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GWI Hydrothermal 2018 US-final-updated 1125191
GWI Hydrothermal 2018 US-final-updated 1125191
HYDROTHERMAL
SPA & WELLNESS
DEVELOPMENT
STANDARDS
What You Need to Know Before Building Wet Areas
THIRD EDITION
Guide to Hydrothermal
Spa & Wellness
Development Standards
Cassandra Cavanah
© 2018 by Global Wellness Institute. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-0-578-17820-2
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission
of the copyright owners. All images in this book have been reproduced with the
knowledge and prior consent of the owners and no responsibility is accepted by
producer, publisher or printer for any infringement of copyright or otherwise,
arising from the contents of this publication. Every effort has been made to ensure
that credits accurately comply with information supplied.
First published in the United States of America by the Global Wellness Institute
Disclaimer
The content of this book is for general information purposes only and has been
obtained from many sources, professional organizations, manufacturers’ literature
and codes. The author and publisher have made every reasonable effort to ensure
that this work is accurate and current, but do not warrant, and assume no liability
for, the accuracy or completeness of the text or illustrations, or their fitness for any
particular purpose. It is the responsibility of the users of this book to apply their
professional knowledge to the content, to consult sources referenced, as appropriate,
and to consult professionals for expert advice.
Foreword V
Introduction VII
Hot and Dry: Finnish Sauna/ Russian Banya/ Bio Sauna/ Infrared Sauna 49
Specialist Rooms 87
Specialist Beds/Tables 93
Lap/Exercise Pool 99
Specialty Pools: Floatation Pools; Watsu Pool; Mineral Pool; Kneipp Walk 105
Glossary 175
Index 179
Notice to Readers
Key terminology will be explained in the text. A glossary at the back of the book goes into further detail to help
minimize confusion regarding the terms associated with modern hydrothermal spa areas.
There will be references to building codes and other safety guidelines the global hydrotherapy industry follows, but these
references are not exhaustive and you will need to consult your relevant local codes and guidelines.
I have been in the spa and wellness industry for decades, and have been lucky enough
to visit thousands of spas and sample hydrothermal experiences in every corner of
the world…smoky saunas in the forests of Finland, historic hamams in Turkey, hot
Russian banyas, sweet-smelling mud baths in Italy, sizzling Ayurvedic steam cabins
in India and fun Arctic ice rooms in Las Vegas—to name a few. And I’ve loved each
and every experience and have benefited from them both physically and mentally.
By Susie Ellis However building hydrothermal facilities entails major challenges. And, if not built
Chairman and CEO right, there can be serious consequences. The design, the “fit,” the installation and
Global Wellness the maintenance of all these experiences—from a steam room to a cold plunge
Institute pool—are unique and tricky. I’ve seen many “fails” firsthand: whirlpools where the
jets hit me in all the wrong places; a burnt hand from door handles made out of
materials clearly not designed for a hot, wet environment; steam room ceilings that
drip, drip, drip as I try to relax. And, of course, there are the saunas or steam rooms
that were too hot, too cold, smelly or moldy. I have faced dreaded “out of order”
signs too many times to count.
Yet when done right, hydrothermal experiences can become the highlight of a spa’s
offering, with unrivaled wellness benefits that are difficult to achieve in any other
way. And, the bonus is that all the health benefits are self-administered so they can
be achieved without high labor costs, making a dedicated hydrothermal area a great
revenue booster.
Foreword | V
In order to build these diverse facilities correctly, precise technical knowledge is
required: from material choice to complex drainage or electrical issues—this goes far
beyond knowing which tiles withstand high temperatures or what wood holds up
best in a sauna. Too often wet area specialists are consulted too late in a project – and
unnecessary costs are incurred.
That’s why I’m so thrilled that you’re holding the Guide to Hydrothermal Spa &
Wellness Development Standards in your hands. It’s designed to provide a 360-degree
overview of what you need to know: from concepts and definitions; to how to
assemble a project team; to design requirements for different types of hydrothermal
experiences; to guidance on the correct building materials.
Because hydrothermal technology evolves rapidly, this book has been updated
regularly (every two years since it’s introduction in 2014), and is constantly improved,
with new ideas and best practices incorporated. You are currently reading the 3rd
edition, published by the Global Wellness Institute’s Hydrothermal Initiative, whose
focus is to increase transparency and awareness in the design and implementation of
all elements of spa and wellness facilities involving thermal and wet treatments. Many
thanks go to the Initiative’s members and the sponsors of this important resource!
Sincerely,
Susie Ellis
Chairman and CEO
Global Wellness Institute
Introduction | VII
Industry Praise
“In the 40 years I have been designing spa and wellness destinations, one of the areas most prone to on-going
maintenance problems and too-high capital costs, are the heat experiences and thermal areas. This book has
been put together by those in the industry who understand these complexities and who have credibility
and track record. It gives reassurance to developers, architects and designers who are not familiar with the
technical expertise needed to deliver experiences which are now expected by well traveled consumers.”
“The beauty of this guide is that it addresses all aspects of these builds: including financial/business issues;
design, development and construction; health and wellness benefits and even recommended guest usage for
each experience. If a commitment to a hydrothermal area is made, it’s imperative that experts are involved
from the beginning of the project to ensure best results. WTS is thrilled to have this resource - it’s a treasure
trove of information and our whole team refers to it often.”
“This is a much-needed resource produced by hydrothermal veterans who really understand the challenges
in building innovative hydro and thermal features. The wisdom in this book is hard-earned and we encourage
anyone looking to build a hydrothermal area to utilize it to its fullest!”
“The financial success of any hydrothermal project depends on its careful planning and preparation—and this
is exactly what this guide helps readers achieve. The insight into the overall design, construction and use of
these spaces is unparalleled.”
Lynn Curry, President & Co-Owner, Resources For Leisure Assets USA
Introduction | IX
Chapter One
Overview of
Hydrothermal Bathing
In this book, we explore the world of hydrothermal spa
bathing, also known as “aquathermal spa,” depending on the
use of either the Greek or Latin root of “water.” Put simply,
these are areas where people get either wet (hydro) and/or
experience a change of temperature (thermal).
the 7th century B.C., there are mentions of a “spring a cleansing/detoxifying ritual that is valued to this day
which contains sulfur to treat disease” in Chinese and has been proven to improve the immune system
history books. and reduce blood pressure.
Private bathing areas were virtually unheard of in It should be noted that though Finland is often
ancient times, so the most efficient means for washing recognized as the birthplace of the sauna, the whole
was to gather in these public bathing spaces. Perhaps of the frozen northern Europe was known to have
the best known and most cited examples of public invented similar forms of bathing—for example,
bathing houses come from the Romans—their the Russian banya is almost identical in design and
advanced technology and grandiose architecture purpose.
(not to mention their geographical domination of In Eastern Europe, the Jewish people have had a
Europe and Asia) positioned them as forerunners in tradition of sweating for their health that goes back
hydrothermal bathing. But there are plenty of other more than 2,000 years. There are even frequent
cultures that also take credit for the invention of some mentions of bath houses in the Talmud, the religious
of today’s popular hydrothermal applications. authority for traditional Judaism. Known as taking the
For example, a highly popular and long enduring ‘shvitz,’ the practice was originally adopted by Russian
hydrothermal treatment is the Finnish sauna. With Jews in Russian banyas and was popular with Jewish
heat being such a prized resource in freezing Finland, immigrants in America during the 1920s. Also popular
the Finns devised a means to heat a wooden cabin to with orthodox Jewish men and women is the ‘mikvah,’
the highest degrees, causing the occupants to become which literally translates as ‘a gathering or collection
very hot. Leaving the cabin, sweating profusely, they of water’. This water served as to ceremonially clean
then used the snow outside to wipe off the sweat and people prior to entering the temple and ultimately
dirt skin—and repeated the process as several times as became a basis for the ritual immersion of baptism.
the need to be clean dictated. This is why, even today, Today, mikvahs are not only built in a communal
the Finns typically take a “roll in snow” after bathing setting, but also constructed in private homes. There
in the sauna. The practical reason for diving into the are some specifics for constructing mikvahs—they
snow is because running water was in short supply must be below ground and cannot be portable. A
during the frozen winters of the north. But the result is mikvah must have contact with natural water, so
mikvahs constructed in modern homes will normally of Istanbul boast beautiful interiors including fantastic
have one primary pool filled with tap water and used examples of traditional Muslim ceramic and mosaic art
for immersion, and a secondary pool where rain water with inscriptions from the Koran often being present
or water from some other natural source is collected. on the walls. You can also find fine examples of hamams
A hole between the two pools will allow the water to in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria and
mix, thus rendering the primary pool fit for ceremonial Morocco. Note: The Turkish hamam has a single central
cleansing. Each Jewish sect has different practices “m,” while the Moroccan hammam is spelled with two.
regarding the use a mikvah, but the theme of spiritual Japan is also known for its extensive bathing culture
purification and cleansing is common to all of them. with an ethic of cleanliness rooted deep in its culture.
On the American continent, there is early evidence of As long ago as the 3rd century, references to the Japanese
“sweating” as a form of cleansing, including the use habits of cleanliness surface in writings, and, in the
of aromatic herbs and flowers (or “aromatherapy,” as 6th and 7th centuries, the rise of Confucianism and
it’s known today). The Aztec tribes were particularly Buddhism further solidified the virtues of cleanliness
influential in their creation of two-story wattle- in general along with the love of the ritual of bathing.
and-daub sweat rooms. In Mexico, the temazcal or Japan’s more than 20,000 natural hot springs formed
“sweat lodge” is another example of thermal bathing; the original onsens. The Japanese also developed a
today, you can visit an excellent example of a Mayan form of steam bath called the sento, a type of vapor
steam room at the Chechen Itza site in the Mexican bath that used aromatherapy elements and included
Yucatan Peninsula. body scrubbing. And, finally, the furo is a bath made
During the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire gave of wood long enough for the bather to lie flat; it’s often
rise to the now-famous hamam (or Turkish bath). found in private homes.
There is evidence, however, to show this form of Another type of thermal bathing —mud bathing—
bathing predates the Ottomans and was used widely originated in the Middle East thousands of years
in North Africa and the Middle East even prior to the ago. This form of bathing wasn’t necessarily devised
rise of Islam. Once again using sweating as a form of to “cleanse the masses,” but, instead, was a medicinal
cleansing, the traditional hamam became particularly and beautifying ritual using the mineral-rich silt of
popular before a visit to the mosque. The old hamams the Dead Sea to treat skin conditions. Similarly, the
where the temperatures have eventually made Many of the now-famous European spa towns were
them uncomfortable to one where the contrasting actually put on the map over two thousand years
temperature brings immediate relief and an almost ago during the Roman invasion of Europe, when the
euphoric feeling of pleasure. Hydrothermal spa areas Romans brought their already advanced bathing culture
provide this pleasure while delivering a social and to the lands they conquered. For example, Emperor
ritualistic experience. Caracalla believed the hot springs of Baden-Baden
In the modern world, public bathing has evolved in Germany cured his arthritis, and he consequently
from being a necessity (i.e., the only way to cleanse built one of the finest bathing houses outside Rome in
the masses) to a ritual (and often a private one) that this location.
not only helps purify the body, but also one that gives It has often been said that a visit to a spa should be
us a chance to take a break from our busy, stressful a journey of discovery—not just of new experiences,
lifestyles—allowing for complete and utter relaxation. but a discovery of the joy of true relaxation and of
self-indulgence. Spa and hotel developers, as well
Modernization of Hydrothermal as homeowners, are realizing more and more that
Spa Bathing this journey can be significantly enhanced with the
addition of hydrothermal experiences.
What is a “spa” anyway? Many think the term
originates from the Latin “sanus per aquam,” which The ability to rest in the intense warmth of the
translates into “health through water,” while many sauna, to enjoy the benefits of steam bathing or salt
Europeans associate the word with old European spa inhalation, to exhilarate in a cold plunge, to refresh in
towns where natural springs, hot or cold, saline or the more gentle, cooling atmosphere of a snow cavern,
sulfuric, produce endless quantities of natural water. and to invigorate with dips in specially designed
Britons of the Victorian era were famous for traveling hydrotherapy pools without the worry of time, is
widely to “take the waters” of spa towns throughout perhaps the ultimate in relaxation.
