defect id
- Date
- Created By
- Assigned TO
- Bug description
- Steps to Reproduce
- Expected Result
- Comments
- Screen shots
Defect Life Cycle: “Defect life cycle is a cycle which a defect goes through during its lifetime. “
It starts when defect is found and ends when a defect is closed, after ensuring it’s not
reproduced. Defect life cycle is related to the bug found during testing.
The Life cycle of the bug can be shown diagrammatically as follows:
 New: When a defect is logged and posted for the first time. It’s state is given as new.
 Assigned: After the tester has posted the bug, the lead of the tester approves that the
bug is genuine and he assigns the bug to corresponding developer and the developer
team. It’s state given as assigned.
 Open: At this state the developer has started analyzing and working on the defect fix.
 Fixed: When developer makes necessary code changes and verifies the changes then
he/she can make bug status as ‘Fixed’ and the bug is passed to testing team.
 Pending retest: After fixing the defect the developer has given that particular code for
retesting to the tester. Here the testing is pending on the testers end. Hence its status is
pending retest.
 Retest: At this stage the tester do the retesting of the changed code which developer
has given to him to check whether the defect got fixed or not.
 Verified: The tester tests the bug again after it got fixed by the developer. If the bug is
not present in the software, he approves that the bug is fixed and changes the status to
“verified”.
 Reopen: If the bug still exists even after the bug is fixed by the developer, the tester
changes the status to “reopened”. The bug goes through the life cycle once again.
 Closed: Once the bug is fixed, it is tested by the tester. If the tester feels that the bug no
longer exists in the software, he changes the status of the bug to “closed”. This state
means that the bug is fixed, tested and approved.
 Duplicate: If the bug is repeated twice or the two bugs mention the same concept of the
bug, then one bug status is changed to “duplicate“.
 Rejected: If the developer feels that the bug is not genuine, he rejects the bug. Then the
state of the bug is changed to “rejected”.
 Deferred: The bug, changed to deferred state means the bug is expected to be fixed in
next releases. The reasons for changing the bug to this state have many factors. Some
of them are priority of the bug may be low, lack of time for the release or the bug may
not have major effect on the software.
 Not a bug: The state given as “Not a bug” if there is no change in the functionality of the
 application. For an example: If customer asks for some change in the look and field of
the application like change of color of some text then it is not a bug but just some
change in the looks of the application.
9.7 Delivery & Maintenance
Evaluate cycle completion criteria based on Time, Test overage, Cost, Software, Critical
Business Objectives, Quality.
Typical Exit criteria may include the following:
 All Test plans have been run.

 A certain level of requirements coverage has been achieved.
 No high priority or severe bugs are left outstanding.
 All high-risk areas have been fully tested, with only minor residual risks left outstanding.
 Cost – when the budget has been spent.
 The schedule has been achieved.
Maintenance: Once a system is deployed it is in service for years and decades. During this
time the system and its operational environment is often corrected, changed or extended.
Testing that is provided during this phase is called maintenance testing.
Usually maintenance testing is consisting of two parts:
First one is, testing the changes that has been made because of the correction in the system or
if the system is extended or because of some additional features added to it.
Second one is regression tests to prove that the rest of the system has not been affected by the
maintenance work.
Metrics:
A Metric is a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, system component, or

process possesses a given attribute.
Metrics can be defined as “STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT”.
Software Metrics are used to measure the quality of the project. Simply, Metric is a unit used for
describing an attribute. Metric is a scale for measurement.
Suppose, in general, “Kilogram” is a metric for measuring the attribute “Weight”. Similarly, in
software, “How many issues are found in thousand lines of code?”, here No. of issues is one
measurement & No. of lines of code is another measurement. Metric is defined from these two
measurements.
Test metrics example:
 How many defects are existed within the module?

 How many test cases are executed per person?
 What is the Test coverage %?
Why Test Metrics?
Generation of Software Test Metrics is the most important responsibility of the Software Test
Lead/Manager.
“We cannot improve what we cannot measure.”
“We cannot control what we cannot measure”
 Take decision for next phase of activities

 Evidence of the claim or prediction
 Understand the type of improvement required
 Take decision on process or technology change
Effectiveness: Doing the right thing. It deals with meeting the desirable attributes that are
expected by the customer.
Efficiency: Doing the thing right. It concerns the resources used for the service to be rendered
a. Test Plan coverage on Functionality:
Formula: (No of requirements covered / total number of requirements) * 100
b. Test Case defect density:
Formula: (Defective Test Scripts /Total Test Scripts) * 100

Example: Total test script developed 1360, total test script executed 1280, total test script
passed 1065, total test script failed 215.
So, test case defect density is :215 X 100 / 1280 = 16.8%
This 16.8% value can also be called as test case efficiency %, which is depends upon total
number of
test cases which uncovered defects.
c. Defect Slippage Ratio: Number of defects slipped (reported from production) v/s number of
defects reported during execution.
Formula: Number of Defects Slipped / (Number of Defects Raised - Number of Defects

