Structure of Atom m

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Chapter - 2 FAST TRACK : QUICK REVISION

• Information about fundamental particles of atom

Name of UNIT Electron Proton Neutron




Constant

Mass amu 0.000546 1.00728 1.008665




kg 9.109 × 10–31 1.673 × 10–27 1.675 × 10–27




Charge Coloumbs – 1.602 × 10–19 + 1.602 × 10–19 Zero




esu – 4.8 × 10–10 + 4.8 × 10–10
Zero



Relative –1 +1 Zero




Charge

• Electromagnetic radiations : Energy emitted from any source (in forms

of waves) in which electric and magnetic fields oscillated perpendicular to
each other and travelling with a velocity of light is known as EM radiation.
• Characteristics of waves :

(a) Wavelength : The distance of one crest and


one trough in a wave. Denoted by ‘λ’.
(b) Frequency : Number of waves passing


through a given point in one second.

Denoted by υ.


(c) Amplitude : The height of crest or depth of a trough denoted by ‘a’.

(d) Wave Number : Number of waves per unit length denoted by

= (or m–1)

 (e) Velocity : Linear distance travelled by a wave in one second.

velocity of light c = =


∴ υ =



• Energywise order for EM radiation.

cosmic < γ rays < X rays < UV < VIBGYOR < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
→
λ (Increases) υ (Decreases) Energy (Decreases)
• Photon : A packet or particle of light energy is knows as Photon.

• Planck’s quantum theory : The energy emitted or absorbed by a source

is discontinuous in form of small packet of energy, called quantum.
Quantum of light is called photon.
Eav

E = hv (h = Planck's constant)


E = nhv (h = 6.626×10–34 J sec)


If ‘n’ photons are emitted E = nhυ

• Photo electric effect : The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from a
metal surface when a light of suitable frequency falls on metal surface.

hυ – hυ0 = mv2

hυ ⇒ Energy of incident light on metal surface.

hυ0 ⇒ Work function of metal.

mv2 = Kinetic energy by which e– is emitted from metal surface.

• de Broglie equation : All material particles in motion also exhibit wave like

properties.
h h
=
λ =
mv p

For microscopic particles mass is very less therefore Wavelength of wave

associated with it can be detected.

Chemistry Class XI
 For macroscopic particles mass is large, λ of wave associated with it can
not be detected. Hence dominant wave character.
Hence microscopic bodies have dual nature, where as macroscopic bodies
have particle nature.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to determine the exact position and velocity of a moving
subatomic particle simultaneously with accuracy.

∆x × m∆v ≥

∆x = uncertainty in position

∆v = uncertainty in velocity

Bohr’s theory for H [H like one e– systems He+; Li2+]

(1) e– revolving round the nucleus in circular path [stationary state; SHELL]
with a definite angular momentum [Here n = no. of shell of e–] and
with definite energy

En = ⇒ – 2.18 × 10–18

(2) As n increases, Energy of e– becomes less – ve [Due to less force of Proton

attraction]
As n decreases, Energy of e– becomes More – ve [Due to more force of
attraction by protons]
(3) In infinity shell e– has zero force of attraction therefore zero energy.
(4) Electron energy only changes by definite values ∆E = Ef – Ei.

Hydrogen spectrum : When e– in hydrogen atom is provided energy it gets

excited to higher shell from ground state, it comes back to ground state by
emitting energy in definite values.
“Quanta” : The emission of light energy is known as emission spectra. It
corresponds to each atom depending upon which energy shell e– is excited.

Structure of Atom 21
 It is discontinuous spectra as ‘λ’ of light radiations do not merge with each
other like in VIBGYOR (Continous Spectra).
When e– falls from any excited state to

= 1,09,678 R = Rydberg constant = 109678 cm–1

ni = 1, nf = 2, 3, 4, .... [Lyman series] (UV)

ni = 2, nf = 3, 4, 5, .... [Balmer series] (VIBGYOR)

ni = 3, nf = 4, 5, 6 [Paschen series] IR.

ni = 4, nf = 5, 6, 7 [Bracket series] IR.

ni = 5, nf = 6, 7, 8 [Pfund series] IR.

Quantum numbers : The noumbers which completely define the state of
e– in an atom.
(1) Principal Quantum No. : It describes the distance of e– from nucleus ‘n’
i.e., defines the shell no. It is denoted by ‘n’.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....


K, L, M, N, O .....

(2) Azimuthal (l) Quantum No. : It defines the path of e– decided by angular
momentum of e–. Each angular momentum value corresponds to one
subshell. The no. of subshells in a shell is 0 to n – 1.
n l (0 to n-1)


1 0 l=0 ‘s’ subshell






2 0, 1 l=1 ‘p’ subshell






3 0, 1, 2 l=2 ‘d’ subshell






4 0, 1, 2, 3 l=3 ‘f ’ subshell






All subshells are wave functions for locating e–.
In the same shell energy increase s < p < d < f.

Chemistry Class XI
(3) Magnetic Quantum No. : It gives the no. of magnetic orientations
an e– can have in a subshell. That is number of orbitals in a sub-shell.
ms = –l........o........+ l = (2l + 1).

(4) Spin Quantum No. : An e– is continuously spinning on its own axis.

1 1
The value of s = or –
2 2
An orbital can have maximum two e– one with clockwise and other with
anticlockwise spin.
Aufbau principle
(a) Electrons are filled in increasing order of energy of sub-shell.

(b) As ‘n + l’value increases energy of e– increases in that sub-shell.

(c) For two sub-shells with same ‘n + l’ value, as ‘n’ value increases

energy of e– increases.
Pauli’s principle
No two electrons can have same set of four quantum numbers in an atom.

Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

The pairing of e– in degenerate orbitals (different orbitals with same energy)
will get paired only once they have been singly occupied with same spin.