Europe, which were believed to have medicinal or And, if between these experiences you can relax in
healing powers. Another suggestion is that the term comfort, either in silent relaxation spaces or, more
“spa” comes specifically from another famous bathing sociably, on heated loungers that may surround a
site of the same name: “Spa” in Belgium. hydrotherapy pool, the experience is enhanced.
Sauna
Generally a simple timber cabin with a heat source
radiating warmth from the wood-clad walls via heated
stones, warmed by electricity or gas, but traditionally
by log fires, and normally operating between 70° C
and 105° C. Many versions are available, but the most
authentic are Kelo log-house saunas, which replicate
the early origins of this form of bathing. However,
as these are traditionally designed as independent
external structures, the sauna has undergone
substantial modernization as it has been brought
inside spa buildings to form part of a hydrothermal
bathing suite.
Learn more on page 49.
Infrared Sauna
Infrared saunas have grown in popularity in recent
years due to their particular health benefits and because
they are able to heat a bather’s body without warming
the air around it. Infrared radiation is on the longer
range of the electromagnetic spectrum – and, because
of this, is considered more gentle and comfortable and
can penetrate the body’s tissues more deeply.
Learn more on page 54.
Hamam or Hammam
Also known as “Turkish baths,” or Moroccan hammams,
modern hamams are normally larger than a steam
bath. Turkish hamams have a traditional heated “göbek
tasi,” or, literally, “belly stone,” as their centerpiece. A
smaller replica located in an adjacent room will enable
bathers to receive the soap massage in private. The
heated floor, walls and benches warm the room to
40° C to 42° C with, possibly (but not essentially),
40% to 60% humidity from an independent steam
source. An authentic atmosphere is achieved when the
room is finished in traditional Turkish “Iznik” tiles and
Carrara Blanco marble, although dramatic effects have
been created in modern hamams using very different
finishes.
Learn more on page 61.
Mud Bath
Mud bathing originated thousands of years ago as a
medicinal and beautifying ritual—depending on the
minerals inherent in the mud, these baths can cleanse,
exfoliate, absorb toxins, increase circulation and soften
the skin. The bather can either be fully immersed in
mud, or the mud can be applied by a therapist or a
bathing partner.
Learn more on page 89.
Vitality Pool
A vitality pool is the generic name for what people
commonly refer to as a “Jacuzzi” (the brand name that
has become synonymous with pools with water jets).
Vitality pools offer a mini-hydrotherapy experience
and are typically used where space will not permit
the inclusion of a full-size hydrotherapy pool. These
pools typically operate at 35° C to 38° C and will have
underwater pressurized air and water features.
Learn more on page 100.
Foot Spa
The foot spa is traditionally an area where warm
ceramic or mosaic benches offer a place to relax and
be comfortable, while bathing the feet in cool or warm
(never hot) water. Feet are especially important in the
heating and cooling process of a hydrothermal journey
because the small amount of flesh and fat on them,
combined with the large number of blood vessels, allow
this cooling or warming effect to be conveyed through
the body via the heated or cooled bloodstream.
Learn more on page 74.
Experience Shower
There are a huge variety of showers—cold waterfalls,
mists, body jets and dramatic “experience showers”—
offering multi-sensory experiences that incorporate
smells, sound and visual effects that help take the
bather to another world.
Learn more on page 71.
Hydrotherapy Tub
Individual hydrotherapy tubs deliver a unique
sensation of heat, buoyancy and hydro-massage.
Jets can be positioned to stimulate and relax trigger
points in the body. High-quality units will massage
body zones, beginning at the feet and going towards
the upper part of the body, and will have automatic
programs with different focuses and varying pressures.
Aromatherapy oil can be added to the baths to
intensify the bather’s relaxation and engage the other
senses. Soothing skin products are often used.The
natural healing power of mineral water or seawater can
increase their effectiveness.
Learn more on page 91.
Floatation Pool/Tank
A floatation pool or tank cocoons the entire body
(an experience that is often likened to going back to
the womb). The water in the tank is is kept at body
temperature and the most important ingredient is the
magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) that is dissolved in
the tank to create a weightless “float.” The buoyancy
of a float tank’s dense salt water solution supports the
muscular, skeletal and circulatory systems with zero
pressure, while the absence of external stimuli enable
the mind and body to give itself over to complete rest,
relaxation and recovery.
Learn more on page 27 and 105.
Vichy Shower
A Vichy shower is a horizontal series of showerheads
forming a “rain bar” over a waterproof, cushioned table
that features drainage on the side for all the excess
water. This is a therapist-controlled water massage
designed to increase blood circulation, hydrate the
skin and soothe/relax muscles.
Learn more on page 90.
Snow Room
There can be nothing more exhilarating than stepping
from a traditional sauna into a landscape covered with
a fresh fall of real snow with which to cool the body.
Operating at -10° C to 0° C, these rooms are becoming
features in some modern spas, as we slowly, but surely,
retrace our steps to provide ever more authentic
experiences closer to the origins of the treatments we
all now desire.
Learn more on page 77.
Snow Shower/Snowfall
Snow showers are either open or closed areas where
a continuous snowfall can be generated by the push
of a button. They are most commonly integrated into
the hydrothermal cycle after a visit to a sauna or steam
room as a gentle way to cool down after the hot cycle.
Melting snow on the skin versus jumping into a cold
plunge pool can be an easier way to cool-down for
many bathers.
Learn more on page 80.
Ice Fountains
An ice fountain is often found inside a snow room. The
powdery snow can be applied to selectively to cool the
extremities of the body, such as legs and arms. The very
cold snow reaches temperatures below 0° C and the
process of rubbing the snow onto arms and legs assists
cooling in those areas.
Learn more on page 77.
Hydrothermal
Wellness Benefits
The benefits of heat and water can be enhanced with the
addition of restorative-promoting minerals infused or naturally
occurring in the waters or externally applied muds and creams;
while aromatherapy, which incorporates all our senses, delivers
further restorative and calming benefits.
Hydrotherapy, using water and heat together to treat In addition to reducing pain, hydrotherapy can be
conditions, relieve pain and increase muscular power used to specifically improve:
and a range of joint movement, has been a mainstay • Strength and/or prevent muscle wastage
of managing many medical conditions. These include • Posture, flexibility and/or prevention of contracture
arthritis, neurological conditions and rehabilitation (shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons or
from sports injuries. Mark Liponis, M.D., Chief other tissue)
Medical Officer at Canyon Ranch (Lenox, MA, USA),
• Ability to perform normal everyday activities,
observes that the wide-ranging health and well-being
including walking
benefits of hydrotherapy include: general relaxation;
counteraction of gravity and a creation of buoyancy; • Exercise and work tolerance
fluid dynamics for bodywork/massage/rehabilitation; • Cardiovascular fitness
water’s unique molecular and electric healing
• Balance and reaction times
properties; water’s ability to deliver healing additives,
such as magnesium salts, sulfur compounds, radiation Heat Transfer
(radon); and “floatation” or sensory deprivation tanks When a body is immersed in water at a temperature
for mental health/relief of anxiety/depression, etc. greater than 35° C (36° C to 40° C), heat transfer
occurs from the water to the body. This leads to
Dr. David Marshall, a specialist physician in
cutaneous vasodilation with heating of the blood
rheumatology and professor at University of Glasgow,
circulating under the skin. Arterial blood pressure
has reviewed and catalogued more than 300 research
drops due to this vasodilation. Evaporation of the sweat
papers and articles identifying the benefits of
produced as a result of this increase in temperature is
hydrotherapy on these conditions:
impossible below the surface of the water. The core
1. Arthritis temperature therefore rises. Immersion at temperatures
2. Chronic pain conditions below 40° C leads to stimulation of warm receptors.
This leads to inhibition of the activity of motor
3. Diseases of the nervous system
neurons, which leads to muscle relaxation. An increase
4. Cardiac disease in the superficial tissue temperature creates a palliative
5. Respiratory disease effect and pain reduction may be experienced. If the
6. Miscellaneous, including obstetric care, immersed individual exercises, body temperature will
immunology, dermatology and sports medicine increase even further.
This upthrust is what we call “buoyancy,” and is the can be used therapeutically to help reduce edema and
force that counteracts gravity, supporting the body lower limb swelling (by exercising at greater depths).
in water. The more of the body that is immersed, the Hydrostatic pressure can restrict chest wall expansion,
more buoyancy there is and weight bearing is further a factor important in those with reduced pulmonary
reduced. The reduction in weight bearing leads to relief function this should be taken into account. Hydrostatic
from compressive forces on painful weight bearing pressure may be used in a progressive resistive exercise
joints. program in such individuals.
Health Benefits
There are many myths regarding the physiological and psychological affects of sauna
bathing. Unfortunately, we lack sufficient large, controlled studies in the medical
literature to help fully understand the science supporting these myths. We have
learned a significant amount about the physiologic adaptations of the body to heat
bathing, however, and there is a growing body of scientific study, especially from
Germany and Finland, to help understand the real benefits and risks of the practice.
Because the blood volume to the periphery and skin is Training Effect
increased, the heart rate must also increase so that the Because many of the body’s adaptations to sauna are
internal blood pressure can be maintained. While the similar to its response to exercise, many people wonder
overall work of the heart does not change significantly, if taking a sauna can improve cardiovascular fitness.
the pulse can increase up to double the normal rate. While one recent study has suggested that endurance
Breathing becomes more rapid and shallow in the sauna, performance does improve for runners who recover in
and the overall flow rate and lung capacity increases, the sauna after training, in general one’s fitness does
suggesting more efficient pulmonary ventilation and not improve with routine sauna bathing alone.
allowing for additional heat dissipation. With regular sauna bathing, however, the body does
The sympathetic nervous system is also stimulated adapt to heat stress, so that one can tolerate longer and
as skin temperature rises, causing a “flight or fight” hotter sauna exposures without injury. People who are
response. Stimulation of the hypothalamus and new to saunas are therefore encouraged to moderate
pituitary glands in the brain, which communicate their heat exposure by limiting their time in the sauna,
with the adrenal glands near the kidneys, causes release or by sitting on a lower bench. In addition, athletes
of cortisol (“adrenaline”), creating a heightened sense who use the sauna routinely are able to exercise more
of alertness, reduced perception of pain, and elevated efficiently and perform better in warm temperatures.
mood. Interestingly, when a sauna is followed by
a plunge into cold water, this adrenaline response is
Respiratory Benefits
elevated even more. Part of the sympathetic nervous system response
also relaxes smooth muscle in the bronchioles of the
Cardiovascular Benefits lungs, allowing for more efficient respiratory function.
There is good scientific data to support the beneficial Patients with both asthma and chronic obstructive
effects of repeated sauna exposure for the heart. In pulmonary disease generally report improved
particular, a person’s resting systolic blood pressure symptoms and ease of breathing while in the sauna,
can decrease as much as 10 points after just three 20 although longer-term studies have not generally shown
minute sauna sessions several days apart. Some studies an overall improvement in lung function with regular
have found up to a 20-point systolic blood pressure sauna use.
increase (as opposed to in the sauna where it remains As we can see, while people with heart disease can
stable). There is also a significant stimulation of the generally use the sauna safely, this is a population that
sympathetic nervous system, with rapid increase in should absolutely avoid alcohol before and during
adrenaline, heart rate, and also endorphins. Hence, the sauna bathing. In addition, these individuals should
sense of euphoria and well being that one experiences take extra caution when plunging in cold water to
following cold immersion intensifies that from taking avoid exposing the face and head. A cool shower or
a sauna alone. slower cooling simply by sitting outside is generally
Data is mixed regarding the benefit of cold immersion considered safer practice for this group.
for muscular tissue following exercise, but there are In conclusion, sauna bathing causes the body undergo
several studies that support improved blood flow and many physiologic changes in attempt to protect itself
more rapid recovery of muscular damage and soreness against heat stress. Some of those adaptations can
with cold immersion. As mentioned above, those with provide health benefit, most notably to resting blood
inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis pressure. There also evidence to suggest improved
demonstrate benefit with cold water immersion function in other aspects of cardiac, respiratory,
following sauna bathing. musculoskeletal, and immune function. Regular
Of concern, however, is the fact that cold immersion sauna use increases the ability for athletes to train or
can lead to cardiac arrhythmia and coronary artery perform in heat, and post exercise saunas may improve
spasm, making it potentially dangerous to those with endurance. Many of the benefits of sauna bathing
heart disease. There are cold receptors in the face and are psychological, including improved sleep, mood,
scalp that respond to a rapid fall in temperature. This and pain tolerance. Cold plunging following a sauna
stimulates the “diving reflex”, which is a complex can accentuate some of these benefits, but caution is
cardio respiratory reaction that causes apnea and a advised regarding immersion of the face and head.
sense of shortness of breath, decreased cardiac output, Alcohol use before and during the sauna is also ill
and rapid decrease in pulse. Heart arrhythmias are advised, as is the practice of using the sauna for rapid
common during this response, and can pose a danger weight loss. Otherwise, sauna bathing is considered
to those prone to dangerous heart rhythms or at risk very safe and regular use can benefit overall physical
for heart attack. and mental health.