Withdrawn)
Example: Customer filed defects are 21, total defect found while testing are 267, total number
of invalid defects are 17.
So, Slippage Ratio is [21/ (267-17)] X 100 = 8.4%

d. Requirement Volatility: Number of requirements agreed v/s number of requirements
changed.
Formula: Number of Requirements Added + Deleted + Modified) *100 / Number of Original

Requirements
Example: VSS 1.3 release had total 67 requirements initially, later they added another 7
new requirements and removed 3 from initial requirements and modified 11 requirements.
So, requirement Volatility is (7 + 3 + 11) * 100/67 = 31.34%
Means almost 1/3 of the requirement changed after initial identification
e. Review Efficiency: The Review Efficiency is a metric that offers insight on the review quality
and testing some organization also use this term as “Static Testing” efficiency and they are
aiming to get min of 30% defects in static testing.
Formula=100*Total number of defects found by reviews/Total number of project defects
Example: A project found total 269 defects in different reviews, which were fixed and test team
got
476 defects which were reported and valid
So, Review efficiency is [269/(269+476)] X 100 = 36.1%
f. Defect Removal Effectiveness (DRE):
DRE= (Defects removed during development phase x100%) / Defects latent in the product
Defects latent in the product = Defects removed during development Phase+ defects found later
by user
Testing Terminology
1. Project: Requirements will come from one customer and mostly it will be used by customer
and his people.
2. Product: Requirements will come from various customers and will be used by more number
of customers.
3. Application: Group of programs designed for the customers to use for specific operations.
4. AUT (Application under Testing): After Designing and coding phase of development cycle,
the application(build) comes for testing then the application(build) is called "Application Under
test".
5. Quality: Justification of the Requirements and absence of Defects, delivered on time.
6. Defect: Deviation from the requirement
7. SRS: System Requirement Specification, which is the actual requirement document.
8. BDD: Business Design Document, which is an initial document designed by business people
and then they will prepare the SRS.
9. Mock ups: In Design phase or for requirement phase, some sample screens replica of actual
application will be provided for team.
10. Use Case: It will describe the Basic Flow, Alternate Flow and Exceptional Flow, how the
application will be processed. Use case document will be used as the base document by both
the Developers and the Testers. Developers will write the code based on the Use case and
Testers in turn will identify test scenarios and write test cases based on the use case. Use will
be written by the Business Analysts from the Functionality requirement document.
11. Test Case: Test cases are the step wise description or activities which are going to be
executed in order to validate the application. The test cases will contain the step number,
description or activity - what action is going to happen while validation, the input data, the
expected result and the actual result. The test cases are written based on the functionality or
requirements or the use cases received from the client. Test Cases will be prepared by Testing
Team.
12. Test data: Test data is the data that is used in tests of a software system.
In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for testing most of the
features. Any such specifically identified data which is used in tests is known as test data.
You can have test data in excel sheet which can be entered manually while executing test
cases or it can be read automatically from files (XML, Flat Files, Database etc.) by automation
tools.
13. Version Control: It is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that
you can recall specific versions later.
14. Check out: Taking the document to edit (do the changes, ex: Updating the defect tracker,
test cases, etc..) from the configuration management tool or common repository (VSS).
15. Check in: Releasing the document after performing the changes to the configuration
management tool or common repository (VSS).
16. Release notes: Release notes is a document which will be prepared by the dev team during
the release time. It will be delivered to the customers which contains the technical information
about changes addressed in the current release.
17. Build: Build is a version of software will be given for testing team to test. Usually release
contains multiple builds to test. Software is still in testing.
18. Release: Software is no longer in testing phase, ready to deliver to customer.
19. Delivery: Handover the working software constructed based on the customer requirements
to the customer on or before delivery date.
20. Test Deliverables: The documents which were prepared during the testing phase.
- Clarification Document / Query Tracker

