February 23, 2005-Algebraic Geometry- Notes taken by Ricardo

Conceicao
Proposition 0.1. Let X P
n
be a projective variety. Let f
0
, ..., f
s

k[X
0
, ..., X
n
] homogeneous of the same degree such that f
0
, ..., f
s
do not van-
ish simultaneously on X. Then f : X P
s
dened by f(x) = [f
0
(x) : ... :
f
s
(x)] is an algebraic morphism.
Example 0.2. The following example shows the non-validity of the recipro-
cal: not every morphism X P
n
can be given uniformly by polynomials.
Let f : P
1
P
2
be dened by f[u : v] = [u
2
: uv : v
2
]. Set X = Imf.
Then I(X) = (X
2
1
X
0
X
2
) and if P = [x
0
: x
1
: x
2
] X then x
1
= 0 or
x
2
= 0 or P = [1 : 0 : 0]
1. Products of prevarieties
Let X and Y be prevarieties. We want the product X Y to be a
prevariety too. Unfortunately, we cannot just put the product topology in
it as the following examplse shows.
Example 1.1. A
1
A
1
, as a prevariety should be isomorphic to A
2
. Its
not hard to see that the Zariski topology in A
2
is dierent from the product
topology in A
1
A
1
The key fact in dening the product of two varieties is that the product
can be dened categorically. First lets see how to dene the product in the
category of sets.
Lets consider two sets X and Y . Let p
X
: X Y X and p
Y
:
X Y Y be the canonical projections. Then X Y satises:
For any set W with maps W
f
X and W
g
Y theres a unique map
: W X Y that makes
W
g
.w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w

G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Y X Y
p
Y

p
X

X
into a commutative diagram, i.e., you can factor f and g through the map
, f = p
X
and g = p
Y

Remark 1.2. (1) Check that in the category of topological spaces, the
product topology satises this universal property.
(2) If a product exists, its unique up to isomorphism.
Now lets see how this universal property will give us a clue on how to
dene the product of two ane prevarieties.
Example 1.3. Consider prevarieties X A
n
and Y A
m
. Lets suppose
that X Y A
mn
is dened. Suppose I(X) = (f
1
, ..., f
s
) k[X
1
, ..., X
n
]
1
2
and I(Y ) = (g
1
, ..., g
t
) k[Y
1
, ..., Y
m
]. Working out a few examples its not
hard to guess that I(X Y ) = (f
i
, g
j
) k[X
1
, ..., X
n
, Y
1
, ..., Y
m
].
The canonical projections p
X
: X Y X and p
Y
: X Y Y are
morphisms that induce k-algebra homomorphisms
A(X)

A(X Y )
A(Y )

The commutative diagram in the category of ane varieties induces the

following commutative diagram over the category of k-algebras:
A(X)
p

L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
A(X Y )

A(Y )
p

.r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
W
Where : W X Y is the unique morphism obtained from the
universal property of products. This last diagram is the diagram that denes
Tensor products as Universal objects, so A(X Y ) = A(X)
k
A(Y ). Note
that A(X)
k
A(Y ) is a k-algebra and an integral domain, since A(Y ) and
A(X) are also integral domains. So the ane variety with ring of functions
A(X)
k
A(Y ) is the product XY of the ane varieties X and Y . Notice
that the canonical maps A(X) A(X)
k
A(Y ) and A(Y ) A(X)
k
A(Y ) corresponds to the canonical projections on X and Y respectively.
Also its not hard to see that
A(X Y ) = A(X)
k
A(Y ) =
k[X
1
, ..., X
n
]
(f
1
, ..., f
s
)

k
k[Y
1
, ..., Y
m
]
(g
1
, ..., g
r
)

k[X
1
, ..., X
n
, Y
1
, ..., Y
m
]
(f
i
, g
j
)
Example 1.4. Let X A
3
be dened by XY Z = X
2
+ 3 and Y A
2
:
st = 7 then X Y is the subset (x, y, z, s, t) A
5
[xyz = x
2
+ 3, st = 7
2. Topology on X Y
Suppose X and Y ane varieties. The product of them as a set is just the
set XY . Lets see how to dene the topology to get an ane variety. Lets
start by dening the distinguished sets. For that pick f A(X)
k
A(Y ).
Recall that f =

i
f
i
(x) g
i
(y) and using the isomorphism
k[X]
I(X)

k
k[Y ]
I(Y )