The use of
aromatherapy to
improve mood and
well-being is long
documented in many
cultures. Today,
aromatherapy is
an important part
of any spa and
Courtesy: Gharieni Group wellness offering.
adopted essential oils to help heal soldiers’ wounds Essential oils are attributed with mood enhancing
during World War II. Today, the intense effect properties and are commonly used to treat the
fragrances have on our state of mind is well known following:
and aromatherapy is common not only in spas • Agitation: Chamomile (Roman), Lavender,
around the globe but everywhere humans dwell. Mandarin, Sandalwood
Scents are so powerful because our olfactory receptors • Anxiety/Fear: Bergamot, Chamomile (Roman),
transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central Cedarwood, Frankincense, Jasmine, Lavender,
nervous system. As the signals reach the brain, they Neroli, Patchouli, Rose, Sandalwood
affect our autonomic nervous system and can cause • Fatigue: Basil, Bergamot, Clary Sage,
subtle changes in our bodies, including on our heart Frankincense, Ginger, Grapefruit, Jasmine, Lemon,
rate, blood pressure, breath, memory, stress, and Patchouli, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sandalwood
even hormone balance. The olfactory pathway also
• Isolation: Chamomile (Roman), Bergamot, Clary
connects to our limbic nervous system, which is
Sage, Frankincense, Rose
responsible for processing emotions and instincts
and includes the hippocampus, which is responsible • Memory Boosters: Basil, Cypress, Lemon,
for long-term memory—something that helps Peppermint, Rosemary
explain why the whiff of certain fragrances can bring • Sadness/Grief: Bergamot, Chamomile (Roman),
up spontaneous images and memories deep in our Clary Sage, Frankincense, Grapefruit, Jasmine,
subconscious. Lavender, Lemon, Orange, Rose, Sandalwood,
Ylang Ylang
Aromatherapy is very effective in hydrothermal areas
and most commonly used as an inhalant—breathed • Self Esteem: Bergamot, Cypress, Grapefruit,
in through the nose via steam or vapors—and, of Jasmine, Orange, Rosemary
course, essential oils can also be blended with carrier • Stress Relief: Bergamot, Chamomile, Lavender,
oils and/or lotions and applied topically. Lemon, Orange, Patchouli, Vanilla, Ylang Ylang
Open floatation
tanks are a great
addition to any spa or
hydrothermal area,
offering guests a
unique experience that
requires minimal
staffing. Courtesy: Floataway
The buoyancy of
a floatation tank
and the absence
of external stimuli
helps the body
and mind give itself
over to complete
rest, relaxation
Courtesy: Floataway and recovery.
Project Planning:
Architecture & Design
This chapter gives readers a broad overview of what to
consider during the planning and building stages of a
residential or commercial spa. It is designed to help the reader
understand what goes into the build and how to prepare for
it, including assembling a project team. It outlines some of the
major oversights and how to avoid them.
hydrotherapy pools (see Chapter 6), as well as a glossary personal tastes or operating experience is usually a
of key hydrothermal terms. However, it should be noted recipe for an unsatisfactory project. Instead, a spa that
that this is only a starting-off point, and, regardless of meets an owner/operator’s vision, while incorporating
the size of a build, it is always recommended that a industry best practices and unique customer selling
hydrothermal specialist be appointed at the outset of points is the ultimate desired outcome.
the project. Without a hydrothermal specialist on the In short, hydrothermal spa design is a complex process
team, there will always be a risk of overlooking some
that requires a specialist designer with expertise in
very basic requirements that could ultimately end up
both design and engineering and who has a unique
costing both time and money.
understanding and appreciation for integrating both
into a single space. Typically, lead designers on large
Assembling a Project Team
commercial projects will employ a specialist sub-
A commercial build requires not only a hydrothermal consultant to carry out the spa design.
specialist but it is also vital to engage an architect and
interior designer, preferably with spa experience. In Commercial Spa Design Stages
addition, an operational spa consultant should be a
The design stages of a project are typically as follows:
key part of the team. They will help create the business
plan; plot the flow of guests through the spa; assist 0 – Definition
in choosing the products and services required; and 1 – Prep and Brief
coordinate staff recruitment/training, etc.
2 – Concept Design
A proactive client will listen to his/her team’s advice,
3 – Schematic Design
but will also be prepared to question it. It’s highly
recommended that anyone embarking on such a 4 – Detailed Design
project makes numerous spa visits, including to spas 5 – Construction Documents (can include Bid
that members of the team have designed, operated, Documents)
built or consulted on. If possible, speak to other spa 6 – Construction
owners/operators to identify critical success factors
and the things they may have done differently. A 7 – Handover and Close Out
hydrothermal spa based on a single team member’s 8 – Operational
The project team meets with the client to ascertain Step 1: Adjacency Plans (also known as ‘bubble
requirements, unique selling points (USPs) and overall diagrams’), including:
vision. The briefing should cover these basic points so • Architectural space (access points, lifts, and views)
that the team understands the basics of the build:
• Guest flow/journey (considering male, female and
• Architectural space allocated to spa area disabled guest)
• Cultural/regional requirements • Staff flow (discreet staff movements for guest
privacy)
• USP’s – Signature spaces/treatments
Step 2: Concept Design
• Reception requirements
This is the first time that the client will be able to
• Retail space needs
visualize their spa design, including:
• Spa food & beverage (F&B) offering
• Reception layout including consultation space
• Number of treatment rooms (privacy)
• Relaxation space • Retail space
• Back of House (BoH) requirement – offices; prep • Wet area design – types of pools & thermal cabins
areas; pantry/linen storage (avoiding cross over from wet to dry areas)
Step 3 – Mood Boards & Samples and furniture fittings and equipment. Completion of
There should be careful consideration of finishes and this is frequently referred to as “100% DD.”
materials in wet areas. Stage 5: Tender & Construction
• Avoid soft stone materials that absorb water Documentation
• Consider any potential slip hazards Once the client has approved the detail design then a
full package of drawings, specifications and schedules is
• Potential oil stains should be taken into consideration
prepared with status “Issued for Construction” (IFC).
when choosing fabrics
Additional services can also be provided by the
Stage 3: Schematic Design hydrothermal/spa design specialist, including:
At this point the project drawings will ‘prove’ the
• Responding to tender queries from specialist spa fit
concept design and ensure everything fits into the
out contractors
building. Also at this stage the hydrothermal/spa
design specialist should provide a schedule of costs • Reviewing tenders from specialist spa fit-out
with budget/target prices to assist the client to finalize contractors
his overall budget for the project. • Participation in tender clarification meetings
Computer generated images (CGI renderings) will • Prepare tender evaluation report and
frequently be created at this stage to allow the client to recommendations
fully visualize the finished spa.
Stage 6: Construction Supervision
Stage 4: Detailed Design Visit site on a regular basis to ensure that the
Detailed design starts with refining the schematic spa installation contractor complies with the
design and then providing the client with a complete set design specification and witness final testing and
of drawings, room data sheets and schedules for doors, commissioning of all equipment, particularly in the
ironmongery, sanitary ware, feature lighting, finishes wet areas.
A hydrothermal team
will ensure that all
wet areas in a spa are
well planned out and
installed correctly.
BACK
MALE RELAXATION
TREATMENT OF HOUSE
PICK UP
MALE
CHANGING TREATMENT ROOMS
MALE WET SPA
SPA
GARDEN
REFRESHMENTS
RECEPTION ADMIN JUICE BAR MECHANICAL SPACE
CAFE
SPA
GARDEN
FEMALE WET SPA
BACK-OF-HOUSE
LINK CORIDOR
FEMALE
CHANGING
TREATMENT BACK
FEMALE RELAXATION
PICK UP OF HOUSE
Sample Room 1
• Small hamam area or sauna
• Shower to rinse off and cool down
between treatments
• Two relaxation beds for relaxing after having
used the en-suite hamam or sauna
−−These beds can serve a double duty by
offering a hydro-massage feature, a fully
automatic underwater massage.
Sample Room 2
• A fully automatic massage tub for
hydro-massage
• A dry floatation bed used mostly in
combination with body wraps
• An anteroom accessible via connecting
doors with a sauna/hamam and two
relaxation/massage beds.
Sample Room 3
• Overhead Vichy/horizontal shower table
that can also be used to apply body wraps
or dry massages.
• A fully automatic Hydrotherapy tub for
underwater massages
Common Mistakes
• Delays and re-fits—i.e., additional costs—are • Building with substandard materials that can’t
usually caused when a wet area specialist is handle extensive heat and moisture
not involved during the preliminary design • Failing to follow proper drainage and ventilation
stages standards
• Underestimating/ignoring space required for • Lack of awareness of health, safety and hygiene
plant room and mechanical equipment in every aspect of the design
• Lack of attention to people flow—both of • Attempting to cut costs by not hiring dedicated
guests and staff specialists, such as MEP consultant or structural
• Not accounting for variances in cultures and engineers; invariably this will cost more money
the types of treatments and facilities guests in the long run
will want and use (i.e., know your target • Not specifying properly tested and certified
audience) waterproof construction materials
• Noise is the enemy of a relaxing spa • Not planning for the space required for the
experience; whether it’s a hydrotherapy pool plant room
or a plant room operating a steam room—
• Inefficient crossover of wet and dry areas
put them where they can’t be heard
• Failure to maximize operator revenue
• Lack of back of house areas
A well-planned
hydrothermal area
not only generates
significant profits but
also delivers increased
guest satisfaction and
enjoyment.
Revenue Per Person $45 (The average charge is $65, but we’re using a reduced rate.)
Estimated ROI
33-44 months
Includes heated
relaxation loungers;
sauna; walk in
shower; steam room
with heat-storing
ceramic benches. Courtesy: Sommerhuber
550cm
Includes heated
relaxation loungers;
225cm
traditional sauna;
steam room with an
ergonomically shaped
heat storing ceramic
bench and floating
600cm
lounger; walk in
experience shower.
620cm
Human Interaction
When conceiving these areas, it is essential designers
understand people fundamentally interact differently
when they have few or no clothes on—personal space,
in particular, becomes of the utmost importance. The
way we interact in a bathing suit or completely naked
The consideration is very different to how we generally interact in public
of personal space is spaces. Take, for example, public transport—here
very important when people often touch strangers, sitting thigh-to-thigh or
designing thermal standing shoulder-to-shoulder on a subway or a bus.
bathing areas. By contrast, sitting and touching bare-thigh to bare-
Infusions of water bring out an increase in humidity, shower. A warm, ankle-deep footbath (outside the
subjecting the body to a short, but powerful, heat sauna cabin) should also be considered for equalizing
stimulus. Traditionally, a small wooden tub full of water body temperature. (The small amount of flesh and fat
and a ladle was used to pour water over the hot rocks. on the feet, combined with a large number of blood
In addition, the water was often infused with birch vessels, allows them to get cold and hot faster than any
twigs to give it a pleasant fragrance—birch was also other body part, so a footbath will help regulate the
believed to improve the immune system and open skin body’s temperature.)
pores. In modern installations, automated water dosing
systems are often used, and the infusions are typically Health Benefits
oil essences in a wide range of scents that offer different The alternation of heat and cold (also called contrast
aromatherapy stimuli for body and mind. In addition, therapy) ensure that a good supply of blood is pumped
there are safety and efficiency benefits associated with through the veins, helping to flush out toxins from
automated dosing systems, including the avoidance of areas of the body that aren’t normally given the ability
over-dosing fragrance and controlling the amount of to do this (namely the skin and subcutaneous tissues).
water that is used, preventing unnecessary wear on the The immersion in both hot and cold is also believed
heat source and avoiding any water puddling. to train the immune system, and regular sauna users
rarely suffer minor infections and colds.