- Traceability Matrix
- Test Case Document with results
- Defect Report (Open, Closed, Defer)
- Test Summary Report (Passed, Failed, Hold)
21. Test Summary Report:
22. Traceability Matrix: t is a document that maps and traces user requirement with test cases.
The main purpose of Requirement Traceability Matrix is to see that all test cases are covered so
that no functionality should miss while testing.
23. Productivity: Effective hours produced by individual team members in the team. Ex, if a
person stays at office more than 10 hrs. and he works only for 7 hrs. and 3 hrs. he didn’t work
on the project, Then the productivity is 7 hrs.
24. Variance: Variance is the difference between what was planned and the actual value. Ex, if
planned date is 20th Jan 15 and actual completion date is 25th Jan 15 then the variance is 5
days.
25. Estimation: Providing the time to finish the specific work.
26. Escalation: Taking the issue to next step. If there is a defect and defect is not accepting by
the dev team but still you believe that it’s an issue, you can contact customer for the issue.
27. Roles & Responsibilities: The work which we are going to perform after getting the Job.
The Responsibilities will change based on role. Ex, Test engineer will do requirement
understanding, test case preparation, execution and reporting the bugs. Test Lead will assign
the work to his team members, collects data, etc.
28. Entry Criteria: Entry criterion is used to determine when a given test activity should start. It
also includes the beginning of a level of testing, when test design or when test execution is
ready to start.
29. Exit Criteria: Exit criterion is used to determine whether a given test activity has been
completed or NOT. Exit criteria can be defined for all of the test activities right from planning,
specification and execution.
30. Status Call: Status call will happen daily / weekly / monthly based on client/company rules
where we will discuss about project status.
31. MOM: Minutes of Meeting are the written or recorded documentation that is used to inform
attendees and non-attendees of the happenings during the meeting.
MOM Contains:
The names of the participants, the agenda items covered, decisions made by the participants,
the follow-up actions committed to by participants, due dates for the completion of commitments
, and any other events or discussions worth documenting for future review or history.
32. One to One: It is a face to face meeting.
33. Appraisal: The comp people (HR, Managers, and team) will assess the individual team
member based on Peer/Lead/Manager feedback and they will revise your salary or role. There
will be Midterm and annual appraisals based on company rules.
34. Rating: Giving ranking for the individual team member by the Lead/managers based on
their skills and their performance during appraisal period.
35. Time sheet: If a team member is billable (charging client) the he will have to submit his time
sheet weekly/daily contains his tasks completed during the week. Usually total hours per week
are 40 hrs. which is 8 hrs. per day.
Task Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Test Case 2 hrs. 4 hrs. 5 hrs. 7 hrs. 8hrs.
Preparation
Weekly 2 hrs. 2 hrs. 1 hrs.
Meeting
Requirement 4 hrs. 2 hrs. 3 hrs.
Understanding
Total 8 hrs. 8 hrs. 8 hrs. 8 hrs. 8 hrs.
6. Resource Funding / Billable: A resource (team member) who is being charging from client
for his work.
37. Non Billable: A resource that is not being charged from client is called Shadow / non
billable resource.
38. OOO: Out of office, going out from office. Usually uses while informing to team that you are
going out from office.
39. Planned Leave: You planned your leave long before and applied. It’s a scheduled or
planned well before.
40. Un Planned or Sick Leave: Unscheduled and unplanned leave, usually take if resource is
not feeling well. Usually we do have 16 planned leave (4 per quarter) and 5-10 sick leaves. It’s
diff per company.
41. PTO: Paid Time Off, taking leave. Using the leaves (Planned Leave, Sick Leave) and still
company pay you salary for this time.
42. Notice Period: Once you want to move out of from the current company then we will quit
the Job. Company has a policy that we will have to inform before 2/3 months so that they will
search for a replacement for us.
43. Bench Mark: Finalizing, any document or any process. Ex, Finalizing the test cases,
requirement.
44. CTC: Cost to Company (CTC) is the salary package of an employee. It indicates the total
amount of expense an employer (organization) is spending for an employee in a year.
45. Variable Pay: Variable pay is used generally to recognize and reward employee
contribution toward company productivity, profitability, team work, safety, quality, or some other
metric deemed important.
This will be pay you based on your performance and company performance during the appraisal
period.
46. Basic Salary: Basic salary is the amount paid to an employee before any extras are added
or taken off, such as reductions because of salary sacrifice schemes or an increase due to
overtime or a bonus. Allowances, such as internet for home-based workers or contributions to
phone usage, would also be added to the basic salary.
47. Gross Salary: Gross salary is the term used to describe all of the money you've made while
working at your job, figured before any deductions are taken for state and federal taxes, Social
Security and health insurance. If you work more than one job, you'll have a gross salary amount
for each one.
48. Demo: Demonstrating the completed part of work or software to customer and will get his
feedback.
49. POC: Point of Contact, to whom we need to contact. There will be diff for diff departments.
Ex, for all QA related queries, you can contact Mr. John, for all development related queries you
can contact Mr. Anderson.
(OR)
Proof of Concept: A proof of concept (POC) is a demonstration, the purpose of which is to

verify that certain concepts or theories have the potential for real-world application. POC is
therefore a prototype that is designed to determine feasibility, but does not represent
deliverables. Proof of concept is also known as proof of principle.
50. Pipeline: In progress, expecting something shortly or near future. Ex, there is more work in
pipe line.
51. Project Sign in: Project was finalized and the team is ready to work on.
INTERVIEW FAQ’S
Q. What is the MAIN benefit of designing tests early in the life cycle?
Ans: It helps prevent defects from being introduced into the code.
Q. What is risk-based testing?
Ans: Risk-based testing is the term used for an approach to creating a test strategy that is
based on prioritizing tests by risk. The basis of the approach is a detailed risk analysis and
prioritizing of risks by risk level. Tests to address each risk are then specified, starting with the
highest risk first.
Q. A wholesaler sells printer cartridges. The minimum order quantity is 5. There is a 20%
discount for orders of 100 or more printer cartridges. You have been asked to prepare
test cases using various values for the number of printer cartridges ordered. Which of
the following groups contain three test inputs that would be generated using Boundary
Value Analysis?
Ans: 4, 5, 99
Q. What is the KEY difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?
Ans: Preventative tests are designed early; reactive tests are designed after the software has
been produced.
Q. What is the purpose of exit criteria?
Ans: The purpose of exit criteria is to define when a test level is completed.
Q. What determines the level of risk?
Ans: The likelihood of an adverse event and the impact of the event determine the level of risk.
Q. What is the MAIN objective when reviewing a software deliverable?
Ans: To identify defects in any software work product.
Q. Which of the following defines the expected results of a test? Test case specification
or test design specification.
Ans: Test case specification defines the expected results of a test.
Q: What is the benefit of test independence?
Ans: It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.
Q. As part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?
Ans: The exit Criteria is determined on the bases of ‘Test Planning’.
Q. What is beta testing?
Ans: Testing performed by potential customers at their own locations.
Q. What is the difference between Testing Techniques and Testing Tools?
Ans: Testing technique: – Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application system
or unit functions properly there may be few techniques but many tools.
Testing Tools: Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a resource to the tester, but
it is insufficient to conduct testing
Q. We use the output of the requirement analysis, the requirement specification as the
input
for writing …
Ans: User Acceptance Test Cases
Q. Repeated testing of an already tested program, after modification, to discover any

defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes in the software being tested
or in another related or unrelated software component:
Ans: Regression Testing
Q. What is component testing?
Ans: Component testing, also known as unit, module and program testing, searches for defects
in, and verifies the functioning of software (e.g. modules, programs, objects, classes, etc.) that
are separately testable. Component testing may be done in isolation from the rest of the system
depending on the context of the development life cycle and the system. Most often stubs and
drivers are used to replace the missing software and simulate the interface between the
software components in a simple manner. A stub is called from the software component to be
tested; a driver calls a component to be tested.
Q. What is functional system testing?
Ans: Testing the end to end functionality of the system as a whole is defined as a functional
system testing.
Q. What are the benefits of Independent Testing?
Ans: Independent testers are unbiased and identify different defects at the same time.
Q. What are the different Methodologies in Agile Development Model?
Ans: There are currently seven different agile methodologies that I am aware of:
1. Extreme Programming (XP)

2. Scrum
3. Lean Software Development
4. Feature-Driven Development
5. Agile Unified Process
6. Crystal
7. Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM)
Q: Which activity in the fundamental test process includes evaluation of the testability of
the requirements and system?
Ans: A ‘Test Analysis’ and ‘Design’ includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements and
system.
Q: What is typically the MOST important reason to use risk to drive testing
efforts?
Ans: Because testing everything is not feasible.

Q. What is random/monkey testing? When it is used?
Ans: Random testing often known as monkey testing. In such type of testing data is generated
randomly often using a tool or automated mechanism. With this randomly generated input the
system is tested and results are analyzed accordingly. These testing are less reliable; hence it
is normally used by the beginners and to see whether the system will hold up under adverse
effects.
Q. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?
Ans:
1. Provide developers and other parties with feedback about the problem to enable
a. identification, isolation and correction as necessary.
2. Provide ideas for test process improvement.
3. Provide a vehicle for assessing tester competence.
4. Provide testers with a means of tracking the quality of the system under test.
Q: Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are dynamic
techniques?
Ans:
1. Equivalence Partitioning.
2. Use Case Testing.
3. Data Flow Analysis.
4. Exploratory Testing.
5. Decision Testing.
6. Inspections.
Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing,
Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing are dynamic.
Q: Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?
Ans: Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they find.
Q: What are the phases of a formal review?
Ans: In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. A typical formal
review process consists of six main steps:
1. Planning
2. Kick-off
3. Preparation
4. Review meeting
5. Rework
6. Follow-up.
Q: What is the role of moderator in review process?
Ans: The moderator (or review leader) leads the review process. He or she determines, in co-
operation with the author, the type of review, approach and the composition of the review team.
The moderator performs the entry check and the follow-up on the rework, in order to control the
quality of the input and output of the review process. The moderator also schedules the
meeting, disseminates documents before the meeting, coaches other team members, paces the
meeting, leads possible discussions and stores the data that is collected.
Q: What is an equivalence partition (also known as an equivalence class)?
Ans: An input or output ranges of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test
case.
Q: When should configuration management procedures be implemented?
Ans: During test planning.
Q: A Type of functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating to detection of