IMPORTANT POINTS
The filling of e– in subshells follows this order. (As per Aufbau principle)
(A) 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p
< 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p
(B) Half filled and completely filled subshells have more stability than
incompletely filled subshells.
Cr = [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu = [Ar] 4s1 3d10
(C) As the shell no. inc. size of subshell increases e.g., size of (2s > 1s) ; (3p
> 2p); (4d > 3d)

Structure of Atom 23
(D) The region in an orbital where probability of finding the e– is zero is known
as Nodal plane (or Node).
The no. of [radial nodes] = n – l – 1 and Angular Nodes = l,

Total nodes = n–1.

(E) ψ(psi) ψ2(psi square)


A wave function for The square of wave function where

locating an electron the probability of finding the e– is



maximum.

[Each value of ψ2 is a region and defines


one orbital]

(F) Orbit Orbital

(1) A definite distance from (1) A probability region for locating



the nucleus for finding the e– around the nucleus.


the e– [e– as a particle]. It is a wave function [e– as a wave]


(1) It has definite size and (2) It does not define definite size.


e– in this orbit has But only a boundary region diagram


definite energy. of a wave for locating the e–.


Chemistry Class XI
CBSE 11 | Chemistry STUDENT MATERIAL

2. Structure of Atom  Answer:  For  3p  the  total  number  of  electrons, 

number of orbitals = 3, n = 3, l = 1, m = ‐1, 0, +1 
 
 
Subjective Questions 
8. State Pauli Exclusion Principle.  
 
                              (CBSE  XI  – NCT ; 1 Mark ) 
1. Write  the  electronic  configuration  of  copper 
Answer: Wolfgang Pauli gave his hypothesis that 
(Atomic number of copper is 29). 
only   one   electron   can   occupy   a  give   quantum 
        (CBSE XI – MSE Chandigarh ; 1 Mark] 
state or each electron in an atom has a unique set 
Answer: Copper’s electronic configuration:  
of   quantum   numbers   where ,  the   principle 
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 
quantum number which gives its energy level, the 
 
magnetic   quantum   number   which   gives   the 
2. Write the ground state electronic configuration of 
direction of orbital angular momentum , and the 
Molybdenum (Z = 42).  
spin quantum number which gives the direction of 
                               (CBSE  XI  – KVS ; 1 Mark ) 
its spin. 
Answer: Electronic configuration of molybdenum
: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1 4d5 .   
9. Calculate  and  compare  the  energies  of  two 
 
radiations  one  with  a  wavelength  of  800  nm  and 
3. Write the value of I and m quantum numbers for  other with wavelength of 400 nm     
the outermost electron in Cu (Atomic No. 29)                       (CBSE XI – KVS ; 2 Marks) 
                               (CBSE XI – NCT; 1 Mark)  hc
Answer: Here n = 1 to 4 (as valence shell is 4)  Answer: Energy of first radiation =  E   

l = n‐1 and so l = 0…..3 
6.62  10 34  3  10 8
m = specific orbital, ‐2, ‐1, 0, 1, 2    E  2.4825  10 19 J  
  8  10 7
4. Write  the  electronic  configuration  of    
Ni2 + (Z for Ni = 28)   10. Account  for  stability  of  atom  with  the  help  of 
        (CBSE  XI  – MSE  Chandigarh ; 1 Mark )  Bohr's theory. 
Answer: Nickel electron configuration is 1s2 2s2p6                                (CBSE  XI  –KVS  ; 2 Marks ) 
3s2p6d8 4s2  Answer :  Bohr   explained   how   electrons   could 
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 8 jump from an orbit to another only by emitting or 
  Nickel ion (Ni ) = 1s  2s p  3s p d    absorbing energy in fixed quanta.  
Bohr's  model  accounts  for  the  stability  of  the 
5. Which  quantum  number  determines  the  shape 
atom  because  the  electron  cannot  loose  more 
and orientation of the orbitals? 
energy than it has in the smallest orbit.  
      (CBSE  XI  – MSE , Chandigarh ; 1 Mark ) 
 
Answer :  The   Azimuthal   quantum   number   or 
11. State  (n  +l)  rule.  Illustrate  with  the  help  of 
angular  momentum  quantum  number  gives the 
example.  Give  the  sequence  of  filling  orbitals 
energy level of subshells. 
using (n +l) rule. 
It provides the following information:  
                             (CBSE  XI  – KVS  ;  2 Marks ) 
The  total  number  of  subshells  present  within  a 
Answer: Orbitals in atomic ground‐state electron 
main shell.  
configurations are filled in the order of increasing 
It provides the shapes of subshells. 
n+ l. For equal n +  l values, the orbital  with the 
It  also  contributes  energy  due  to  angular 
lower “n” is most often filled first. Here “n” is the 
momentum  towards  the  total  energy  of  the 
principal quantum number n= 1,2,3…..and  l  is the 
  electron.   angular momentum quantum number,  l  = 0,1,…n‐
1+
6. Write electronic configuration of Cu  ion. (At. No.  1 designated  by the code s, , d, f for, l =0,1,2,3 
of Cu = 29)  respectively. 
           (CBSE XI – KVS , KVS ; 1 Mark) Answer:  5f 5d 5p 5s
Copper’s electron configuration  is as follows: 1s
  2 
4f 4d 4p 4s
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1  
3d 3p 3s
Copper  ion’s  configuration  is  1s2  2s2  2p6  3s2  3p6
  3d10  2p 2s

