NSE 325: Fluid Mechanics and
Machinery
MASS, BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS -II
WK 5
Lt Col Md. Altab Hossain, PhD, CEng (UK), FIEB
Associate Professor & Postgraduate Coordinator, NSE Dept.
Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Email: altab76@[Link]; altab@[Link]
Cell: 01769024180, 01731734481
Objectives
• Work with the energy equation expressed in
terms of heads, and use it to determine turbine
power output and pumping power requirements.
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5–5 ■ GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION
The first law of The energy
thermodynamics (the change of a
conservation of energy system during a
principle): Energy process is equal to
cannot be created or the net work and
destroyed during a heat transfer
process; it can only between the
change forms. system and its
surroundings. 3
Energy Transfer by Heat, Q
Thermal energy: The sensible
and latent forms of internal
energy.
Heat Transfer: The transfer of
energy from one system to
another as a result of a
temperature difference.
The direction of heat transfer is
always from the higher-
temperature body to the lower-
temperature one.
Adiabatic process: A process
during which there is no heat
transfer. Temperature difference is the driving
force for heat transfer. The larger the
Heat transfer rate: The time
temperature difference, the higher is
rate of heat transfer.
the rate of heat transfer. 4
Energy Transfer by Work, W
• Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a
distance.
• A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions.
• Power: The time rate of doing work.
• Car engines and hydraulic, steam, and gas turbines produce work;
compressors, pumps, fans, and mixers consume work.
Wshaft The work transmitted by a rotating shaft
Wpressure The work done by the pressure forces on the control surface
Wviscous The work done by the normal and shear components of
viscous forces on the control surface
Wother The work done by other forces such as electric, magnetic, and
surface tension
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Shaft A force F acting through a moment
arm r generates a torque T
Work
This force acts through a distance s
Shaft
work
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done per unit time:
Shaft work is proportional to the
Energy transmission through rotating shafts torque applied and the number
is commonly encountered in practice. 6
of revolutions of the shaft.
Work Done by Pressure Forces
The pressure force
acting on (a) the moving
boundary of a system in
a piston-cylinder device,
and (b) the differential
surface area of a
system of arbitrary
shape. 7
The conservation of energy equation is
obtained by replacing B in the Reynolds
transport theorem by energy E and b by e.
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In a typical engineering problem, the
control volume may contain many
inlets and outlets; energy flows in at
each inlet, and energy flows out at
each outlet. Energy also enters the
control volume through net heat
transfer and net shaft work.
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5–6 ■ ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOWS
The net rate of energy transfer to a control
volume by heat transfer and work during steady
flow is equal to the difference between the rates
of outgoing and incoming energy flows by mass
flow.
single-stream devices
A control volume with
only one inlet and one
outlet and energy
interactions.
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Ideal flow (no mechanical energy loss):
The lost mechanical
energy in a fluid flow
Real flow (with mechanical system results in an
energy loss): increase in the internal
energy of the fluid and
thus in a rise of fluid
temperature.
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A typical power plant
has numerous pipes,
elbows, valves, pumps,
and turbines, all of
which have irreversible
losses.
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Energy equation in terms of heads
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Mechanical energy flow chart for a fluid flow system that involves a
pump and a turbine. Vertical dimensions show each energy term
expressed as an equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., head. 14
(5-74)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No
Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction
When piping losses are negligible, there is negligible dissipation of
mechanical energy into thermal energy, and thus hL = emech loss, piping /g
≅ 0. Also, hpump, u = hturbine, e = 0 when there are no mechanical work
devices such as fans, pumps, or turbines. Then Eq. 5–74 reduces to
This is the Bernoulli equation derived earlier using Newton’s
second law of motion.
Thus, the Bernoulli equation can be thought of as a degenerate
form of the energy equation.
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Kinetic Energy Correction Factor,
The kinetic energy of a fluid stream obtained
from V2/2 is not the same as the actual kinetic
energy of the fluid stream since the square of
a sum is not equal to the sum of the squares
of its components.
This error can be corrected by replacing the
kinetic energy terms V2/2 in the energy
equation by Vavg2/2, where is the kinetic
energy correction factor.
The correction factor is 2.0 for
fully developed laminar pipe
flow, and it ranges between 1.04 The determination of the kinetic energy correction
and 1.11 for fully developed factor using the actual velocity distribution V(r) and
turbulent flow in a round pipe. the average velocity Vavg at a cross section.
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Example: Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam
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Example: Fan Selection for Air Cooling of a Computer
Energy equation between 3 and 4
Energy equation between 1 and 2
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Example: Pumping Water from a Lake to a Reservoir
Energy
equation
between 1
and 2
For the
pump
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Summary
• Introduction
Conservation of Mass
The Linear Momentum Equation
Conservation of Energy
• Conservation of Mass
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Conservation of Mass Principle
Moving or Deforming Control Volumes
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
• Mechanical Energy and Efficiency
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Summary
• General Energy Equation
Energy Transfer by Heat, Q
Energy Transfer by Work, W
Shaft Work
Work Done by Pressure Forces
• Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical
Work Devices and Negligible Friction
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor,
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