threats, such as virus from malicious outsiders?
Ans: Security Testing
Q: Testing wherein we subject the target of the test , to varying workloads to measure
and evaluate the performance behaviors and ability of the target and of the test to
continue to function properly under these different workloads?
Ans: Load Testing
Q: Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the
interaction between integrated components is?
Ans: Integration Level Testing
Q: What are the Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques?
Ans: Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the
internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called 'white-box' or
'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require knowledge of
how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a structural technique may
be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different test cases may be derived to
exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of the functionality
of the software.
Q: When “Regression Testing” should be performed?
Ans: After the software has changed or when the environment has changed Regression testing
should be performed.
Q: What is negative and positive testing?
Ans: A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors. While a positive
testing, is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to be completed in accordance
with the specification.
Q: What is the purpose of a test completion criterion?
Ans: The purpose of test completion criterion is to determine when to stop testing
Q: What can static analysis NOT find?
Ans: For example memory leaks.
Q: What is the difference between re-testing and regression testing?
Ans: Re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks for
unexpected side effects.
Q: What are the Experience-based testing techniques?
Ans: In experience-based techniques, people's knowledge, skills and background are a prime
contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and business
people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and design process.
Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go
wrong, which is very useful for testing.
Q: What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including metrics?
Ans: Inspection
Q: Could reviews or inspections be considered part of testing?
Ans: Yes, because both help detect faults and improve quality.
Q: An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004 what are the boundary
values for testing this field?
Ans: 1899, 1900, 1950, 1951, 2004, 2005
Q: What is the one Key reason why developers have difficulty testing their own work?
Ans: Lack of Objectivity
Q: When should testing be stopped?
Ans: It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria bases on
which you can stop testing.
1. Deadlines (Testing, Release)

2. Test budget has been depleted
3. Bug rate fall below certain level
4. Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
5. Alpha or beta periods for testing ends
6. Coverage of code, functionality or requirements are met to a specified point
Q: Which of the following is the main purpose of the integration strategy for integration
testing in the small?
Ans: The main purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine when
and how many at once.
Q: What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing techniques?
Ans: Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software without
knowing the internal structure of code or program. This testing is usually done to check the
functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are
1. Equivalence Partitioning
2. Boundary value analysis
Q: Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its suitability for
intended use and to identify discrepancies?
Ans: Technical Review.
Q: Faults found should be originally documented by whom?
Ans: By testers.
Q: Which is the current formal world-wide recognized documentation standard?
Ans: There isn’t one.
Q: Which of the following is the review participant who has created the item to be
reviewed? Ans: Author
Q: A number of critical bugs are fixed in software. All the bugs are in one module, related
to reports. The test manager decides to do regression testing only on the reports
module.
Ans: Regression testing should be done on other modules as well because fixing one module
may affect other modules.
Q: Why does the boundary value analysis provide good test cases?
Ans: Because errors are frequently made during programming of the different cases near the
‘edges’ of the range of values.
Q: What makes an inspection different from other review types?
Ans: It is led by a trained leader, uses formal entry and exit criteria and checklists.
Q: Why can be tester dependent on configuration management?
Ans: Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version of the tests
Ware and the test object.
Q: What is a V-Model?
Ans: A software development model that illustrates how testing activities integrate with software
development phases
Q: What is maintenance testing?
Ans: Triggered by modifications, migration or retirement of existing software
Q: What is test coverage?
Ans: Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of
tests (derived in some other way, e.g. using specification-based techniques). Wherever we can
count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some test, then
we can measure coverage.
Q: When do we prepare RTM (Requirement traceability matrix), is it before test case

designing or after test case designing?
Ans: It would be before test case designing. Requirements should already be traceable from
Review activities since you should have traceability in the Test Plan already. This question also
would depend on the organization. If the organizations do test after development started then
requirements must be already traceable to their source. To make life simpler use a tool to
manage requirements.
Q: What is called the process starting with the terminal modules?
Ans: Bottom-up integration
Q: During which test activity could faults be found most cost effectively?
Ans: During test planning
Q. The purpose of requirement phase is
Ans: To freeze requirements, to understand user needs, to define the scope of testing.
Q. Why we split testing into distinct stages?
Ans: We split testing into distinct stages because of following reasons,
1. Each test stage has a different purpose