Type of Use
Saunas are traditionally used to relax and ease muscle Heat Source
tension, as well as boost circulation and improve the Sauna Stove: Heat comes from specially sourced
immune system. stones—typically deep igneous, plutonic rocks capable
As one of the hottest therapy cabins in the hydrothermal of absorbing and emitting high levels of heat. They
spa, saunas should be used in conjunction with cold— are heated in the sauna stove, traditionally by a wood
this can be anything from a cold shower, an ice fountain fire but, more often, by electricity or gas. The size of
or a “roll in the snow” in a snow room or via a snow the sauna stove is determined by how many kilowatts
Doors were
traditionally made of
wood, but now often
feature tempered
safety glass.
Type of Use
Deep relaxation, detoxification and general wellbeing
are key reasons for the enduring popularity of steam
rooms. Though not as hot as a sauna, steam rooms offer
similar benefits at a less intense heat. In traditional
Roman baths, this was the hottest area the bathers had
access to and, similar to a sauna, should also be used in
conjunction with cooling treatments—such as a cold
plunge pool (frigidarium), ice room, snow room or
shower.
Health Benefits
The intensive warmth causes the muscles to relax,
and limb and joint pain is noticeably reduced. Steam
rooms are often used to help those that suffer from
rheumatism or arthritis. The high humidity also
delivers positive moisturizing effects on the skin. As
well, the alternation of heat and cold, using a cold
plunge pool or snow room, ensures that a good supply
of blood is pumped through the veins, helping to flush
out toxins and regulate the blood.
Heat Source
Steam Generator: A steam generator creates steam,
which is introduced to the cabin by natural pressure The Principles of Immersion
caused by the expansion in the evaporating chamber; Heating
the steam travels through an insulated copper pipe Heater elements are placed in a closed cylinder
and should enter the cabin silently via an open and connected to alternating current. The cylinder
outlet. During the heat-up phase, steam is supplied is filled with tap water, fully demineralized water
to the still-cold steam room, increasing the relative or partially softened water. Heat generated by
humidity and the temperature. The room climate in the heater elements increases water temperature
a steam room is governed/controlled by the set-point to approximately 100° C. If fully demineralized
temperature of the room, which is usually 42° C to water is used, the feed water is practically free of
47° C. Once that temperature is reached, the steam minerals. This ensures long life for the cylinder
production is interrupted until the room has cooled and heater elements since virtually no mineral
down by 2° C to 3° C. When the steam production deposits can settle or build up, ultimately,
is off, it is recommended the air extraction fan should this should minimize the number of service/
be activated. This allows the steam generator to restart maintenance checks. If tap water is used, some of
steam production quickly and helps keep a constant the minerals that dissolve in the water will settle
room humidity of 100%. It also provides visible steam in the cylinder as solids. These scale deposits are
in the room. If the humidity does not reach 95% to removed by periodic flushing or use of a heavy-
100%, the steam won’t be visible. duty blow-down pump. The generated steam
has a temperature of about 100° C and minimal
Steam production is governed by the room’s
positive pressure (“pressure-less” steam). It is also
temperature, and a re-ignition of steam is activated
virtually demineralized and germ-free.
when the temperature falls below the desired value, so
it’s important to be aware that overheating the floors or
benches can unbalance the steam generation.
Exhaust Fan
Steam Generator
Temperature Sensor
Essence Pump,
Dosing Controlled by
Steam Generator
Steam & Air Mixing
Plenum Box
Essence Reservoir
Floor Fall to Drain
Supply Air Line from Fan Controlled
by Steam Generator; Low Volume
for 4 Air Changes/Hour
Benches: Ideally continuous stoneor large-area heat Benches: Continuous stone or large‐area heat storage
storage ceramics; can be heated to body temperature ceramics are recommended to minimize the number
from 36° C to 37° C. of joints on surfaces that bodies will come in contact
Ceiling: Plastered and painted; steam- and etheric
with. This is beneficial for both comfort and hygiene.
oil-resistant plaster; should not be higher than 200 mm Audio/Visual: Steam-proof speakers provided by a
above the head of the bather when sitting on highest specialist wet-area manufacturer can be used. Consider
bench. color-changing lighting.
Door: Tempered safety glass doors, clear glass to allow Illumination: LED spots in ceiling or under-bench
for un-obscured viewing. Handles should be stainless lighting systems are recommended for visibility and
steel and doors should push open for easy exit. Doors durability, while fiber-optic lighting in the ceiling is
should be retained, closed by a simple roller-catcher sometimes used for mood enhancement.
mechanism. Ventilation: Fresh air should be introduced with
steam flow and it’s crucial to maintain air quality
Design Considerations through proper air exchange rates: for example, the
Size/Space: Bathers like to lie down in a steam room Austrian ÖNORM M 6219 standard requires that
so it should ideally accommodate a two-meter-long steam room air is exchanged 6x each hour. An air
person. When designing steam rooms for commercial outlet in the roof will remove warm air from the steam
use, consideration should be given to personal space. room to ensure continuous steam supply and a stable
The minimum amount you should allow for each temperature control. Ideally, exhaust ducts should
person sitting down is 600 millimeters. also be installed directly above the exterior of the
Mineral deposits from the water can wreak havoc on • Rest between sessions for 12 minutes to 20 minutes
the steam generator and other components, so look • When finished let yourself gradually cool down;
for easy-to-clean systems that seek to minimize these drink plenty of water
issues, and, instead of relying on tap water, think about
• Clean after use, rinse off space with water; a Kneipp
using demineralized or soft water.
hose is usually provided for this purpose
Consider installing a Kneipp hose for cooling off inside
of the cabin. This feature will double as a hygienic way
of rinsing benches before and after use.
Common Mistakes
and plenty of bench space where bathers can wait for
treatments or relax and socialize.
• Confusing a hamam with a steam room—
A Moroccan hammam is similar to its Turkish relation
these are different experiences and different
but has retained more of the traditional Roman bathing
room types
ritual—sending the bather on a journey through
• Improper building materials causing issues smaller chambers with varying temperatures (like the
with cleaning and maintenance Roman journey through the laconium, caldarium,
• Forgetting or not providing enough space for frigidarium and tepidarium).
plant room Note that “hamam” is sometimes confusingly used
• Poor drainage, causing water to pool on floors as a generic term to describe a steam bath or a steam
• Not installing temperature and humidity room. This is particularly common in France and the
sensors in easily accessed, maintainable conduits French-speaking territories of Switzerland. For clarity,
this reference book refers to the hamam as a bathing
• Placing steam outlet in positions where
structure (including communal and treatment areas).
bathers get injured by the hot steam
• Not installing enough lighting/illumination Type of Use
—often forgotten is the lighting required to Cleansing was the original purpose of the hamam—
clean the unit and today hygiene still plays a central role. Typical
• Failing to install a way to flush/clean benches treatments include an exfoliating rub with a “kese”
(e.g., a Kneipp hose) (Turkish) or “gome” (North African) mitten, a soap
massage (black soap in North Africa) and hair wash. In
• Ventilation is vital in all thermal rooms and
addition, socializing and relaxation are the key goals of
should be in line with the recommendations
most bathers.
on p. 144
In ancient Roman
bathhouses, a
hypocaust system
was used to heat
the rooms—similar BUILDING
TILES
to today’s hydronic AND THERMAL UP-DRAFT
FLOOR OF POWERS AIR
systems. ROOM MOVEMENT THROUGH
HOLLOW BRICKS
SYSTEM
STORE AND
RADIATE HEAT AND
LEAD WARM AIR
FURNACE
COLUMNS OF SUPPORT
TILES UNDERNEATH
THE FLOOR HELP
DISTRIBUTE HOT AIR
Design Considerations excellent modern plasters that can achieve the same
effect, dramatic designs have been created in modern
Size/Space: The ceiling should be designed to
hamams using-less traditional types of natural stone
include a traditional domed cupola roof or vaulted
and tile.
ceiling. It may be appropriate for heat recovery systems
to be installed to re-circulate the heat at higher levels. How to Use a Traditional Hamam/
Aromatherapy: Automatic essential oil dosing Hammam
system. • Take a shower before entering hamam/hammam
Audio/Visual: Low-level audio with water/steam • In a public bath, you will be given a “pestamal”
proof speakers. (a towel with fringed ends)
Illumination: Soft, indirect lighting from LED and • Enter the dry, warm room to start the bathing
fiber optic. process
Ventilation: Fresh air supply and air extraction will • When moving to the hot room, women usually
ensure good oxygen levels. The recommended air remove their towels, while men traditionally keep
turnover is 4-7 changes per hour, with an incoming air theirs on. Women and men bathe separately.
temperature between 18-24 degrees. • Use the basins (“kurnas”) to cool down with cool
Special Considerations: An authentic atmosphere water while in the hot room
is achieved when the room is finished in traditional • Await cleansing rituals, including exfoliation, hair
Turkish “Iznik”-style tiles and Carrara Blanco marble; washing, shaving, etc. (Foam plays a large role in
while North African hammams favor a traditional these rituals. The foam can be created by a hamam/
plaster finish called “tadelakt,” which isn’t advised in hammam master or automated for self service)
commercial applications. Although there are some • This can be followed by a private massage
Laconium
Laconium
The laconium is a relaxing, dry heat environment with
Temperature: between 38° C to 45° C
a temperature below the aggressive levels of a Finnish
Surface temperatures: approximately
34° C +/– 2° C
sauna. In Roman times, it was seen as the dry, sweating
Humidity: between 10% to 20%
room of the thermae, adjacent to the caldarium steam
room with its higher temperature. It provides a more
relaxing, less-intense experience allowing for a longer
Tepidarium/Warm treatment—usually 20 minutes but up to an hour.
Relaxation Room It is recommended for individuals that find the dry
Temperature: between 30° C to 40° C 80° C to 105° C heat of the sauna too hot and the
Surface temperatures: approximately 100% humidity of the steam room too high.
34° C +/– 2° C
Humidity: between 20% to 40% The laconium plays an important role in many spas for
(not controlled) guests who have contra-indications (such as pregnancy
or cardiovascular conditions) that prevent them from
using the hotter rooms. Offering this option makes the
spa more inclusive.
Type of Use
At a temperature of 38° C to 45° C and relatively low
humidity, the laconium environment is relaxing.
Sitting or lying on warm/hot benches and loungers
warms the body quickly and helps start the sweating
Design Considerations
Walls/Benches/Floors: As the laconium is a often offered in this space, even if it is only a chilled
steam-free environment that bathers remain in for water fountain.
extended periods of time; the interior usually reflects
a luxury environment and is often opulent in its tiling
How to Use the Laconium
and fittings. • The laconium can be a specific heat-based relaxation
treatment, and it can also be part of a spa cycle
Audio/Visual: Low-level and ceiling lighting,
preparing the body for more extreme temperatures
together with discreet music, can enhance the relaxing
atmosphere. Placement of equipment requires careful • Wear a towel to protect the skin from the hot
consideration; equipment must be accessible for reclining surfaces, as well as for hygienic reasons
maintenance. • Sit or lay for periods long enough to allow
Special Considerations: The room needs regular perspiration from the body
cleaning to ensure acceptable hygiene standards so • Use Kneipp hoses to wash off sweat and encourage
drainage system should take this into account. Guests blood circulation, particularly to the extremities
may be using this space to relax after the intense heat
• Repeat the cycle
of a steam room or sauna so chilled refreshments are
An alternative to
heated, body forming
loungers are soft, warm
beds—water beds offer
a nice alternative to
traditional mattresses. Courtesy: Gharieni Group
Experience Showers
even aromatherapy to deliver a multi-sensory stimulus.