7. What are the values of n, I and m for 3p orbitals?  1s
                               (CBSE XI – KKS ; 1 Mark)   
 
    STRUCTURE OF ATOM | Page 1 of 5 
CBSE 11 | Chemistry STUDENT MATERIAL
12. Account for the following:   14. (a)  The mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10‐28 g. If its  
(a) The expected electronic configuration of          K.E. is 3.0 x 10‐25 J, calculate its wavelength in
copper is [Ar] 3d9 4s2 but actually it is [Ar] 3d10  Angstrom. 
4s1.  (b) What is photoelectric effect?
(b) In building up of atoms, the filling of 4s   (CBSE XI –NCERT, MSE (Chandigarh) ;  
orbitals occurs before 3d‐orbitals.  3 Marks) 
   (CBSE XI – MSE (Chandigarh) ; 3 Marks)  Answer: 
Answer:  (a) By using kinetic energy formula we can find 
(a) It is because the d subshell sometimes will  the speed of electron (v).  
overlap with the proceeding “s” subshell,  1
K.E  mv 2  
and the “f” subshell sometimes will  2
overlap with the proceeding “s” or “d”  3  10 25 J  2
subshells.  v2   (6 / 9.1)  10 6  
9.1  10 31 kg
    It  is prefered to have the 3d sub‐shell exactly 
half‐filled  or  completely  filled,  and  an  “s”  v 2  0.659  10 6  659000
 
electron is borrowed to complete it.   v  659000
(b) Electrons fill low energy orbitals or closer  v  811.78 m / s  
to the nucleus before they fill higher 
h 6.63  10 34
energy ones.      
  Wherever  there  is  a  choice  between  orbitals  mv (9.1  10 31 ) (811.78)
of equal energy, they fill the orbitals singly as 
0.73  10 34  10 31
far as possible. This applies where the orbitals    8.97  10 4  10 3  
have  exactly  the  same  energies  and  helps  to  811.78
minimise  the  repulsions  between  electrons    8.97  10 7 m = 8970 angstrom 
and so makes the atom more stable.  (b) The  Photoelectric  effect  refers  to  the 
  emission,  or  ejection,  of  electrons  from  the 
13. (a)  Write the electronic configuration of Cu+ ion   surface  of  a  metal  in  response  to  incident 
        (Z =29).  light. 
(b) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a   
milligram sized object moving with 1% speed  15. (a)  What  is  the  cause  of  greater  stability  of  
of light. Planck's constant (h) = 6.63 x I0 ‐34 kg          exactly  half  filled  and  completely  filled  
m2s‐1.         orbitals configurations? 
Velocity of light (c) = 3.0 x 108 ms‐1.   (b) What  hydrogen  like  ion  has  the  wavelength 
                             (CBSE XI –NCT ; 3 Marks)  difference  between  the  first  line  of  Balmer 
Answer:  and  Lyman  series  equal  to  59.3  nm.  (Given 
2
(a) The copper’s electron configuration: 1s   Rydberg constant R = 109678 cm‐1) 
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1      (CBSE XI –MSE (Chandigarh) ; 3 Marks) 
The  ionic  form  of  copper  with  Cu+  will  have  Answer:  
configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10   (a) The  tendency  of  the  subshells  to  be 
h completely filled or exactly half‐filled is that it 
leads to greater stability. 
(b) de Broglie = mv
The greater stability of these configurations is 
Mass (m) of object = 1 x 10‐6 Kg 
due to the symmetry, and exchange energy. 
1% of speed of light = 3 x 106 m / s 
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.63 x 10‐34 Kg / s  1 1 1
(b)    R HZ 2  , where R = 1.097 x 
6.63  10 34 Kg / s L n12 n22
h
    107m‐1 
mv (1  10 6 Kg) (3  10 6 m / s)
For Lyman series, n = 1 and 2  
6.63  10 34
  2.21  10 34 m  So, 
1
 RH Z 2
1

1
 
3 L 1 2 22
 
  1 RHZ 2 (3)
  
  L 4

 
    STRUCTURE OF ATOM | Page 2 of 5 
CBSE 11 | Chemistry STUDENT MATERIAL
4 v  585576.639 Or  5.86  10 5 m / s  
L   
R H Z 2 (3)  
For Balmer series, n = 2, and 3  17. (a)  Establish relationship between wavelength ()  
1 1 1       and momentum (p) of material particle. 
 RHZ 2    (b) Write  the  rule  due  to  which  following 
B n1 2 n22 electronic  configuration  for  nitrogen  is  not 
1 1 1 possible? 
 RHZ 2     
B 2 2 32
1 (5) RHZ 2
   1s 2s 2p  
B 36  
36 (c) Calculate  the  K.E.  of  an  electron  emitted 
B  when  the  difference  in  threshold  frequency 
(5)  RHZ 2   and frequency of the radiations is 3.0 x 1014 s‐1 
B  L 
4

36
 59.3  10 7   (h = 6.626 x 10‐.34) J sec 
2
R H Z (3) (5)  RH Z 2             (CBSE XI –NCT ; 3 Marks).  
Answer: 
1
[7.2  1.33]  59.3  10 7   (a) According to quantum mechanics, a wave is 
RHZ 2
always associated with any particle. This wave 
5.867 is called matter wave or de Broglie wave.  
Z2   
RH (59.3  10 7 ) According  to  Einstein  on  photoelectric  effect 
showed  that  energy  of  any  particle  with 
5.867
Z2  frequency ƒ is  
109678  59.3  10 7   E  hf
Z3 hc  
  E