2. It is easier to manage testing in stages
3. We can run different test into different environments
4. Performance and quality of the testing is improved using phased testing
Q. What is DRE?
Ans: To measure test effectiveness a powerful metric is used to measure test effectiveness
known as DRE (Defect Removal Efficiency) From this metric we would know how many bugs
we have found from the set of test cases. Formula for calculating DRE is
DRE=Number of bugs while testing / number of bugs while testing + number of bugs found by
user
Q. Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test tools providing test
capture and replay facilities?
a) Regression testing b) Integration testing c) System testing d) User acceptance testing
Ans: Regression testing
Q. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required?
Ans: Metrics from previous similar projects and discussions with the development team
Q. What studies data flow analysis?
Ans: The use of data on paths through the code.
Q. What is Alpha testing?
Ans: Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer’s site.
Q. What is a failure?
Ans: Failure is a departure from specified behavior.
Q. What are Test comparators?
Ans: Is it really a test if you put some inputs into some software, but never look to see whether
the software produces the correct result? The essence of testing is to check whether the
software produces the correct result, and to do that, we must compare what the software
produces to what it should produce. A test comparator helps to automate aspects of that
comparison.
Q. Who is responsible for document all the issues, problems and open point that were
identified during the review meeting
Ans: Scribe
Q. What is the main purpose of Informal review
Ans: Inexpensive way to get some benefit
Q. What is the purpose of test design technique?
Ans: Identifying test conditions and Identifying test cases
Q. When testing a grade calculation system, a tester determines that all scores from 90 to
100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not. This analysis is known as:
Ans: Equivalence partitioning
Q. A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a
web application.
Ans: The best choice is Tester, test Autometer, web specialist, DBA
Q. During the testing of a module tester ‘X’ finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But
developer rejects the same, saying that it’s not a bug. What ‘X’ should do?
Ans: Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility
Q. In practice, which Life Cycle model may have more, fewer or different levels of
development and testing, depending on the project and the software product. For
example, there may be component integration testing after component testing, and
system integration testing after system testing.
Ans: V-Model
Q. Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage? It can be applied
to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or interface parameters in integration
testing.
Ans: Equivalence partitioning
Q. This life cycle model is basically driven by schedule and budget risks” This statement
is best suited for…
Ans: V-Model
Q. In which order should tests be run?
Ans: The most important one must tests first
Q. The later in the development life cycle a fault is discovered, the more expensive it is to
fix. Why?
Ans: The fault has been built into more documentation, code, tests, etc.
Q. What is Coverage measurement?
Ans: It is a partial measure of test thoroughness.
Q. What is Boundary value testing?
Ans: Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output equivalence
classes. For instance, let say a bank application where you can withdraw maximum Rs.20,000
and a minimum of Rs.100, so in boundary value testing we test only the exact boundaries,
rather than hitting in the middle. That means we test above the maximum limit and below the
minimum limit.
Q. The purpose of which is allow specific tests to be carried out on a system or network
that resembles as closely as possible the environment where the item under test will be
used upon release?
Ans: Test Environment
Q. What can be thought of as being based on the project plan, but with greater amounts
of detail?
Ans: Phase Test Plan
Q. What is exploratory testing?
Ans: Exploratory testing is a hands-on approach in which testers are involved in minimum
planning and maximum test execution. The planning involves the creation of a test charter, a
short declaration of the scope of a short (1 to 2 hour) time-boxed test effort, the objectives and
possible approaches to be used. The test design and test execution activities are performed in
parallel typically without formally documenting the test conditions, test cases or test scripts. This
does not mean that other, more formal testing techniques will not be used. For example, the
tester may decide to use boundary value analysis but will think through and test the most
important boundary values without necessarily writing them down. Some notes will be written
during the exploratory-testing session, so that a report can be produced afterwards.
Q. What is “use case testing”?
Ans: In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from end to
finish “use case” is used and the techniques used to do this is known as “Use Case Testing”
Bonus!
Q. What is the difference between STLC ( Software Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC (
Software Development Life Cycle)?
Ans: The complete Verification and Validation of software is done in SDLC, while STLC only
does Validation of the system. SDLC is a part of STLC.
Q. What is traceability matrix?
Ans: The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with the help of a
document. This document is known as traceability matrix.
Q. What is Equivalence partitioning testing?
Ans: Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which divides the
application input test data into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which test
cases can be derived. By this testing method it reduces the time required for software testing.
Q. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?
Ans: White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the
internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage etc.)
of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or Structural testing.
Different types of white box testing are
1. Statement Coverage
2. Decision Coverage
Q. In white box testing what do you verify?
Ans: In white box testing following steps are verified.
1. Verify the security holes in the code

2. Verify the incomplete or broken paths in the code
3. Verify the flow of structure according to the document specification
4. Verify the expected outputs
5. Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality of the
application
6. Verify the line by line coding and cover 100% testing
Q. What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?
Ans: Static testing: During Static testing method, the code is not executed and it is performed
using the software documentation.
Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable form.
Q. What is verification and validation?
Ans: Verification is a process of evaluating software at development phase and to decide

whether the product of a given application satisfies the specified requirements. Validation is the
process of evaluating software at the end of the development process and to check whether it
meets the customer requirements.
Q. What are different test levels?
Ans: There are four test levels
1. Unit/component/program/module testing
2. Integration testing
3. System testing
4. Acceptance testing
Q. What is Integration testing?
Ans: Integration testing is a level of software testing process, where individual units of an
application are combined and tested. It is usually performed after unit and functional testing.
Q. What are the tables in test plans?
Ans: Test design, scope, test strategies , approach are various details that Test plan document
consists of.
1. Test case identifier