Warm and cold waters have always been integral to
The key element in the showers is the water jets that
the thermal bathing ritual—allowing the body to
can be programmed to deliver different experiences.
cool down—and are key elements of the traditional
Strong, lateral jets facilitate massage, overhead water
tepidarium and frigidarium. A more modern
buckets deliver a dump of cold water, and water
interpretation is using a standard shower for a quick
mists gently hydrate, while temperature-contrast
cool down after a sauna or steam room.
showers deliver water. Jets can also be programmed
In recent years, this has evolved into the “experience to mimic nature; for instance, rain, thunderstorm,
shower”—a combination of water, sound and smell mist and waterfall. A handheld showerhead is often
that evokes a natural “event” for the bather, with included for washing prior to a sauna or steam
themes ranging from “emotional showers” and “energy treatment, as well as for providing additional cooling.
showers” to “waterfall/deluge showers” and “monsoon Some common Experience Shower themes include
showers” to many in between. Rain Forest, Tropical Rain, Cold Waterfall, Polar Mist,
Monsoon, Summer Storm, etc. An individual shower
Type of Use enclosure often has several pre-programmed themes
An essential part of thermal bathing is cooling the body that last between 30 seconds to three minutes.
down—this is important for enjoying spa facilities A new trend gaining in popularity are rain walk or
safely and maximizing health benefits. The experience tunnel. This gives users a unique, active experience
shower goes further than a simple shower by adding because the bather is lead through the tunnel/walk
an entertainment element to the everyday activity through automated programs that lead him/her from
of showering. zone to zone. The programs are either activated by a
Typically, the experience shower combines water flow push button or photo sensors at the start of the walk/
variations, sounds and music, dynamic lighting and tunnel.
Foot Baths
Foot baths are a major part of European spa and
wellness culture. Taking alternating hot and cold water
foot baths has been proven to reduce stress levels.
Foot baths are also said to improve the cardiovascular
system and are recommended to use in conjunction
with a sauna.
Foot baths allow for alternatively enjoying warm or
cold foot baths. At the press of a button, a basin can be
filled with either warm or cold water. Once the water
level is reached, most foot spas automatically stop
filling and begin blowing air into the basin to stimulate
the foot reflex zones. The bubbling starts automatically
for a programmable time. Once it goes through this
cycle, the bather’s feet can remain in the water a little
while longer and then the basin will be automatically
emptied.
Once a cycle is completed, the whole system is
disinfected—including drain piping, air piping and
the basin—making it totally hygienic for use by several
people one after the other
An alternative to foot baths is the Kneipp Walk Courtesy: Dornbracht International
(outlined in Chapter 6).
Snow offers a
welcome respite from
the heat of the warmer
rooms/cabins in a
Courtesy: TechnoAlpin S.p.A. hydrothermal area.
Design Considerations
When designing a snow room, it’s important to Ventilation: The room should be completely
remember that the snow is the feature of the room and insulated, not ventilated. In case of ventilation, the
abundant amounts of snow should be made accessible incoming air would have to be sub-zero and dry, that
to guests. So it’s important to include ledges or other would require additional air conditioning.
decorative elements where snow can fall and rest. Special Considerations: The snow room should
Size/Space: Snow rooms range in size from be located in close vicinity of heat treatments so that
approximately 4 to 16m² (up to 20m²). The they are integrated into the bathing rituals. Due to
snowmaking system is either a separate or partly the very cold temperatures within the room and the
integrated system that works together with the snow heat penetration from the spa area each time the door
room to ensure the correct temperature and snow is opened, it is highly recommended that a buffer
production. Various variations of the system are zone be created. The buffer zone should be an area of
available. All systems combine refrigeration technology approximately 2m² and temperature controlled. This
with snow making technology. The snowmaking is also more energy efficient as it reduces the cooling
system is located in a plant/technical room and necessity of the snow system. The buffer zone can
requires additional space (the minimum required is be optimally integrated into the wellness area and is
approximately 5m²). highly suggested especially for areas with high footfall.
It is not as vital in private spa settings.
Materials/Construction
Snow showers can be integrated in almost any space
within a hydrothermal area. Built as either a single unit
with equipment mounted on top or as a split unit with
the cooling technology residing in an adjacent plant/
mechanical room. The latter solution keeps any noise
from the snow making away from the guest area.
Design Considerations
There are minimal restrictions regarding the design of
snow shower areas: they can be designed as an open
space or feature walls made of glass, natural stone or
tiles. Sound or light effects can also be integrated.
The cold of a snow room is often perceived to be • Cool down (three to five minutes for women;
less invasive than a cold or wet option (frigidarium), four to eight minutes for men) in a snow room at
allowing bathers to spend more time in the area, temperatures up to -10° C. Sit or stand in the snow
thereby maximizing the effects. When in the snow room. Take deep breaths of the fresh air. Rub snow
room, it is highly recommended that one use the on arms and legs to intensify the effect.
powdery snow to additionally cool the extremities of • Relax for 15 to 20 minutes in ambient temperature;
the body, such as legs and arms. The very cold snow sit or lie down and ensure sufficient liquid intake.
reaches temperatures below 0° C and the process of
rubbing the snow onto arms and legs assists cooling
Specialist Hydrothermal
Treatments & Therapies
This chapter takes a closer look at the various specialist
hydrothermal treatments and therapies found in wellness
centers and spas to help readers understand their functions
and benefits, and provides guidance on the design and
configuration of these rooms.
• Audio and Speakers: Either from a central multi- Size/Space: The room must accommodate the
channel system or localized in the room via an treatment equipment, all of which will fit into a
MP3 player docking station for a more customized space of 1.0 m x 2.5 m, with minimum additional
solution. Speaker should be out of the guest’s line of circulation space for the therapist at 0.8 m all around
sight if recessed into a wall or ceiling. the treatment equipment, while allowing space for the
shower and cabinetry. An ideal footprint for a room
• Cabinetry/Storage: Units are needed to house
with a separate shower and changing area would be 6.0
specialist equipment, such as a hot towel cabinet
m x 2.6 m measured internally.
or hot stone heater; space should be allocated for
consumables that are used in various treatments;
storage space is needed for clean and soiled linens;
and a sink and prep area is usually required.
• Not paying enough attention to the such as choosing options like electrical
ergonomics of tables and equipment to create height-adjustable beds
a comfortable experience for both customer • Incorrect/insufficient electrical installations
and therapist
• Incorrect positioning of the equipment
• Creating difficult to clean areas—instead, inside the room
make cleaning easy by using flat, smooth
• Not including inspection openings for
surfaces and a removable mattress
technical components when integrating
• Vichy shower installations must cover a equipment into individual design solutions
client’s entire body—if some areas aren’t
• Lack of attention to cleaning and
reached, the client will feel unpleasantly cold
disinfection when choosing the equipment
• Forgetting to install a shower in a treatment
• Insufficient ventilation of the treatment
room that will be used for wraps and mud rooms, especially for wet rooms (e.g.,
baths equipped with Vichy showers)
• Inadequate delivery of water—both in terms • Insufficient amount of space for storing
of pressure and temperature necessary equipment and products
• Residual water remaining on floor due to poor • Not using corrosion resistance building
positioning of drains and slope calculation materials and ventilation pipework that
• Noise can be extremely disturbing during can withstand the saline mixture in a salt/
treatments. This has to be kept in mind when brine room
planning both the placement of the treatment • Installing spray nozzle in the wrong place,
rooms (e.g., distance to dressing rooms, bar, i.e., too close to the extraction fan or too
restaurant) and the interior design of the far away from the steam outlet or in the
rooms. ceiling and not in the wall as the spray jet
• Ergonomics for both guest and therapist—do has to go horizontally into the room.
everything to make both parties comfortable, • Not using sterile brine solution
Water affects both body and spirit. After a busy day, it’s are often combined with other treatments, such as
instinctive to crave a warm bath, or, alternatively, cool massages, using specific products and/or body wraps or
water to invigorate or alleviate swelling. Thoughtfully other, classic wet table treatments. The main benefits
constructed hydrothermal experiences can tap into a of the shower itself are increased blood circulation
bather’s emotions by bringing back the memories of caused by the flow of the water, hydration of the body
standing in a summer rain or sitting underneath the to fight off fatigue and prevent acne, and the reduction
gentle massage of a waterfall. The following include of stress and toxins by stimulating the nerve response
some additional specialist water treatments to consider. in the skin.
Design Considerations: The Vichy shower and wet soothing skin products are also often featured. The
massage table is typically a permanent, bespoke piece natural healing power of mineral water or seawater can
of equipment that requires hot/cold water supply and increase the effectiveness of the treatment. In addition,
drainage and adequate space for both the table and therapist-assisted treatments can be performed, which
therapist—typically, a table will be 1.0 m x 2.5 m and allow for the combination of both physical touch
will require a minimum of 800 mm of working room and hydro-massage. The mechanical impulse of the
around the sides of the table. The rain-bar component water nozzles provide an enhanced penetration of the
is usually designed to swivel away from the table to massage into the body, accelerate tissue metabolism
allow for an unobstructed entry and exit on the table, and enhance the reabsorption of metabolic waste
in addition to creating space so that the room and table products from the muscles which is important when
can be used for other treatments. A heated, wet table treating sore muscles. As with all hydrotherapeutic
can add a further positive effect. Room temperature applications, a key part of the underwater-pressure-jet
should be at least 27° C and forced ventilation is massage is the relaxation of the muscular system inside
required. the warm water. This enables the massage jets to deeply
penetrate the muscles. From a medical perspective,
Hydrotherapy Tub hydrotherapeutic massages can be prescribed for
Hydrotherapy tubs are a central part of today’s musculoskeletal circulatory disorders, skin diseases and
modern spa and wellness facilities. Modern units offer disorders of certain internal organs.
a sequential massage, starting with the feet and going To intensify the effects, salts, oils and other additives
towards the upper part of the body in small steps. can be put into the water or thermal or mineral water
In addition, the massage pressure can be regulated can be used. If this is desired, the tub needs to be
automatically so, for example, the intensity of the equipped accordingly to avoid any issues that can be
massage can be reduced in the beginning and at the caused by additives or aggressive water. In addition,
end of the treatment. a separate air bubble function can be installed to
Individual hydrotherapy tubs deliver a unique sensation intensify the massage.
of heat, buoyancy and hydro-massage. Often used Design Considerations: Hydrotherapy tubs
without the aid of a therapist, the jets are positioned should be installed to allow space for therapist-assisted
to stimulate and relax trigger points in the body. treatments. To achieve the most relaxing effect, choose
Aromatherapy oil can be added to the baths to intensify a tub that emanates minimal noise and keep the room
the bather’s relaxation and engage the other senses; at 24° C.
Benefits of Aquapressure
Aquapressure (targeted water massage) has similar benefits as acupressure, helping blood circulate more freely
through the body, the flow of energy is stimulated and mobility can be improved. Aquapressure targets and
relieves tensions by warming the body up and then easing muscular and emotional tensions. The results are similar
to a massage and can help relieve back pain, tension headaches, sleeplessness and anxiety caused by muscular
imbalance.
Body Wraps
Body wraps are often paired with dry floatation Not only does the heat used in these treatments
treatments. Body wraps can be partial (treating encourage the absorption of the media by the
only parts of the body) or full body. body, but it also helps promote relaxation, relieve
Varying products and media are used in body stress and even work to increase blood circulation.
wraps, and the benefits correlate directly to the Body wraps are often applied on a standard
components present in the media. Traditionally, therapeutic table, however, dry floatation systems
wraps were predominantly mineral-based (sludge, can offer a better experience. The dry floatation bed
mud, peat, moor) and, today, many treatments will have a solid surface in the beginning, making
still use similar organic materials. In addition, it easier for the customer to lie down and enable
wraps are now often complemented with cosmetic, the application of the body wrap. After, the guest
dermatologic or other products. sinks into a cushion of warm water and experiences
A few examples of the wellbeing benefits: a “floating” feeling. The warm temperature of the
water supports the effect of the body wrap. When
• Detoxification (peloids and algae)
the treatment is coming to an end, the surface of
• Revitalization (cosmetic wraps, peloids, algae)
the bed will become solid again, and the guest will
• Slimming (algae)
be moved up, out of the water cushion, making it
• Reduction of cellulite (algae)
easier to exit the bed.