16. A  photon  of  wavelength  4  x  10  ‐7m  strikes  on 
E h
metal  surface,  the  work  function  of  the  metal  Or,    
being 2.13 eV. Calculate  c 
(a) The energy of the photon (eV)   According to relativity,  
(b) The kinetic energy of the emission and   E  (p2 c 2  m2 c 4 )1 / 2  
(c) The  velocity  of  the  photoelectron.   As  proton  rest  mass  is  zero  so  we  have,  
(1 eV = 1.602 x 10‐19 J, mass of e‐ = 9.1 x 10‐31  E
kg)   p
c
            (CBSE XI –KVS; 3 Marks)   
h
Answer:  
p
hc
(a) Energy of photon  E    (b) The rule due to which electronic configuration 
 for  nitrogen  is  not  possible  is  the  molecular 
(6.63  10  34 8
) (3  10 ) orbital  theory  which  states  that  for 
E  4.9725  10 19 eV
4  10 7
determining  molecular  structure  in  which 
electrons are not assigned to individual bonds 
 
between  atoms,  but  are  treated  as  moving 
(b) KEmax  E  (work function )  
under the influence of the nuclei in the whole 
KEmax  (4.9725 10 19 )  (3.412  10 19 )   molecule. 
(c) Kinetic energy =  Ek  h ( v  v o )  
KEmax  1.5605 10 19 joules  
1 2 Ek  6.63  10 34 (3.0  1014 )  
(a) Kinetic energy =  mv  
2 Ek  19.89  10 20 J  
1
1.5605 10 19  (9.1  10 31 Kg) (v)2    
2 18. (a)  Explain Aufbau principle with the help of     
(1.5605  10 19 ) (2)         example. 
v2   (b)  What is Pauli Exclusion Principle?  
9.1  10 31  
                              (CBSE XI –KVS ; 3 Marks) 
v 2  0.3429  10 19  10 31 Answer: 
 
    STRUCTURE OF ATOM | Page 3 of 5 
CBSE 11 | Chemistry STUDENT MATERIAL
(a) The  electrons  gather  around  the  nucleus  in  20. (a)  When energy of electron is to be taken to  
quantum orbitals following four basic rules called           zero? 
the aufbau principle.  (b)  Which of the following orbitals are not  
(i) No  two  electrons  in  the  atom  will  share  the          possible? Give reasons.  3s, 1p, 4, 2d. 
same four quantum numbers n, l, m, and s.     (CBSE XI – MSE (Chandigarh) ; 3 Marks) 
(ii) The  electrons  will  first  occupy  orbitals  of  the  Answer: 
lowest energy level.  (a) The energy of electron is to be taken to zero 
(iii) The electrons will fill an orbital with the same  when it is in ground state. 
spin number until the orbital is filled before it  (b) Amongst 3s, 1p, 4f and 2d, only 3s and 4f 
will begin to fill of the opposite spin number.   orbitals are possible while 1p and 2d orbitals 
(iv) The  electrons  will  fill  orbitals  by  the  sum  of  are not possible. 
the quantum numbers n and l.  Depending  upon  its  quantum  number,  each 
Example: Silicon, with 14 electrons will follow the  shell  can  have  one  or  more  subshells 
sequence as given below:  associated with it. 
The  first  two  electrons  will  fill  the  1s  orbital  and  For  the  n=1  shell  there  is  only  one  subshell  ‐ 
leaving 12 electrons.  the s subshell. For the n=2 shell there are two 
The  next  two  electrons  will  fill  the  2s  orbital  subshells ‐ the s and p subshells and so 1p and 
leaving 10 electrons.  2d orbitals are not possible.  
The  2p  orbital  is  the  next  available  energy  level   
and can hold six electrons so 4 electrons are left.  21. (a)  Write outer electronic configuration of Cr  
The  next  lowest  energy  level  will  fill  3s  with  two  atom.  Why  are  half  filled  orbitals  more   
electrons.   stable? 
  (b) State Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. An 
19. (a)  Differentiate between orbit and orbital.  electron has a velocity of 50 
(b)  A metal gives out photoelectrons that have a    ms‐1accurate upto 99.99%. Calculate the 
stopping  voltage  of  2.6  V.   Will  light  of  uncertainty in locating its position. (Mass of 
wavelength  615  nm  cause  photoelectrons  to  electron = 9.1 x 10‐31kg, h = 6.6 x 10‐34Js)  
be ejected?                            (CBSE XI – 5 Marks) 
                             (CBSE XI –KVS ; 3 Marks)  Answer: 
Answer:  (a) The electron configuration of chromium is 
(a) In the atomic orbital model, the atom consists  1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 and 3d54s1 is the outer 
of a nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.  electron configuration. 
These electrons exist in atomic orbitals, which  As  it  is  more  difficult  to  remove  an  electron 
are a set of quantum states of the negatively  from  these  half  filled  orbitals  as  they  have 
charged  electrons  trapped  in  the  electrical  high  ionization  energy  as  well  they  are  more 
field  generated  by  the  positively  charged  stable than others. 
nucleus.  (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that 
The  axis  or  path  of  rotation  or  orbit  lay  the position and momentum of a particle 
external  of  the  particle  then  the  body  is  said  cannot be simultaneously measured with 
to be in Orbit.   precision and there is a minimum value for 
There is no fundamental difference between a  the product of the uncertainties of these two 
rotation and an orbit.  measurements. 
(b) Maximum energy:  Uncertainty  in  locating  its  position: 
2.6  1.6  10 19  4.16  10 19   hp (x) 
h
 
2
e 4.16  10 19
f   6.3x1014   6.63x10 34
h 6.63  10 34 50x 0.9999x9.1x10 31 (x)   
2
(c) light of speed 3x10 8
   4.76x10 7 m 1.056x10 34
frequency 6.3x10 14 x   0.002325x10 3
Now  615  nm  is  6.15  x  10‐7  m  and  this  is  too  454x10 31  
long for causing photoelectrons ejections.  x  2.325x10 6
   
 