2. Scope
3. Features to be tested
4. Features not to be tested
5. Test strategy & Test approach
6. Test deliverables
7. Responsibilities
8. Staffing and training
9. Risk and Contingencies
Q. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and System testing?
Ans: System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system under goes testing as
a whole, it is also known as end to end testing. In such type of testing, the application
undergoes from beginning till the end.
UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of specific
tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its users.
Q. What is Dynamic Testing?
Ans: It is the testing done by executing the code or program with various input values and
output is verified.
Q. What is GUI Testing?
Ans: GUI or Graphical user interface testing is the process of testing software user interface
against the provided requirements/ Mock-ups/HTML designs.
Q. What is Formal Testing?
Ans: Software verification carried out by following test plan, testing procedures and proper
documentation with an approval from customer
Q. What is Risk Based Testing?
Ans: Identifying the critical functionality in the system then deciding the orders in which these
functionality to be tested and applying testing.
Q. What is Early Testing?
Ans: Conducting testing as soon as possible in development life cycle to find defects at early
stages of SDLC. Early testing is helpful to reduce the cost of fixing defects at later stages of
STLC.
Q. What is Exhaustive Testing?
Ans: Testing functionality with all valid, invalid inputs and preconditions is called exhaustive
testing.
Q. What is Defect Clustering?
Ans: Any small module or functionality may contain more number of defects – concentrate more
testing on this functionality.
Q. What is Static Testing?
Ans: Manual verification of the code without executing the program is called as static testing. In
this process issues are identified in code by checking code, requirement and design documents.
Q. What is Positive Testing?
Ans: Testing conducted on the application to determine if system works. Basically known as
“test to pass” approach.
Q. What is Negative Testing?
Ans: Testing Software with negative approach to check if system is not “showing error when not
supposed to” and “not showing error when supposed to”.
Q. What is End-to-End Testing?
Ans: Testing the overall functionality of the system including the data integration among all the
modules is called end to end testing.
Q. What is Exploratory Testing?
Ans: Exploring the application, understanding the functionality, adding (or) modifying existing
test cases for better testing is called exploratory testing.
Q. What is Monkey Testing
Ans: Testing conducted on a application without any plan and carried out with tests here and
there to find any system crash with an intention of finding tricky defects is called monkey testing.
Q. What is Non-functionality Testing?
Ans: Validating various non-functional aspects of the system such as user interfaces, user
friendliness security, compatibility, Load, Stress and Performance etc is called non-functional
testing.
Q. What is Usability Testing?
Ans: Checking how easily the end users are able to understand and operate the application is
called Usability Testing.
Q. What is Security Testing
Ans: Validating whether all security conditions are properly implemented in the software (or) not
is called security Testing.
Q. What is Performance Testing?
Ans: Process of measuring various efficiency characteristics of a system such as response

time, through put, load stress transactions per minutes transaction mix.
Q. What is Load Testing?
Ans: Analyzing functional and performance behavior of the application under various conditions
is called Load Testing.
Q. What is Stress Testing?
Ans: Checking the application behavior under stress conditions
(OR)
Reducing the system resources and keeping the load as constant checking how does the
application is behaving is called stress testing.
Q. What is Process?
Ans: A process is set of a practices performed to achieve a give purpose; it may include tools,
methods, materials and or people.
Q. What is Software Configuration Management?
Ans: The Process of Identifying, Organizing and controlling changes to software development
and maintenance.
(OR)
A methodology to control and manage a software development project
Q. What is Testing Process / Life Cycle?
Ans: Write Test Plan
- Test Scenarios
- Test Cases
- Executing Test Cases
- Test Results
- Defect Reporting
- Defect Tracking
- Defect Closing
- Test Release
Q. What is full form of CMMI?
Ans: Capability Maturity Model Integration.
Q. What is Code Walk Through?
Ans: Informal analysis of the program source code to find defects and verify coding techniques.
Q. What is Unit Level Testing?
Ans: Testing of single programs, modules or unit of code.
Q. What is Integration Level Testing?
Ans: Testing of related programs, Modules (or) Unit of code.
(OR)
Partitions of the system ready for testing with other partitions of the system.
Q. What is System Level Testing?
Ans: Testing of entire computer system across all modules. This kind of testing can include
functional and structural testing.
Q. What is Alpha Testing?
Ans: Testing of whole computer system before rolling out to the UAT.
Q. What is User Acceptance Testing (UAT)?
Ans: Testing of computer system by client to verify if it adhered to the provided requirements.
Q. What is Test Plan?
Ans: A document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of testing activities.
It identifies test items, features to be tested, testing tasks, who will do each task, and any risks
requiring contingency planning.
Q. What is Test Scenario?
Ans: Identify all the possible areas to be tested (or) what to be tested.
Q. What is a Defect?
Ans: Expected result is not matching with the application actual result.
Q. What is Severity?
Ans: It defines the important of defect with respect to functional point of view i.e. how critical is
defect with respective to the application.
Q. What is Priority?
Ans: It indicates the importance or urgency of fixing a defect
Q. What is Re-Testing?
Ans: Retesting the application to verify whether defects have been fixed or not.
Q. What is Regression Testing?
Ans: Verifying existing functional and non-functional area after making changes to the part of
the software or addition of new features.
Q. What is Recovery Testing?
Ans: Checking if the system is able to handle some unexpected unpredictable situations is
called recovery testing.
Q. What is Globalization Testing?
Ans: Process of verifying software whether it can be run independent of its geographical and
cultural environment. Checking if the application is having features of setting and changing
language, date, format and currency if it is designed for global users.
Q. What is Localization Testing?
Ans: Verifying of globalized application for a particular locality of users, cultural and
geographical conditions.
Q. What is Installation Testing?
Ans: Checking if we are able to install the software successfully (or) not as per the guidelines
given in installation document is called installation testing.
Q. What is Un-installation Testing?
Ans: Checking if we are able to uninstall the software from the system successfully (or) not is
called Uninstallation Testing
Q. What is Compatibility Testing?
Ans: Checking if the application is compatible to different software and hardware environment
or not is called compatibility testing.
Q. What is Test Strategy?
Ans: It is a part of test plan describing how testing is carried out for the project and what testing
types needs to be performed on the application.
Q. What is Test Case?
Ans: A Test case is a set of preconditions steps to be followed with input data and expected
behavior to validate a functionality of a system.
Q. What is Business Validation Test Case?
Ans: A test case is prepared to check business condition or business requirement is called
business validation test case.
Q. What is a Good Test Case?
Ans: A Test case that have high priority of catching defects in called a good test case.
Q. What is Use Case Testing?
Ans: Validating a Software to confirm whether it is developed as per the use cases or not is
called use case testing.
Q. What is Defect Age?
Ans: The time gap between date of detection & date of closure of a defect.
Q. What is Showstopper Defect?
Ans: A defect which is not permitting to continue further testing is called Showstopper Defect
Q. What is Test Closure?
Ans: It is the last phase of the STLC, Where the management prepares various test summary
reports that explains the complete statistics of the project based on the testing carried out.
Q. What is Bucket Testing?
Ans: Bucket testing is also Know as A/B testing. It is mostly used to study the impact of the
various product designs in website metrics. Two simultaneous versions are run on a single or
set of web pages to measure the difference in click rates, interface and traffic.
Q. What is Concurrency Testing?
Ans: This is a multiple user testing to access the application at the same time to verify effect on
code, module or DB. Mainly used to identify locking and deadlocking situations in the code.
Q. What is Web Application Testing?
Ans: Web application testing is done on a website to check – load, performance, security,
Functionality, Interface, Compatibility and other usability related issues.
Q. What is Unit Testing?
Ans: Unit testing is done to check whether the individual modules of the source code are
working properly or not.
Q. What is Interface Testing
Ans: Interface testing is done to check whether the individual modules are communicating
properly as per specifications. Interface testing is mostly used to test the user interface of GUI
applications.
Q. What is Test Harness?
Ans: Test Harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application in various
conditions, which involves monitoring the output with expected output for correctness. The
benefits of Testing Harness are: Productivity increase due to process automation and increase
in product quality
Q. What is Scalability Testing?
Ans: It is used to check whether the functionality and performance of a system, whether system
is capable to meet the volume and size changes as per the requirements Scalability testing is
done using load test by changing various software, hardware configurations and testing
environment.
Q. What is Fuzz Testing?
Ans: Fuzz testing is a black box testing technique which uses a random bad data to attack a
program to check if anything breaks in the application.
Q. What is Difference between QA, QC and testing?
Ans: QA?
It is process oriented
Aim is to prevent defects in an application
QC?
Set of activities used to evaluate a developed work product
It is product oriented
Testing?
Executing and verifying application with the intention of finding defects
Q. What is Date Driven Testing?
Ans: It is Automation testing process in which application is tested with multiple set of data with
different preconditions as an input to the script.
Q. Roles in Agile?
Q. What is the process of Agile?