• Moisturizing of the skin (cosmetic products)
In a traditional sand bath (also referred to as psammo In a modern spa, sand or salt might be used
therapy for the Greek word for sand), bathers buried interchangeably, depending on the guest’s preference.
themselves in sand heated by the sun. The resulting Either way, these beds bring the bliss of the beach to
warm, cocoon-like environment is described as guests wherever they may be in the world.
Pool Areas:
Function and Design
The benefits of having a pool or pools—whether full-size
lap/exercise pools or vitality pools—in a spa are numerous.
“Hydrotherapy” is a term often used to describe the use
of water therapy for relaxation, pain relief and treatment.
Specially designed pools are a great way to take advantage
of the physical properties of water, including temperature and
pressure, to promote relaxation and healing of the body.
Pool Areas | 97
Common Spa Pools
• Massage and
relaxation
• Increase range of
joint movement
• Relaxes muscles
Onsen 34 to 40 1.0 m to 1.2 m 0.5 to 1.5 hours
• Improves mobility
Floatation • Pain and stress relief 35 to 36 1.0 m to 1.2 m 0.5 to 1.5 hours
• Relaxes muscles
Watsu 34 to 40 1.0 m to 1.5 m 0.5 to 1.5 hours
• Improves mobility
• Stress relief
• Provides energy to the
body
• Eliminates/reduces
skin irritation
• Stimulates circulation 15 to 20
(cold), 200 mm to
Kneipp Walk • Stress relief 0.5 to 1.5 hours
30 to 35 600 mm
• Helps relieve joints (hot)
*Temperatures may vary depending on geographical location and if pool is indoor or outdoor.
Pool Areas | 99
Hydrotherapy/Vitality Pool
Floatation Pools
Floatation Pools / Tanks
Temperature: 35° C to 36° C Temperature: 35° C to 36° C
Depth: Pools – 1.0 m to 1.2 m Depth: 1.0 m to 1.2 m
Tanks – Approximately 0.5 m A floatation pool or tank is usually enclosed and
typically measures approximately 2.5 m long x 1.2 m
Watsu® Pool wide. The water in the tank is kept at body temperature.
Temperature: 34° C to 40° C The most important element of the tank is the addition
Depth: 1.0 m to 1.5 m of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) that is dissolved
in the tank: approximately 400 kg of Epsom salt to
Mineral Pool 200 gallons of water—this is what creates the weightless
Temperature: 32° C to 36° C “float.” As opposed to a swimming pool where there is
Depth: 1.0 m to 1.2 m a sense of weightlessness, gravity in a floatation tank
is completely nullified by the buoyancy caused by the
Kneipp Walk dissolved Epsom salt.
Temperature: 15° C to 20° C (cold) and Unique to the enclosed floatation tanks is the sensory
30° C to 35° C (hot) deprivation they provide. This restricted stimulation
Depth: 250 mm to 600 mm has been proven to change the way the brain works,
showing an increase in theta waves in the brain1—
the waves that are activated by meditation and active
during REM sleep.
• Adopting high filtration rates leading to poor In addition, benches and seats in the pools need to
water quality allow for adequate space between bodies (600 mm
• Lack of secondary disinfection (e.g. UV) is recommended); where possible, it’s advised to
leading to excessive chemicals in the pool provide individual seating so that bathers don’t have
• Poor provision for the delivery of chemicals to consider invading another’s personal space on a
to the plant room communal bench. Seats should also be shaped to allow
• Inadequate filtration and poor chemical for comfort and space where air jets might push the
balance causing poor water quality bather away from the seat back.
• Failing to backflush filters on a regular basis - To create a bather-friendly environment, pools should
once a week minimum or when the indicated also have sufficiently wide treads and short risers for
by inlet and outlet pressure gauges entries and exits and no sudden drops at the junction
with the floor.
Indoor pool at
Tschuggen Grand
Hotel, Arosa,
Switzerland.
Similar to level-deck
pool, but the water
is transferred to an INFINITY EDGE
overhanging channel
and gives the visual
GRATING
appearance of the
pool water blending
(merging) with the
horizon. 1.2m
Daily Tests
Water Quality Values
(Every 2-3 Hours)
Free Chlorine Range 0.5 to 3.0 mg/l (Aim for 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l)
Calcium Hardness 200 ppm to 1000 ppm (not less than 200 ppm)
BY OTHERS
TP
HI 2
LC
1
LEVEL DECK
LEVEL DECK
BALANCE
LC TANK POOL
LOW
DRAIN
LEVEL DECK
DOSING
PUMP MAIN CONTROL PANEL
STRAINER CIRCULATION
PUMP (DUTY) FLOCULANT
4 F
CARBOY
3 FILTER METER
STRAINER CIRCULATION
PUMP (STANDBY) FILTER FILTER
VESSEL No. 1 VESSEL No. 2
5 7
pH CI
PI PI
FS
PI PI
SAMPLE
10 BOARD
CHEMICAL STORES
DRAIN
HYPO ROOM DOSING ACID ROOM DOSING
PUMP PUMP
9 UV
UNIT
HYPO DAY TANK ACID DAY TANK HEAT HEAT EXCHANGER
EXCHANGER BOOSTER PUMP
8
CHEMICAL STORES UV PANEL
BOOSTER PUMP
Water Hydraulics
For effective water WATER
FILTRATION &
MANHOLE
LEVEL DECK
CHANNEL
LEVEL DECK
CHANNEL
TREATMENT
hydraulics, the levels of PLANT
WATER LEVEL
PUMP PIT
the pool static water, POOL
1.5 m BALANCE TANK INLETS
balance tank and main PUMPS
OUTLETS
WATER LEVEL
WATER MANHOLE
FILTRATION
&
TREATMENT BALANCE
PLANT TANK
PUMPS
Option 2: Pool Water Treatment Plant & Balance Tank on Level Below
Space
5.0 m x 4.0 m x 1.2 m 25 m3 4.0 m x 1.2 m x 1.0 m 5.0 m x 2.5 m x 2.5 m 12.5 m2
7.0 m x 6.0 m x 1.2 m 50 m3 6.0 m x 1.5 m x 1.0 m 6.5 m x 4.5 m x 2.5 m 30.0 m2
slide recreational park, a spa, or a medical treatment Ancient Hot Springs and Modern
facility—or just a trickle of hot water running into
Drilled Wells
the ocean—it’s important to remember that a hot
spring’s water has unique properties and potential For much of human history, naturally flowing hot
health benefits regardless of how it’s used by the springs were the only source of warm water in which
indigenous culture. to bathe. Early cultures used hand tools to dig small
pools where they could submerge their bodies into the
Hot Springs History mysteriously warm water.
Modern history shows hot springs have been health Today, well drilling technology and geologic science
and wellness destinations since the dawn of civilization
enables access to geothermal mineral water from deep
around 5,000 years ago. Before that, our Paleolithic
aquifers, even several kilometers down, and in areas
stone-age ancestors used hot springs for at least 40,000
where natural hot springs have never freely flowed to
years. Long before that, archaeological evidence reveals
the surface before.
our Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal predecessors used
hot springs sites for at least 200,000 years. The minerals Facilities built on drilled wells are commonly called
and warmth provided year-round habitat for countless “hot springs” even though a manmade well is not
species of plants and animals through winters, ice technically a “spring.” Some wells are able to produce
ages and global catastrophes. Our predecessors relied water that flows to the surface by itself without a
on hot springs year-round for hunting and foraging, manual pump—this is called “artesian flow,” while
drinking, easing the body, and harvesting of minerals other wells require pumping to lift the water to the
including salt. surface. Springs will naturally flow to the surface
without the aid of pumps, although, today, many
Natural undeveloped hot springs still exist today,
modern hot springs are a hybrid of a spring and well
often in very remote wilderness or in areas that have
because they have utilized drilled wells and pumps
challenging terrain and/or access. Adventurous hikers
will often build basic pools and diverse systems that to enhance the water flow rate and increase pool
encourage air-cooling of the steamy water or devise a bathing capacity.
way to mix it with colder water, creating a comfortable For ease of understanding, the term “hot springs” is
soaking temperature. being used to define all geothermal mineral water
facilities built on either naturally occurring springs water is prehistoric, having been underground for
or drilled wells, or a combination of spring and well. thousands of years—similar to oil deposits that don’t
Although all languages have words to describe both have access to the surface until a well is drilled, and
natural springs and wells, the term “hot springs” can are non-renewable. Most developed countries have
be difficult to interpret in some languages and a more regulations to ensure aquifers are not depleted.
scientifically accurate term could be “geothermal
Naturally flowing hot springs can be endangered
mineral water.”
through over pumping from aquifers for agriculture
“Hot Springs” vs “Wells” and urban use. Because aquifers are hidden deep
Springs underground, their complex flow and replenishment
• Springs may have historic and pre-historic use by dynamics are often debated as politics collide with
humans theoretical assumptions and available science. Regional
• Springs generally have long history of biology and water-laws often rule who can use the water, and for
evolution of life what purposes, especially during drought cycles. Hot
• Springs often have unique mineral deposits springs and any unique species inhabiting them may be
• Ancient animal migration paths lead to some hot disadvantaged by the demands of industry and global
springs for salt or other minerals population sprawl. For example, poorly understood
• Spring aquifers may have elaborate underground microbiomes of hot springs have sometimes been
channels emerging at springs destroyed before their potential medicinal benefits
Wells were understood. This highlights the ongoing issue of
• Wells can provide geothermal mineral water in areas human need versus habitat and resource conservation.
where no natural hot springs occur Today’s wellness travelers are usually conscious of their
• Wells rely on aquifers for their geothermal mineral ecological footprint and the sustainability of resources.
water and risk depleting this precious water resource Abundant hot mineral water flowing right out of
Sustainable use of an aquifer depends on how long it the earth is a sustainable resource. Many hot spring
takes rainwater to replenish the water that’s pulled out. facilities will share what they know about their waters,
Some aquifers replenish very slowly or not at all; some from source-to-bathing.
In Europe, facilities
are built to provide
the best possible user
experience as seen
here at Germany’s
Toskana Therme
Bad Orb.
Reflexology walks
are popular in and
around hot springs and
enable visitors to treat
themselves to self-
guided foot massage.
1: Well Temperature
2: PH
The pH of the water has a large effect on how the water feels. The more alkaline the baths, the softer and soapier the
water feels. Alkaline baths are thought to be good for the skin and are also called “beauty springs”. Acidic baths will,
conversely, feel much harder or firmer on the body. Both sensations are enjoyable and a matter of personal preference.
Acidic: pH of 3 or lower
Weak Acidic: pH of 3 to 6
Neutral: pH of 6 to 7.5
Weak Alkaline: pH of 7.5 to 8.5
Alkaline: pH of 8.5 or greater
3: Osmotic Pressure
This is the total weight of the dissolved solids in a given amount of the spring water and the water’s ability to hold those
minerals in suspension. The difference is often visible as spring water that contains a high percentage of dissolved solids
will typically be opaque.
Low: 8g/kg of dissolved solids or lower and a freezing point of -0.55° C or higher
Isotonic: 8g/kg to 10g/kg of dissolved solids with a freezing point of -0.55° C to -0.58° C
High: 10g/kg or higher and a freezing point of at least -0.58° C
Simple Hot Spring: Water that does not contain enough minerals to be classified in detail but are still considered onsen.
• Simple hot spring
• Simple alkaline hot spring
Chloride Springs: The most common type of hot spring in Japan. The salt content helps clean the body of sweat while
helping the body retain heat.
• Sodium chloride spring
• Strong sodium chloride spring
• Sodium chloride carbonated spring
• Sodium chloride sulphate spring
• Sodium and calcium chloride carbonated spring
Carbonated Springs: These may have a softening effect on your skin and leave the body feeling refreshed and cool
after bathing.
• Sodium and calcium bicarbonate spring
• Calcium and sodium bicarbonate chloride spring
• Calcium and sodium bicarbonate sulphate spring
Sulfuric Acid Springs: These springs help reduce pain, combat liver disease and constipation. The calcium type also has
a calming effect. The magnesium helps lower blood pressure.