 
    STRUCTURE OF ATOM | Page 4 of 5 
CBSE 11 | Chemistry STUDENT MATERIAL
22. (a)  Why is +2 oxidation state of Mn (25) is quite   
Notes: 
          stable, while the same is not true for iron  
          (26). 
(b)  What is meant by dual nature of electrons?       
Calculate  the  energy  and  wavelength  of  the 
photon  emitted  by  hydrogen  atom  when 
electron makes a transition from n = 2 to n = 
1.  Given  that  the  ionisation  potential  is 
13.6 eV. (leV = 1.6 x 10‐19 J) 
                                              (CBSE XI – 5 Marks) 
Answer: 
(a) The Mn2+ is more stable than Fe as Mn in (+2) 
state has stable d5 configuration.  
This is the reason why Mn2+ shows resistance 
to oxidation to Mn3+. 
While Fe2+ has 3d6 configuration and by losing 
one  electron,  its  configuration  changes  to  a 
more  stable  3d5 configuration  resulting  
Fe2+ easily  getting    oxidized  to  Fe+3 oxidation 
state. 
(b) An  electron,  a  sub‐atomic  particle,  once 
thought of as possessing the properties of 
a  particle  only  is  now  determined  by 
physicists  to  possess  both  the  properties 
of a particle and a wave.  
1  1 1 
R    
  n22 n12 
1 1 1 
 1.097 x 10 7     
  12 2 2 
1  1
 1.097 x 10 7 1    
  4
1 3
 1.097 x 10 7    
 4
1.097 x 10 7 x 3
  1.215 x 10 5 m  
4
Energy of the photon: 
34 x 3 x 10 8
hc 6.626068 x 10
E   
 1.215 x 10 5
34 x 3 x 10 8
hc 6.626068 x 10
E   
 1.215 x 10 5
E = 16.3606 x 10‐21 J;   or 0.102 eV 
 
 

 
    STRUCTURE OF ATOM | Page 5 of 5 
(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Class
AnswerXI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

(i) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10–31 kg

–31
(i) Number
Calculateofthe
electrons
numberthat weigh 9.10939
of electrons × 10together
which will kg = weigh
1 one gram.
–3
Number of electrons that will weigh 1 g = (1 × 10 kg)
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Answer
(i) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10–31 kg
–3 + 31
= Number
0.1098 ×of10
electrons that weigh 9.10939 × 10–31 kg = 1
= 0.1098
Number 1028
of×electrons that will weigh 1 g = (1 × 10–3 kg)
= 1.098 × 1027
(ii) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10–31 kg
23 –31
Mass
= of one
0.1098 mole
× 10 –3 + of
31 electron = (6.022 × 10 ) × (9.10939 ×10 kg)
–7
= 0.1098
= 5.48 × ×
101028kg
–19
Charge
= 1.098on one
× 10 27 electron = 1.6022 × 10 coulomb
–19
Charge
(ii) Masson
of one
one mole of electron
electron = (1.6022
= 9.10939 × 10–31×kg10 C) (6.022 × 1023)
4
= 9.65
Mass of × 10mole
one C of electron = (6.022 × 1023) × (9.10939 ×10–31 kg)

= 5.48 × 10–7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19 coulomb
(i) Calculate
Charge on onethe totalofnumber
mole electronof=electrons
(1.6022 present in one
× 10–19 C) mole
(6.022 × of
10methane.
23
)
14
(ii)9.65
= Find×(a)
104the
C total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of C.
(Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg).
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3 at STP.
WillCalculate
(i) the answer
the change if the temperature
total number and pressure
of electrons present in oneare changed?
mole of methane.
Answer
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C.
(i) Number
(Assume thatofmass
electrons present =
of a neutron in 1.675
1 molecule of kg).
× 10–27 methane (CH4)
{1(6)
(iii) + 4(1)}
Find (a) the=total
10 number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH at STP.
3
23
Number of electrons present in 1 mole i.e., 6.023 × 10 molecules
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed? of methane
= 6.022 × 1023 × 10 = 6.022 × 1024
Answer
(ii) (a) Number
(i) Number of electrons of 14C inin11mole=
of atomspresent 6.023
molecule × 1023 (CH )
of methane 4
14
Since +
{1(6) 1 atom
4(1)} of
= 10 C contains (14 – 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of neutrons in 14 g of
14
C is (6.023
Number × 1023)present
of electrons ×8. Or,in of 14i.e.,
141 gmole C contains (6.022
6.023 × × 1023 × 8)
1023 molecules of neutrons.
methane
= 6.022 × 1023 × 10 = 6.022 × 1024
14
(ii) (a) Number of atoms of C in 1 mole= 6.023 × 1023
14
Since 1 atom of C contains (14 – 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of neutrons in 14 g of
14 23 14
C is (6.023 × 10 ) ×8. Or, 14 g of C contains (6.022 × 1023 × 8) neutrons.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Number of neutrons in 7 mg

= 2.4092 × 1021
(b) Mass of one neutron = 1.67493 × 10–27 kg
14
Mass of total neutrons in 7 g of C
= (2.4092 × 1021) (1.67493 × 10–27 kg)
= 4.0352 × 10–6 kg
(iii) (a) 1 mole of NH3 = {1(14) + 3(1)} g of NH3
= 17 g of NH3
= 6.022× 1023 molecules of NH3
Total number of protons present in 1 molecule of NH3
= {1(7) + 3(1)}
= 10
Number of protons in 6.023 × 1023 molecules of NH3
= (6.023 × 1023) (10)
= 6.023 × 1024
⇒ 17 g of NH3 contains (6.023 × 1024) protons.
Number of protons in 34 mg of NH3

= 1.2046 × 1022
(b) Mass of one proton = 1.67493 × 10–27 kg
Total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3
= (1.67493 × 10–27 kg) (1.2046 × 1022)
= 2.0176 × 10–5 kg
The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom is independent of
temperature and pressure conditions. Hence, the obtained values will remain unchanged
if the temperature and pressure is changed.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?

, , , ,
Answer
13
6C:

Atomic mass = 13
Atomic number = Number of protons = 6
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 13 – 6 = 7

:
Atomic mass = 16
Atomic number = 8
Number of protons = 8
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 16 – 8 = 8

:
Atomic mass = 24
Atomic number = Number of protons = 12
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 24 – 12 = 12

:
Atomic mass = 56
Atomic number = Number of protons = 26
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 56 – 26 = 30

:
Atomic mass = 88
Atomic number = Number of protons = 38
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

= 88 – 38 = 50

Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and Atomic
mass (A)
(i) Z = 17, A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Answer

(i) (ii) (iii)

Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (λ) of 580 nm. Calculate the

frequency (ν) and wave number ( ) of the yellow light.

