[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
93 views22 pages

OS Ch04

Uploaded by

Khaled Kashmiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
93 views22 pages

OS Ch04

Uploaded by

Khaled Kashmiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Operating Systems

Chapter 4: Threads

Dr. Ahmed Hagag


Scientific Computing Department,
Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence
Benha University
2019
Chapter 4: Threads

• Introduction
• Multicore Programming
• Multithreading Models
• Benefits of Threads
• Thread Libraries

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 2


Introduction (1/6)

• A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises


a thread ID, a program counter, a register set, and a
stack.
• It shares with other threads belonging to the same
process its code section, data section, and other
operating-system resources, such as open files and
signals.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 3


Introduction (2/6)

• Let's say, for example, a program is not capable of


drawing pictures while reading keystrokes. The program
must give its full attention to the keyboard input lacking
the ability to handle more than one event at a time.
• The ideal solution to this problem is the seamless
execution of two or more sections of a program at the
same time. Threads allows us to do this.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 4


Introduction (3/6)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 5


Introduction (4/6)

• Most software applications that run on modern


computers are multithreaded.
• An application typically is implemented as a separate
process with several threads of control.
➢ A web browser might have one thread display images or text
while another thread retrieves data from the network, for
example.
➢ A word processor may have a thread for displaying graphics,
another thread for responding to keystrokes from the user, and
a third thread for performing spelling and grammar checking
in the background.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 6


Introduction (5/6)

• Multithreaded server architecture

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 7


Introduction (6/6)

• Finally, most operating-system kernels are now


multithreaded. Several threads operate in the kernel, and
each thread performs a specific task, such as managing
devices, managing memory, or interrupt handling.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 8


Multicore Programming

• Multithreaded programming provides a mechanism for


more efficient use of these multicore or multiprocessor
systems.

Concurrent execution on single-core system

Parallelism on a multi-core system

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 9


Multithreading Models (1/6)

• Support for threads may be provided either at the user


level, for user threads, or by the kernel, for kernel
threads.
• User threads are supported above the kernel and are
managed without kernel support, whereas kernel threads
are supported and managed directly by the operating
system.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 10


Multithreading Models (2/6)

• Ultimately, a relationship must exist between user


threads and kernel threads.
• We look at three common models:
➢ the one-to-one model,
➢ the many-to-one model, and
➢ the many-to-many model.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 11


Multithreading Models (3/6)

One-to-One model (1/3)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 12


Multithreading Models (3/6)

One-to-One model (2/3)


• The one-to-one model maps each user thread to a kernel
thread. It also allows multiple threads to run in parallel
on multiprocessors.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 13


Multithreading Models (3/6)

One-to-One model (3/3)


• The only drawback to this model is that creating a user
thread requires creating the corresponding kernel thread.
Because the overhead of creating kernel threads can
burden the performance of an application, most
implementations of this model restrict the number of
threads supported by the system. Linux, along with the
family of Windows operating systems, implement the
one-to-one model.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 14


Multithreading Models (4/6)

Many-to-One model

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 15


Multithreading Models (5/6)

Many-to-Many model (1/2)

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 16


Multithreading Models (5/6)

Many-to-Many model (2/2)


• Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many
kernel threads.
• Allows the operating system to create a sufficient
number of kernel threads.
• Allows the developer to create as many user threads as
she wishes, it does not result in true concurrency,
because the kernel can schedule only one thread at a
time.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 17


Multithreading Models (6/6)

Two-level model
• Similar to Many-to-Many, except that it allows a user
thread to be bound to kernel thread.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 18


Benefits of Threads

• Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part


of process is blocked, especially important for user
interfaces.
• Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process,
easier than shared memory or message passing.
• Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread
switching lower overhead than context switching.
• Scalability – process can take advantage of
multiprocessor architectures.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 19


Thread Libraries

• Thread library provides programmer with API for


creating and managing threads.
• Three main thread libraries are in use today:
➢ POSIX Pthreads,
➢ Windows, and
➢ Java.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 20


Thread Libraries

• Thread library provides programmer with API for


creating and managing threads.
• Three main thread libraries are in use today:
➢ POSIX Pthreads,
➢ Windows, and
➢ Java.

©Ahmed Hagag Operating Systems 21


Dr. Ahmed Hagag
ahagag@fci.bu.edu.eg
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzYgAyyZTLfnLFjQexOKxbQ

https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.hagag.71/

You might also like