• Calcium sulphate spring
• Sodium sulphate chloride spring
• Magnesium sulphate spring
Iron springs: The iron in the spring is absorbed by the water and helps in blood production. Although these springs are
clear when they emerge from the earth, the iron in them will oxidize and turn a brownish color.
• Iron carbonated spring
• Acidic iron sulfuric acid spring
Aluminum Springs: These springs may have disinfectant properties and benefit some skin diseases.
• Aluminum and iron sulphate spring
Radioactive Springs: The radon is absorbed into the body and breathed in as the gas escapes from the water. The use of
radioactivity for positive medical effects is greatly debated but has been done for many years. Radon caves where people
go to breath in the gas for therapeutic reasons are still in operation in parts of North America. One should use their own
judgment when deciding to expose themselves to radioactivity like this.
• Simple radioactive spring
• Simple weak radioactive spring
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound that is Another review found “100% positive outcomes for
known for its “rotten egg” smell, and its role as an clinical improvement, pain alleviation and improved
analgesic has received the most scientific attention, quality of life,” a finding that was backed five years
later by another systematic review which concluded
including a 2013 study that appeared in the European
that balneotherapy “is an effective remedy for lower
Journal of Inflammation2 and another in the same
back pain, as well as knee and hand osteoarthritis.”
year entitled “Sulphurous thermal water increases the
release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and
1
Salami, A., M. Dellepiane, B. Crippa, F. Mora, L. Guastini, B. Jankowska
modulates antioxidant enzyme activity.3 and R. Mora (2008). “Sulphurous water inhalations in the prophylaxis
of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.” International Journal of
Magnesium in geothermal water has been attributed Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 72(11): 1717-1722.
to successfully treating dermatological conditions,4 2
Carubbi, C., G. Gobbi, G. Bucci, M. Gesi, M. Vitale and P. Mirandola
(2013). “Skin, inflammation and sulfurous waters: What is known, what is
while radon-enriched hot springs are thought by some believed.” European Journal of Inflammation 11(3): 591-599.
to increase the body’s resistance to cancer by elevating 3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24067460
p53 protein levels.5 4
Proksch, E., H. P. Nissen, M. Bremgartner and C. Urquhart (2005).
“Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier
The effects of balneotherapy on chronic pain has function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry
skin.” International Journal of Dermatology 44(2): 151-157.
been studied extensively. A 2015 review of 27 studies, 5
Yamaoka, K., F. Mitsunobu, S. Kojima, M. Shibakura, T. Kataoka, K.
concluded there is a high level of evidence that spa Hanamoto and Y. Tanizaki (2005). “The elevation of p53 protein level and
SOD activity in the resident blood of the Misasa radon hot spring district.”
interventions reduce chronic pain and analgesic
J Radiat Res 46(1): 21-24.
consumption and improve function and quality of life,
Halophyte: a saline-tolerant plant species Replenish Rate: the rate at which an acquifer’s water
is naturally replaced
Hot Springs: geothermal mineral water facilities
whether they’re naturally occurring hot springs or
Construction Materials
and Building Services
This chapter covers the major elements in the engineering
and management of a hydrothermal spa. It’s designed to give
readers a closer look at the “behind-the-scenes” operations
that bring a spa design to a working reality, including the
ventilation, drainage, electrical services and lighting. The choices
made in building services also play a key role in the overall
environmental impact of a building—something that is relevant
both in domestic and commercial builds of hydrothermal areas.
Plan shows separate male and female The labeled technical drawing indicates the
shower complexes featuring multiple shower intended functions of each area.
experiences, foot spas and a sauna.
3: 3-D Drawings
1:50
Bench – on site
1:25
Women
Contrast Massage
Men
Women
Hand Shower +
Men Upper Head Shower Back Massage
Hand Shower
I Set as shown
I Set mirrored
3DReprint
drawings are
and duplication, also only inthen created
extracts, only showing
with previous permission the
of LUX ELEMENTS GmbHscope
& Co. KG of the prefabricated shower complex that will be
Reprint and duplication, also only in extracts, only with previous permission of LUX ELEMENTS GmbH & Co. KG
manufactured in hard foam and will be the base for the completely waterproof, finished product.
While still in the factory, boards are routed for pipes, shower valves and conduits to carry wiring for
buttons and lighting. Pre-plumbing even takes place in the factory.
The pipes and conduits are stubbed out at ceiling height ready for site connection by the various on-site
subcontractors and engineers.
Once completed in the factory, all components are dry built before shipping and labeled for
easy on-site assembly.
Pre-assembling in the factory eliminates any unwanted surprises at the building site.
Once on site, the installation commences and all the components are set out and glued together.
Services are connected, with convenient niches between the showers that enable access panels.
Work is easily coordinated with local contractors, such as drywall and tiling contractors. Electrical
heating cables can be seen buried in the insulated construction of the bench (right).
AIR EXHAUST
STEAM, AIR AND ESSENCE INLET To be installed away from
Located in central position, in clear view of all door and steam inlet
guests. Do NOT hide under benches or position so
steam enters downwards or parallel to the floor.
Steam Should never enter under pressure. THERMOSTAT
Location depends on the
model of the steam
generator; normally 1.5m
from floor level
LOW-LEVEL
VENTILATION INLET
Not always necessary as
air is also introduced with
the steam
FLOOR DRAIN
EMERGENCY BUTTON
Close to door; height to
suit local code, but
normally should be
reachable by a prone
person
LINEAR DRAIN
Useful to catch condensation KNEIPP HOSE
from the door Frequently there are
more than one. Locate so
all benches can be
reached for rinsing
Regardless of the type of thermal room or cabin— correct levels of humidity are produced for the maximum
sauna, steam bath, hamam, relaxation room, etc.— benefit (especially important in a steam room). When
proper ventilation and climate control are crucial to the a cabin is not run at the correct temperature or does
bathers’ comfort and health and significantly impact not provide the right humidity level, the experience
the effectiveness of the thermal room. A heating, will not meet bathers’ expectations.
ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) contractor must The materials used to build cabins have a significant
be engaged for this purpose and will work closely with effect on the efficiency of the room and how easy
the mechanical and electrical (M&E) consultant. or difficult it is to maintain the correct climate. If
Key to proper ventilation is the supply of oxygen to the traditional building materials like concrete, blocks or
room—this is vital in artificially heated environments. drywall are used, there will be a greater likelihood that
Low oxygen levels will result in bathers feeling or even the steam generation will not function correctly. The
becoming truly unwell, including fainting or worse. In use of efficient building materials, such as a coated
addition, proper ventilation will promote drying of the foam board that provides maximum waterproofing
rooms. Mold, fungus and bacteria spores easily grow and thermal insulation, increases the effectiveness of
in warm, moist environments so correctly engineered the steam generator. Even then, there will be a level of
ventilation will aid in the drying out of the cabins and radiant heat reflected back into the room from the wall
will minimize the health risks associated with these and floor finishes, which will usually be some form of
microorganisms. tile or stone that will require ventilation.
Importantly, proper ventilation is what keeps the If not ventilated properly, radiant heat can upset the
rooms at optimum bathing temperatures and ensures temperature/steam balance. Because steam rooms
Professional steam generators can operate inlet and • Failing to place temperature sensors and
exhaust fans automatically to maintain and regulate other cabling within an electrical conduit for
the optimum cabin climate. For example, an exhaust easy maintenance.
fan will not be switched on until the cabin reaches
When planning a
thermal room, it’s
imperative to include
cut-outs and slots for
electrical conduits and
cabin control units.
Without conduits,
it’s nearly impossible
to perform any
required maintenance
without damaging the
walls. Image shows
prefabricated walls
with conduits in place.
OF
RO
N
BI
CA AIR VALVE
Plastic | Stainless Steel
IDEAL EXTRACT
TO ATMOSPHERE
CONDENSATE
OF TRAP
RO
N
BI
CA AIR VALVE
RIGID OR FLEXIBLE
DRAIN PIPE OR HOSE
TAKEN TO DRAIN
Wet area specialists are well-versed in accepted Recognizing the huge trend towards putting
standards of air and heat extraction and can advise spa facilities on boats and cruise ships, here are
the HVAC consultant. It’s important to follow these some considerations to make when building
general guidelines: wet areas that will be at sea:
• Exhaust ductwork must be made of a non-corrosive • Building standards/codes for ships are set by
material—plastic, aluminum or stainless steel, IMO-International Maritime Organization,
depending on local building department regulations not other standards mentioned in this
and codes. Moist air, often mixed with the essence handbook
of essential oils, can be very corrosive. • Fire safety and smoke minimization is critical
- far more so than for land-based projects
• Exhaust ducting must be smooth, not flexible, to
avoid condensation. • Thermal cabins must be constructed in
aluminum sheet - using the traditional “dry
• Exhaust ducting must always fall in the direction
wall” system of metal framing, but replacing
of a condensate drain point, which should be at the
gypsum board with a single aluminum sheet
lowest point in the ductwork. If necessary, more
on the outside, fiberglass insulation in the
than one drain point should be provided. It is vital
core and a twin-wall aluminum sheet on the
that all risks of pooling or lying water be removed
inside
to prevent the incubation of Legionella (the bacteria
that causes legionnaire’s disease, a severe form of • Walls must then be sealed and waterproofed
This diagram illustrates the symbiotic relationship between heat and cold in a modern spa. The water
required for snowmaking comes from the pool and the heat generated by the snowmaking is funneled
back into the swimming pool.
Smooth render and waterproof Pitched or curved as in a Well insulated, but smooth
paint barrel vault, to avoid dripping, surface will produce drips
allowing droplets to run to the unless it is sloped or curved
sides
Tiled with mosaics Will drip regardless of the Poor, not recommended
style/angle as the joints in the
mosaics will form droplets that
cannot run away, even on a
sloped surface
Tiled with large format tiles or Less likely to drip than Can work with good design
stone mosaics, but joints in the and craftsmanship
material mean drips will form,
even on a pitched or barrel
vault roof
Difficult to reach levels Must be sloped or barrel vault Poor, not recommended. The
of insulation necessary to roof materials typically used to
construct a ‘warm’ roof. Typical clad ‘drywall’ type structures
U value for a thermal cabin are rarely moisture resistant
ceiling is 0.39 which has an and not capable of forming
equivalent R value of 14.6 a completely waterproof
membrane between the board
and the structure; runs the risk
of mold formation, unpleasant
odors, structural deterioration
and possible collapse
Ceiling Type: Fiberglass (also known as GRP (glass reinforced plastic/polymer); FRP (fiber reinforced
plastic/polymer) or FCP (fiberglass composite plastic/polymer)
Lighting plays an
important role in the
spa—the environment
can be changed
completely simply by
changing the colors the
lights are emitting.
Today’s technology
means all aspects
of a hydrothermal
spa—including
individual cabins—
can be controlled and
monitored remotely.
Example of a small
plant room for
maintaining a hot tub
or spa pool.
Health, Safety
and Hygiene
Consideration for the health and wellbeing of users begins
when a spa is in its earliest design stages. Whether building a
residential or commercial spa facility, it’s important to take into
account the factors that affect the wellbeing, either directly or
indirectly, of the people using the thermal cabins and pools.
isn’t only an issue in the thermal cabins and pool joints, thus avoiding the need for excess grouting. This
areas—they can also surface in other communal and makes cleaning and disinfecting easier, and, ultimately,
relaxation spaces. longer lasting and requiring less maintenance.
Additionally, specialist building materials, such as
In Design mortar-coated, expanded, polystyrene hard foam,
Increasingly, more and more spa designers, owners and make it possible to clad walls, floors, steps, benches
operators are actively engaged in the promotion and and shelves in ways that are completely waterproof
development of healthy buildings. They understand and mold-resistant. For example, in contrast to
that it’s important to be able to deliver the benefits plasterboard, hard-foam polystyrene has been proven
of health and wellness treatments/experiences in a to prevent the formation of mold due to its alkaline
building that is specifically designed to be “healthy properties. So usage of this humidity-resistant building
and well.” board will minimize the risk of infection or allergies
In the broadest sense, a “healthy building” is designed because it doesn’t provide a suitable breeding ground
with the goal of reducing any negative impact it for microscopic organisms or germs.
might have on occupants and the environment. That Proper drainage planning is also imperative, as it
means using building materials and best practices that plays a major role in the health of a hydrothermal
minimize risk to a person’s health—whether that be building. All excess water used during treatments
through illness or accident. and in cabins and pools must have somewhere to go.