Answer
From the expression,

We get,

…….. (i)
Where,
ν = frequency of yellow light
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
λ = wavelength of yellow light = 580 nm = 580 × 10–9 m
Substituting the values in expression (i):

Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp

= 5.17 × 1014 s–1

Wave number of yellow light,

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Find energy of each of the photons which

(i) correspond to light of frequency 3× 1015 Hz.
(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å.
Answer
(i) Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,

E=
Where,
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
ν = frequency of light = 3 × 1015 Hz
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10–34) (3 × 1015)
E = 1.988 × 10–18 J
(ii) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength (λ) is given by the expression,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is
2.0 × 10–10 s.
Answer

Frequency (ν) of light

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Wavelength (λ) of light

Where,
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3×108 m/s
Substituting the value in the given expression of λ:

Wave number of light

What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J of
energy?
Answer
Energy (E) of a photon = hν
Energy (En) of ‘n’ photons = nhν

Where,
λ = wavelength of light = 4000 pm = 4000 ×10–12 m
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
Substituting the values in the given expression of n:

Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of 4000 pm and energy of 1 J are
2.012 × 1016.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the
metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the photon (eV), (ii) the kinetic energy
of the emission, and (iii) the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10–19 J).
Answer

(i) Energy (E) of a photon = hν

Where,
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
λ = wavelength of photon = 4 × 10–7 m
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Hence, the energy of the photon is 4.97 × 10–19 J.

(ii) The kinetic energy of emission Ek is given by

= (3.1020 – 2.13) eV
= 0.9720 eV
Hence, the kinetic energy of emission is 0.97 eV.
(iii) The velocity of a photoelectron (ν) can be calculated by the expression,

Where, is the kinetic energy of emission in Joules and ‘m’ is the mass of the
photoelectron. Substituting the values in the given expression of v:
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

v = 5.84 × 105 ms–1

Hence, the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.84 × 105 ms–1.

Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium

atom. Calculate the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1.
Answer

Energy of sodium (E)

= 4.947 × 105 J mol–1

= 494.7 × 103 J mol–1
= 494 kJ mol–1

A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57Jm. Calculate the
rate of emission of quanta per second.
Answer
Power of bulb, P = 25 Watt = 25 Js–1

Energy of one photon, E = hν

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 34.87 × 10–20 J
Rate of emission of quanta per second
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to

radiation of wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold frequency ( ) and work function

(W0) of the metal.
Answer

Threshold wavelength of radian = 6800 × 10–10 m

Threshold frequency of the metal

= 4.41 × 1014 s–1

Thus, the threshold frequency of the metal is 4.41 × 1014 s–1.

Hence, work function (W0) of the metal = hν0
= (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (4.41 × 1014 s–1)
= 2.922 × 10–19 J

What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom
undergoes transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?
Answer
The ni = 4 to nf = 2 transition will give rise to a spectral line of the Balmer series. The
energy involved in the transition is given by the relation,

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = – (4.0875 × 10–19 J)
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.

Wavelength of light emitted

Substituting the values in the given expression of λ:

How much energy is required to ionise a H atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit?
Compare your answer with the ionization enthalpy of H atom (energy required to remove
the electron from n =1 orbit).
Answer
The expression of energy is given by,

Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom
n = principal quantum number

For ionization from n1 = 5 to ,

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Hence, the energy required for ionization from n = 5 to n = is 8.72 × 10–20 J.

Energy required for n1 = 1 to n = ,

Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5th orbital of hydrogen atom as
compared to that in the ground state.

What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of an H atom
in n = 6 drops to the ground state?
Answer
When the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to the ground state, the following
transitions are possible:
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in the emission

spectrum.
The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the nth level drops down to

the ground state is given by .

Given,
n=6

Number of spectral lines = 15

(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J
atom–1. What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
Answer
(i) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is calculated as:

E5 = –8.72 × 10–20 J
(ii) Radius of Bohr’s nth orbit for hydrogen atom is given by,
rn = (0.0529 nm) n2
For,
n=5
r5 = (0.0529 nm) (5)2
r5 Class XI nm
= 1.3225 Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

For,
n=5
Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of
r5 = (0.0529 nm) (5)2
atomic hydrogen.
r5 = 1.3225 nm
Answer

For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of wavenumber is given by,
Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of
atomic hydrogen.
Answer

For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of wavenumber is given by,
Wave number is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition. Hence, for the

longest wavelength transition, has to be the smallest.

For to be minimum, nf should be minimum. For the Balmer series, a transition from ni
= Wave
2 to nfnumber
= 3 is allowed. Hence, taking
is inversely nf = 3, we
proportional to get:
wavelength of transition. Hence, for the

longest wavelength transition, has to be the smallest.

For to be minimum, nf should be minimum. For the Balmer series, a transition from ni
= 2 to nf = 3 is allowed. Hence, taking nf = 3, we get:

= 1.5236 × 106 m–1

What is the energy6 in –1joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from
= 1.5236 × 10 m
the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted
when the electron returns to the ground state? The ground state electron energy is –
2.18 × 10–11 ergs.
What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from
the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted
when the electron returns to the ground state? The ground state electron energy is –
2.18 × 10–11 ergs.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Answer
Energy (E) of the nth Bohr orbit of an atom is given by,

Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom
Ground state energy = – 2.18 × 10–11 ergs
= –2.18 × 10–11 × 10–7 J
= – 2.18 × 10–18 J
Energy required to shift the electron from n = 1 to n = 5 is given as:
NE = E5 – E1

The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = (–2.18 × 10–18)/n2 J. Calculate

the energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the
longest wavelength of light in cm that can be used to cause this transition?
Answer
Given,
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Energy required for ionization from n = 2 is given by,

= 0.545 × 10–18 J
NE = 5.45 × 10–19 J

Here, λ is the longest wavelength causing the transition.