k[X, Y ]
(I(X), I(Y ))
f g f(x)g(y)
We see that
(X Y )
f
= (x, y) X Y [

f
i
(x)g
i
(y) = 0
forms a base for the topology on X Y .
3
3. Field of functions of X Y
We know that k(X Y ) is by denition quot(A(X)
k
A(Y)) which is
equal to k(X)
k
k(Y ).
4. Stalks
In this case, the stalk at a point (x, y) X Y is given by
O
XY,(x,y)
= (A(X)
k
A(Y ))
m
(x,y)
Recall that in general O
XY,(x,y)
= ring of germs of functions X Y lo-
calized at the ideal of those functions vanishing at (x, y). Lets prove that
O
XY,(x,y)
(O
X,x

k
O
Y,y
)
mxO
Y,y
+O
X,x
my
.
Indeed, let J = m
x
O
Y,y
+O
X,x
m
y
, i.e.,
J =

i
(f
i
g
i
+ u
i
v
i
)

f
i
(x) = g
i
(y) = 0, g
i
, v
i
O
Y,y
, f
i
, u
i
O
X,x

Notice that for s =

i
f
i
g
i
O
X,x

k
O
Y,y
with

i
f
i
(x)g
i
(y) = 0, well
have s =

(f
i
a
i
) g
i
+

a
i
(g
i
b
i
) (m
x
O
Y,y
+ O
X,x
m
y
),
where b
i
= g
i
(y) and a
i
= f
i
(x) are elements of k. Therefore J is the ideal
of germs on X Y vanishing at (x, y).
Now we are ready to discuss the general case:
Theorem 4.1. If X and Y are prevarieties dened over k then their product
X Y exists (as a prevariety satisfying the universal property: Given
Z
g

X
Y
There exists a unique morphism = (f, g) : Z X Y making the
following diagram comutative
Z
f

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

G
G
G
G

G
G
G
G
g

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
X Y

Y

Y
X
Proof: As a set X Y = (x, y) : x X, y Y . We dene the topology
in the following way: Let | X and 1 Y be ane open subsets. Let
f =

i
f
i
g
i
, f
i
A(|) = O
X
(|), g
i
A(1) = O
Y
(1). A basis for the
topology in X Y is given by the sets

(x, y) | 1

i
f
i
(x)g
i
(y) = 0

4
over all open anes | X, 1 Y , f
i
O
X
(|), g
i
O
Y
(1).
Dene:
the function eld by
k(X Y ) := k(X)
k
k(Y )
the stalks by
O
XY,(x,y)
:= (O
X,x

k
O
Y,y
)
mxO
Y,y
+O
X,x
my
and the regular functions on an open set | X Y by
O
XY
(|) :=

(x,y)U
O
XY,(x,y)
Using this denitions its not hard to show that (XY, O
XY
) is a prevari-
ety. Now were left to check that X Y satises the universal property of a
product. To check that let us consider for any prevariety Z and morphisms
s : Z Y , r : Z X the following diagram:
Z
r

X
Y X Y
p
Y

p
X

We want to construct a morphism : Z XY which makes the diagram

commutes.
Let = (r, s) : Z X Y be the map dened by z (z) =
(r(z), s(z)). If | X and 1 Y are non-empty ane open sets, then
dene Z
U,V
= r
1
(|) s
1
(1) which is an open set in Z. It suces to check
that [
Z
U,V
is a morphism. To show that Z
U,V

| 1 is a morphism
is equivalent to show that

: A(| 1) O
Z
(Z
U,V
) is a homomorphism.
Recall that we can identify A(| 1) with A(|)
k
A(1), since | and 1 are
ane prevarieties. So take f(x)g(y) A(| 1). Then its not hard to see
that

(f g) = f

(f)s

(g) and that this is a homomorphism. Also, since r

and s are morphism, we have that r

(f) and s

(g) are regular functions, as

well as their product. So is a morphism and clearly satisfy the universal
property.
Example 4.2. Segre Embedding
Lets make P
n
P
m
into a projective prevariety. Consider : P
n
P
m

P
mn+m+n
the map dened by
([x
0
: . . . : x
n
], [y
0
: . . . : y
m
]) = [z
ij
= x
i
y
j
] 0in
0jm
5
We should notice that this map can be represented as the matrix:
A =

z
00
z
0m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
z
n0
z
nm

is well-dened since it clearly does not depend on the homogeneous co-

ordinate and you always can nd i and j such that x
i
y
j
= 0. Also is
injective as one can easily verify.
Let Z = Im(). Then Z is a closed algebraic set in P
mn+m+n
. In fact,
Z = A = [z
ij
] 0in
0jm
[ rank(A) = 1, that is, I(Z) is generated by the
2 2 minors z
ij
z
lk
z
lj
z
ik
. One can check that gives an embedding
: P
n
P
m

P
mn+m+n
(see Munfords, The Red Book of Varieties and
Schemes, pg 37).