The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.
The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.
The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.
The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.
Degree Differential Equations MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology Differential Equations
Exact Differential Equations MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology Objectives
• Evaluate differential equations using the principle of exact equations
Solve the differential equation 2 x + y 2 + 2 xyy ' = 0 The equation in neither separable or with homogeneous coefficients. So we couldn't apply the methods we discussed before. But observe that the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy 2 has the property that f f 2x + y = 2 x ;2 xy = y
Therefore (3) can be written as
f f dy d + =0 f ( x, y) = 0 x y dx dx We easily that d d 2 f ( x, y ) = 0 ( x + xy ) = 0 2
dx dx has the solutions
d ( x 2 + xy 2 ) = C x 2 + xy 2 = C The DE M ( x , y ) + N ( x , y ) y ' = 0 M ( x , y ) + N ( x , y ) dy = 0
is said to be exact if there exist a function f(x,y) such
that f f M ( x, y) = ; N ( x, y) = x y With this property, (4) can be rewritten as df=0 Let M, N, My, Nx be contuous on a disk D. The DE M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy=0 is exact if and only if M N = y x
That is, there exists function f(x,y) such that
fx=M; fy=N if and only in Mx=Ny My=fxy and Nx=fyx. Continuity of M and N implies a continuity of My and Nx which implies equality f xy = f yx M y = Nx by Clairaut's Theorem. We now show that if My=Nx, then (4) is exact. Let f(x,y) be a function such that fx(x,y) = M(x,y). Integrating f with respect to x, we get f(x,y)=Q(x,y)+h(y) where Q(x,y) is a differential function such that Qx(x,y) = x M(x,y). For M(t, y)dtmight example,Q(x, y) =we x0 choose where x0ϵD. Now, differentiating with respect to y, we get f y ( x, y ) = Q y ( x, y ) + h ' ( y ) = N ( x, y ) Solving for h'(y) we have
h'(y)=N(x,y)-Qy(x,y)
For us to solve for h(y), we must first confirm that
h'(y), despite its presentation, is strictly a function of y only. that is ... d h' ( y) = N ( x, y ) − = N ( x, y ) − Q ( x, y ) dx x x y x y x = N ( x, y ) − M ( x, y ) = 0 x y
Hence , h ( y ) = h ' ( y ) dy
and our construction for f(x,y) is done.
Exactness implies the equation
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
is equivalent to d[ f(x,y) ] = 0 for some function f. This
gives a solution f(x,y)=C for this DE. 1. 2x + y2 + 2xyy' = 0 ⇔ (2x + y2)dx + 2xydy = 0 is exact since My=2y=Nx
2. (3x2-2xy+2)dx + (6y2-x2+3)dy = 0 is exact since My=-2x=Nx
3. x ln y + xy + (ylnx + xy) y' =0
is nn-exact since My=x+ x/y ; Nx=y+ y/x I. Find the value b to which each of the equation is exact. 1. (xy2+bx2y)dx + (x+y)x2dy = 0 2. ye2xy +x +bxe2xyy'=0
II. Find a general function F(x,y) such that each of the
following equations are exact 1. F(x,y)dx +(x cos 2x -3)dy = 0 2. x ln y + xy + F(x,y)y' = 0 Solve the differential equation (y cos x + 2xey) + )sin x + x2ey-1)y' = 0
We see that My(x,y) = cos x + 2xey= Nx(x,y). Hence, our
DE is exact. Thus fx(x,y)=y cos x + 2xey (5) fy(x,y)= sin x + x2ey - 1 (6) Integrating (5) with respect to x, we get f(x,y) = ysin x + x2ey + h(y) (7) Solve the differential equation (y cos x + 2xey) + )sin x + x2ey-1)y' = 0
Setting fy(x,y)=N(x,y), we get,
fy(x,y) = sin x + x2e + h'(y) = sin x + x2ey -1 (8)
This gives h'(y)=-1 and thus h(y)=-y.
Finally, substituting to (6), we obtain f(x,y) = ysinx+x2ey-y and therefore the solution for our DE is ysinx + x2ey - y = C Solve each of the following ODEs
1. (3x2y + 4x3)dx + (x3-ycosy-siny)dy = 0
2. (4x3y3 + 6xy2)dx + (3x4y2 + 6x2y)dy = 0 3. (2x-y) + (2y - x) y' = 0 ; y(1)=3 4. (9x2+y-1) - (4y-x)y' = 0 ; y(1)=0 5. (ex sin y - 2y sin x) + (ex cos y + 2 cos x) y' = 0 Differential Equations
Non-Exact Differential Equations MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology Objectives
• Evaluate non-exact differential equation using the principle of integrating factor
Let M(x,y)dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 (1)
be a non-exact equation. the function μ(x,y) is called
an integrating factor is
μ(x,y)M(x,y)dx + μ(x,y)N(x,y)dy=0 is exact. For each item, determine whether or not the given functions μ(x,y) are intgrating factors to the given DEs 1. x3y3+x(1+y2)y'=0; μ(x,y)=1/xy3 2. y + (2x-yey)y'=0; μ(x,y)=xy2 3. (x+2)sin y + (x cos y) y' = 0 ; μ(x,y)=xex 4. ( sin y − 2e sin x) + ( cos y + 2e cos x ) y ' = 0; ( x, y ) = ye −x −x x
y y Let μ(x,y) be an integrating factor to (1). Now μ(x,y)M(x,y)dx + μ(x,y)N(x,y)dy = 0 is exact if and only if
(μM)y=(μN)x ⇒ Mμy - Nμx + (My -Nx)μ =0
If we assume that μ is a function of x only, then μx=dμ/dx and
μy=0. Making these substitution in we that d M − N = y x dx N M − Nx If y
N is a function of x only, say Q(x), then d = Q ( x) ( x) = e Q ( x ) dx
dx M −N One can also confirm that y x strictly a function of y, say N Q(y), then ( y) = e Q ( y ) dy
is an integrating factor of (1).
Solve the differential equation (x2-y2-4y-5)dx + 2x(x+y+2)dy=0
Let M(x,y) = (x2-y2-4y-5) and N(x,y)=2x(x+y+2), we see
that M y − N x − 2and My(x,y=-2y-4 and Nx(x,y)=4x+2y+4 y − 4 − (hence 4 x + 2 y + 4) the − 2 DE is = = non-exact. However, observe Nthat 2 x( x + y + 2) x
is a function in terms of ( x) = e x ( −2only. / x ) dx Hence. = 1/ x2 is an integrating factor. Solve the differential equation (x2-y2-4y-5)dx + 2x(x+y+2)dy=0
This means now that y 2
4y 5 2y 4 (1 − − − ) dx + ( 2 + + ) dy = 0 x2 x 2 x 2 x x is exact. Solving this, we 2 obtain the general solution y 4 y 5 x + + + + 2 y = C x x x or x 2 + y 2 + 4 y + 5 = Cx