= 3647 × 10–10 m
= 3647 Å

Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 ms–1.
Answer
According to de Broglie’s equation,

Where,
λ = wavelength of moving particle
m = mass of particle
v = velocity of particle
h = Planck’s constant
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 ms–1 is 3.548
× 10–11 m.

The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its
wavelength.
Answer
From de Broglie’s equation,

Given,
Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron = 3.0 × 10–25 J

Substituting the value in the expression of λ:

Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625 × 10–7 m.

The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its
wavelength.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Answer
From de Broglie’s equation,

Given,
Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron = 3.0 × 10–25 J

Substituting the value in the expression of λ:

Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625 × 10–7 m.

Write the electronic configurations of the following ions: (a) H– (b) Na+ (c) O2–(d) F–
) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are
represented by (a) 3s1 (b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5?
Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
Answer

The electronic configuration of H atom is 1s1.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of H– = 1s2
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

The electronic configuration of Na atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.

A positive charge on the species indicates the loss of an electron by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0 or 1s2 2s2 2p6
! "
The electronic configuration of 0 atom is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
A dinegative charge on the species indicates that two electrons are gained by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of O2– ion = 1s2 2s2 p6
# $
The electronic configuration of F atom is 1s2 2s2 2p5.
A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.
∴ Electron configuration of F– ion = 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s1
Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element
= 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
∴ Atomic number of the element = 11
2p3
Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p3.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7
∴ Atomic number of the element = 7
! 3p5
Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p5.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9
∴ Atomic number of the element = 9
% &
The electronic configuration of the element is [He] 2s1 = 1s2 2s1.
∴ Atomic number of the element = 3
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [He] 2s1 is lithium (Li).
% & 5
The electronic configuration of the element is [Ne] 3s2 3p3= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
∴ Atomic number of the element = 15
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3 is phosphorus (P).
! %'(&
The electronic configuration of the element is [Ar] 4s2 3d1= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry
∴ Atomic number of the element = 21
∴ Atomic
Hence, the number
element of thethe
with element = 15configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d1 is scandium (Sc).
electronic
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3 is phosphorus (P).
! %'(&
2
The is
What electronic configuration
the lowest of the
value of n that element
allows 3d1= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1.
is [Ar]to4sexist?
g orbitals
∴ Atomic number of the element = 21
Answer
2 1
Hence,
For the element
gSorbitals, l = 4. with the electronic configuration [Ar] 4s 3d is scandium (Sc).
As for any value ‘n’ of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can
have a value from zero to (n – 1).
∴ What
For l =is4,
the lowest value
minimum valueofofnnthat
= 5allows g orbitals to exist?
Answer
For gSorbitals, l = 4.
As for any value ‘n’ of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can

Anhave a value
electron from
is in onezero to (n
of the 3d– orbitals.
1). Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this
∴ For l = 4, minimum value of n = 5
electron.
Answer
For the 3d orbital:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
An electron
Azimuthal is in one
quantum of the
number (l)3d
= 2orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this
electron.quantum number (ml) = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
Magnetic
Answer
For the 3d orbital:

AnPrincipal
atom ofquantum number
an element (n) =
contains 293electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce the number of
Azimuthal
protons and quantum number (l)
the electronic =2
configuration of the element.
Magnetic quantum number (ml) = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
Answer
For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons.
∴ An atom of
Number of protons
an element contains
in the atom of29the
electrons and 35 =
given element neutrons.
29 Deduce the number of
protons and
The electronic the electronic of
configuration configuration
the atom is of the element.
Answer
For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons.
∴ Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
The electronic configuration of the atom is
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.

Give the number of electrons in the species , H2 and

Answer

:
Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule (H2) = 1 + 1 = 2

∴ Number of electrons in =2–1=1

H2:
Number of electrons in H2 = 1 + 1 = 2

:
Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule (O2) = 8 + 8 = 16

∴ Number of electrons in = 16 – 1 = 15

An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml ?

List the quantum numbers (ml and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f
Answer
n = 3 (Given)
For a given value of n, l can have values from 0 to (n – 1).
∴ For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values.
For l = 0, m = 0
l = 1, m = – 1, 0, 1
l = 2, m = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
∴ For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
m0 = 0
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

m1 = – 1, 0, 1
m2 = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
For 3d orbital, l = 2.
For a given value of l, mlcan have (2l + 1) values i.e., 5 values.
∴ For l = 2
m2 = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
Among the given orbitals only 2s and 2p are possible. 1p and 3f cannot exist.
For pSorbital, l = 1.
For a given value of n, l can have values from zero to (n – 1).
∴ For l is equal to 1, the minimum value of n is 2.
Similarly,
For fSorbital, l = 4.
For l = 4, the minimum value of n is 5.
Hence, 1p and 3f do not exist.

Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
n = 1, l = 0; n = 3; l =1 ! n = 4; l = 2; # n = 4; l =3.
Answer
n = 1, l = 0 (Given)
The orbital is 1s.
For n = 3 and l = 1
The orbital is 3p.
! For n = 4 and l = 2
The orbital is 4d.
# For n = 4 and l = 3
The orbital is 4f.

Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are
possible.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

n=0 l=0 ml = 0

n=1 l=0 ml = 0

! n=1 l=1 ml = 0

# n=2 l=1 ml = 0

n=3 l=3 ml = – 3

n=3 l=1 ml = 0

Answer
The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the value of the principal
quantum number (n) cannot be zero.
The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
! The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.
For a given value of n, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
For n = 1, l = 0 and not 1.
# The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.
For n = 3,
l = 0 to (3 – 1)
l = 0 to 2 i.e., 0, 1, 2
The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers? n = 4,

n = 3, l = 0
Answer
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n = 2n2

∴ For n = 4,
Total number of electrons = 2 (4)2
= 32
The given element has a fully filled orbital as
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.
Hence, all the electrons are paired.