During the design phase, it’s imperative to consider Correct drainage keeps bacteria from breeding and also
and analyze the materials that will be used and to minimizes the slip risks caused by wet and dirty floors.
understand how they will withstand the effects of (Not surprisingly, slipping and falling is the most
steam, sweat, oils and cleaning water/agents. common accident that can occur in a spa area).
In thermal rooms and communal spaces, it’s important Ventilation also plays a key factor in the health of the
to choose surfaces (benches, floors, walls) with minimal building and the health of those in it. In addition to
the ventilation requirements outlined in Chapter 8, Emergency call systems, like those found in the
it is essential to ensure smooth, not flexible, exhaust healthcare industry, should be included in the design
ducts are installed and that they fall in the direction phase. These systems will alert staff to incidents or
of a drain point(s). This is imperative to avoid any accidents, and, because all areas of a hydrothermal
pooling or lying of water in the ducting, preventing spa have associated risks, these systems should not
the incubation of legionella bacteria, the exposure only be adopted in the most “at risk” spaces (such as
to which can cause potentially fatal pneumonia. the thermal cabins and pool areas) but throughout
In cabins that are highly affected by heat, water the facility.
and humidity, there should be a ventilated cavity
Key Design Considerations for Health/
between the room walls (or cladding) and the
Safety/Hygiene:
building walls.
• Proper drainage to avoid excess water that can cause
Of course, cleaning and maintenance play a key role
slips and/or breed bacteria
in minimizing health risks in any building. Wet and
humid areas are difficult to clean and maintain at the • Ventilation that enables the proper flow of oxygen
best of times—in any building, the bathroom is the and condensation
most susceptible to fungus and mold. This makes it • Emergency call systems
vitally important to design the building/space while
• Measures for easy cleaning and disinfecting of all
having the perspective of the person(s) who will clean
areas
it in mind. For example, consider creating rounded
versus square corners for easier cleaning and always • Building materials that minimize the growth of
use sloped surfaces to avoid unhygienic pools of water mold and bacteria
on seats and other flat surfaces. Make sure there is an
easy path for water and cleaning solutions to reach the
drainage in the floor.
Daily Tests
Water Quality Values
(Every 2-3 Hours)
Free Chlorine Range 0.5 to 3.0 mg/l (Aim for 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l)
Calcium Hardness 200 ppm to 1000 ppm (not less than 200 ppm)
• Display clear instructions in prominent positions • Numerous illnesses, such as ear infections
explaining how equipment should be used and viral conditions, transferred via poor pool
water treatment and sanitizing
• Minimize/eliminate potential for scalding or
burning There are specially designed acidic cleaning
• Ensure proper ventilation and drainage solutions for tiles, fittings and accessories that
will dissolve lime deposits and grease scum
• Conduct and document regular cleanings and
gently, while specialized pipeline disinfectants
checks—hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
attack waterborne germs and fungus their
• Test alarm systems regularly
its source.
• Always provide a supply of drinking water for guests
and staff
Sustainability and
Regenerative Design
Where “green design” and sustainability have dominated the
last two decades of the building industry, today’s experts
are adopting concepts of regenerative design and wellness
architecture—practices that move away from doing “less harm”
and focus on symbiotic relationships to the local ecology while
enhancing all dimensions of wellness in order that both humans
and the planet thrive.
Natural Wood/Rock/Sheep/
50 0.59 9.6
Mineral Wool
Ecological Solutions
In combination with a central control system for the less electrical energy and are an extremely sustainable
wellness area, the rooms that consume the most energy and effective method for heating and cooling water.
(sauna and steam rooms) can be controlled according Tankless or on-demand water heaters, which heat
to frequency of use. With the help of door switches, water as needed versus a water heater that features a
the performance/power consumption of sauna heaters continuous heating source, are another option, but,
and steam generators will be reduced when the door because the water flow rate is not likely to meet the
has not been opened for a certain period of time, needs of guests in a large spa, these might be better to
something that can be customized to an individual supplement other heating solutions. Remember, short
operator’s needs. pipe runs, where possible, and proper insulation will
Alternatively, heaters and generators can be switched- go a long way in reducing heat loads and energy. And,
off or reduced in power consumption when a door is if there’s an option to use an electricity or gas supplier
left open, so they stay warm, but not hot, returning to that provides green-sourced energy, you can be “green”
bathing temperature quickly when the door is opened. with minimal effort and outlay of cash.
When designing mechanical and electrical systems, Of course, making and supplying your own energy is,
first consider reducing loads, second integrate more often than not, cost-prohibitive. In this case, it’s
climate appropriate passive strategies, and then important to focus on other ways to save on energy
turn to renewable energy sources—such as solar waste by using appliances that are rated energy efficient
or wind power—for generating electricity to run a (e.g., the Energy Star rating). And, although people
hydrothermal spa where possible. There are many are becoming more conscious of energy conservation,
affordable ways to utilize alternative energy sources, relying on staff and guests to shut off lights when
such as solar power, by integrating solar-roof panels to not in use is not enough; instead, consider installing
heat water for the pools and showers. Ground source sensors that will dim or shut lights off completely in
heat pumps, which harness natural ground heat by unused areas of the spa.
pumping water through underground pipes, require A simple way to manage water waste is by installing
Green Globe 21
www.greenglobe.com
Certification for the sustainable operations and management of travel and tourism companies and their related
supplier businesses.
Glossary | 175
Hamam Infrared Therapy
The word “hamam” literally translates to “bathroom” Using long-wave infrared radiation to distribute
in Turkish and refers to the entire Turkish bathhouse. warmth through the peripheral nervous system
A Turkish hamam is a large domed structure with
Inhalation Room
a central room (sikaklek) in which the belly stone
Specific treatment room for inhaling agents to treat
(göbek tasi) takes center stage. The belly stone is
respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis and
traditionally where attendants scrub and clean bathers.
emphysema
(Origin Turkish)
Jacuzzi
Hammam
Named after inventor and manufacturer, this is a bath
A Moroccan hammam is similar to a Turkish
or pool large enough for several persons sitting down
bath but has retained more of the traditional
to be massaged by underwater jets.
Roman bathing ritual—sending the bather on a
journey through smaller chambers with varying Kneipp Therapy
temperatures (like the Roman journey through the A 19th century adaptation of hydrotherapy formulated
laconium, caldarium, frigidarium and tepidarium). by Pastor Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897) and consisting
(Origin Moroccan/N. African) of hot and cold water treatments, walking barefoot in
the morning dew, and the use of herbal bath oils, all
Hot Tub
combined with physical exercise and a diet of natural
Large tub or small pool of heated water used for
food. Popular in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
hydrotherapy or pleasure. Some have jets for massage
purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes known as spas or by Laconium
the trade name Jacuzzi. Name originates from Roman baths; this is a warm
room (38-42 °C) where bathers can relax for long
Hydrotherapy
periods of time on benches or in individual, heated
The use of water for pain relief and treatment. The
loungers or chairs. (Origin Latin)
therapeutic effect of water depends on the temperature,
depth and duration of immersion and its mineral Lap Pool
content to soothe painful muscles and joints, as well as An exercise pool used for swimming lengths/laps and is
stimulate the circulation and immune system. commonly 25 m long x 12.5 m wide x 1.5 m deep. You
can also find pools that offer both resistance and lap
Hydrothermal Bathing
swimming in smaller spaces with the aid of motorized
Pertaining to the temperature effects of water used in
water-flow mechanisms.
thermal cabins and pools
Mineral Water
Ice Cave/igloo
Water of natural purity used for bathing and/or
Operating at 7° C to 15° C, these rooms provide
drinking, the source of which has to be in a subterranean
contrast therapy to the hot rooms in a spa and mimic
and protected water deposit. Mineral waters can have
the traditional experience of a “roll in the snow.”
an acidic, basic or neutral pH, depending on the types
Ice Fountain of dissolved solids in the water. Depending on use,
An access of ice in a spa for bathers to cool their bodies the content of some substances must not exceed the
between hot treatments indicated limits.
Glossary | 177
Spa Suite building, which were centers not only for bathing, but
A bedroom suite that offers additional spa equipment, socializing. (Origin Latin)
such as a hot tub, treatment table, experience
Thermal Bathing
shower, etc.
Thermal bathing is commonly associated with naturally
Steam Bath/Room hot water, rich in mineral salts, iodine and gases. The
The modern steam bath is unique in that it reaches place is often referred to as a spa, which is traditionally
100% relative humidity—which gives it the element used to mean a place where the water is believed to
of steam/fog. The caldarium is the Roman precursor have special health-giving properties.
to the steam bath (also commonly called steam room).
Thermal Suite
Steam Shower The collection of thermal treatments in a spa is
A steam shower is a type of bathing where a humidifying commonly called the thermal suite.
steam generator produces water vapor that is dispersed
Vichy Shower
around a person’s body. A steam shower is essentially
A Vichy shower is a horizontal series of showerheads
a small steam room that offers the typical features of a
forming a “rain bar” over a waterproof, cushioned
bathroom shower, often with a seat for comfort.
treatment table.
Sudatorium
Vitality Pool
A type of steam room in a Roman bath where the high
A vitality pool is the generic name for what people
temperature promotes sweating.
commonly refer to as a “Jacuzzi” (the brand name that
Swiss Shower has become synonymous with pools with water jets).
A shower in which jets of water are sprayed onto the Vitality pools offer a mini-hydrotherapy experience.
body from above, and also from numerous nozzles on
Water Cure
the side.
The use of water as a form of physical therapy, e.g., the
Temazcal Kneipp walk, which uses a mix of hot and cold water
The temazcal, or “sweat lodge,” is another example of to stimulate the circulation of blood. Pebbles on the
thermal bathing. (Origin Mexico) bottom of the stream/walkway massage the feet and the
alternation of hot and cold baths stimulate circulation
Tepidarium/Tepidaria
to all parts of the body.
Relaxation spaces with loungers and beds; the Romans
called these areas the tepidarium Watsu®
These are pools designed specifically for Watsu
Thalasso/Thalassotherapy
massage, a gentle form of body therapy performed in
From the Greek word thalassa, meaning “sea,” it is
warm water.
the medical use of seawater as a form of therapy for
preventive or curative purposes. The term includes Whirlpool Tub
seaweed, algae wraps and hydrotherapy. This is a bath large enough for several persons sitting
down to be massaged by underwater jets.
Thermae/Therma
In Roman times, the thermae, from the Greek word
thermos, meaning “hot,” were facilities for bathing;
the term usually refers to the large public bathing
complexes. Most Roman cities had at least one such
Americans with Disabilities Act Caldarium 7, 55, 175 Finnish sauna 2, 7, 18-20, 24, 34,
(ADA) 45, 48, 162 49-54
Contrast therapy 16, 23, 50, 75,
Aquathermal 1, 175 81, 104, 175 Floatation pool 11, 105
Aquapressure 92 Flooring 48
Index | 179
Hygiene 4, 39, 45, 159, 161, 165 M Surface finishes 111
Steam inlet 58
Sustainability 167
Temazcal 3, 178
Thalassotherapy 4, 178
Thermae/therma 178
Index | 181
Photo Credits
Thanks to all the companies and individuals who generously supplied us with the photography
accompanying these pages. Where possible, photo credits are within the text, if not, readers can find them
listed here.
Barr + Wray Ltd.: Viii; 3; 6 (top); 7 (bottom); 8 (bottom); 9 (bottom); 13 (top and bottom); 32 (top); 35 (top);
36 (bottom); 46; 65; 67; 71; 76; 98; 99; 100; 101; 104; 112; 113; 114; 158
Gharieni: 90
Iso Benessere: 82
Dornbracht: www.dornbracht.com
Leading high-end manufacturer of bathroom fixtures
Sommerhuber: www.sommerhuber.com
Manufacturer of large-area heat storage ceramics focused on design and hygiene
TechnoAlpin: www.technoalpin.com
Snow room and indoor snow installations
www.globalwellnessinstitute.org