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1. Introduction to Software Testing

1.1 What is Software Testing

1.2 Why Software Testing

1.3 Benefits of Software Testing

Below are few benefits of software testing.

- Finding the defects before delivery

1.5 What is defect

“A defect is a deviation or mismatch from the requirements”.

2. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

2.1 What is Software Development Life Cycle

2.2 Why Software Development Life Cycle

“SDLC ensure success in process of software development.”

2.3 Phases of Software Development Life Cycle

“Business requirements are gathered in this phase. “

- Who is going to use the system?

Outcome: System Requirement Specification (SRS)

Roles Involved: Dev & QA team, Architects, Project Managers

Roles Involved: Architects & Team

for developer. Coding is one of the longest phase of SDLC.

Roles involved: Developers and Architects

Outcome: Programs or Application or Module

the fixed defects. “

Roles Involved: Testers, Developers

2.3.6 Delivery & Maintenance

“Delivery: After successful testing the product is delivered / deployed to the c

Outcome: Quality Product, Enhancements &Production Issues (Maintenance)

3. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Models

3.1 Water Fall Model

Advantages of waterfall model:

- This model is simple and easy to understand and use.

Disadvantages of waterfall model:

When to use the waterfall model:

- Simple and easy to use.

- Software is developed during the implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the

When to use the V-model:

Advantages of Prototype model:

- Users are actively involved in the development

Disadvantages of Prototype model:

When to use Prototype model:

3.4 Agile Model

Advantages of Agile model:

- Customer satisfaction by continuous delivery of software.

Disadvantages of Agile model:

When to use Agile model:

- New changes can be implemented at very little cost

4. Software Testing Methodologies

4.1 Block Box Testing

4.1.1 What is Block box testing

“The technique of testing without having technical knowledge of an application i

Specification-based testing technique is also known as „black-box‟ or input/output driven testing

4.1.2 How will perform block box testing

“Testing team will perform the block box testing”

4.1.3 How to perform block box testing

4.1.4 Block box testing techniques

Below is the black box testing techniques:

4.2 White box testing

4.2.1 What is white box testing