∴ Number of electrons (having n = 4 and ) = 16

n = 3, l = 0 indicates that the electrons are present in the 3s orbital. Therefore, the
number of electrons having n = 3 and l = 0 is 2.

Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral
multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the
orbit.
Answer
Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr’s postulate, the angular
momentum of that electron is given by:

Where,
n = 1, 2, 3, …
According to de Broglie’s equation:

Substituting the value of ‘mv’ from expression (2) in expression (1):

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Since ‘2πr’ represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit (r), it is proved by equation
(3) that the circumference of the Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple
of de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the
Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
Answer

For He+ ion, the wave number associated with the Balmer transition, n = 4 to n = 2
is given by:

Where,
n1 = 2
n2 = 4
Z = atomic number of helium

According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have the same
wavelength as that of He+.

By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only when
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

n1 = 1and n2 = 2.
∴ The transition for n2 = 2 to n = 1 in hydrogen spectrum would have the same
wavelength as Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum.

Calculate the energy required for the process

The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 ×10–18 J atom–1
Answer
Energy associated with hydrogenSlike species is given by,

For ground state of hydrogen atom,

For the given process,

An electron is removed from n = 1 to n = ∞.

∴ The energy required for the process

If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms
which can be placed side by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm
long.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Answer
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10–2 m
Length of the scale = 20 cm
= 20 × 10–2 m
Diameter of a carbon atom = 0.15 nm
= 0.15 × 10–9 m
One carbon atom occupies 0.15 × 10–9 m.
∴ Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line

2 × 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom
if the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Answer
Length of the given arrangement = 2.4 cm
Number of carbon atoms present = 2 × 108
∴ Diameter of carbon atom
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

The diameter of zinc atom is .Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in pm and (b)
number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged side by
side lengthwise.
Answer

Radius of zinc atom

Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm

= 1.6 × 10–2 m
Diameter of zinc atom = 2.6 × 10–10 m
∴ Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement

A certain particle carries 2.5 × 10–16C of static electric charge. Calculate the number of
electrons present in it.
Answer
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19 C
⇒ 1.6022 × 10–19C charge is carried by 1 electron.
∴ Number of electrons carrying a charge of 2.5 × 10–16 C
In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by
shining XSrays. If the static electric charge on the oil drop is –1.282 × 10–18C, calculate
Class XI
the number Chapter
of electrons present on2it.
– Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Answer
–18
Charge
In on the
Milikan’s oil drop = 1.282
experiment, static ×10
electricC charge on the oil drops has been obtained by
–19
Charge on
shining one electron
XSrays. = 1.6022
If the static × 10
electric chargeC on the oil drop is –1.282 × 10–18C, calculate
∴Number
the numberof of
electrons present
electrons presentonon
theit.oil drop

Answer
Charge on the oil drop = 1.282 ×10–18C
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19C
∴Number of electrons present on the oil drop

In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum
etc. have been used to be bombarded by the αSparticles. If the thin foil of light atoms
like aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed from the above results?
Answer
A thin
In foil of lighter
Rutherford’s atoms will
experiment, not give the
generally the thin
samefoil
results as given
of heavy withlike
atoms, thegold,
foil ofplatinum
heavier
atoms.
etc. have been used to be bombarded by the αSparticles. If the thin foil of light atoms
Lighter
like atoms etc.
aluminium would be able
is used, to difference
what carry verywould
little be
positive charge.
observed from Hence, they
the above will not
results?
cause enough deflection of αSparticles (positively charged).
Answer
A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with the foil of heavier
atoms.
Lighter
Symbolsatoms would be ablecan to
be carry very whereas
written, little positive charge. Hence, theyare
symbols will not
cause enough
acceptable. deflection
Answer of αSparticles (positively charged).
briefly.
Answer
The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass (A) and

Symbols
atomic number (Z) is can be written, whereas symbols are
acceptable. Answer briefly.
Answer
The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass (A) and

atomic number (Z) is

 Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Hence, is acceptable but is not acceptable.

can be written but cannot be written because the atomic number of an

element is constant, but the atomic mass of an element depends upon the relative
abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is necessary to mention the atomic mass of an
element

An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to

protons. Assign the atomic symbol.
Answer
Let the number of protons in the element be x.
∴ Number of neutrons in the element
= x + 31.7% of x
= x + 0.317 x
= 1.317 x
According to the question,
Mass number of the element = 81
∴ (Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81

Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.

Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its
nucleus, the atomic number of the given element is 35.

∴ The atomic symbol of the element is .

An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains
11.1% more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Answer
Let the number of electrons in the ion carrying a negative charge be x.
Then,
Number of neutrons present
= x + 11.1% of x
= x + 0.111 x
= 1.111 x
Number of electrons in the neutral atom = (x – 1)
(When an ion carries a negative charge, it carries an extra electron)
∴ Number of protons in the neutral atom = x – 1
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 37
∴ (x – 1) + 1.111x = 37
2.111x = 38
x = 18

∴The symbol of the ion is

An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more
neutrons than electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion.
Answer

Let the number of electrons present in ion

∴ Number of neutrons in it = x + 30.4% of x = 1.304 x
Since the ion is tripositive,
⇒ Number of electrons in neutral atom = x + 3
∴ Number of protons in neutral atom = x + 3
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 56
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

∴ Number of protons = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26

∴ The symbol of the ion

Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of frequency: (a) radiation
from microwave oven (b) amber light from traffic signal (c) radiation from FM radio (d)
cosmic rays from outer space and (e) XSrays.
Answer
The increasing order of frequency is as follows:
Radiation from FM radio < amber light < radiation from microwave oven < XS rays <
cosmic rays
The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:
Cosmic rays < XSrays < radiation from microwave ovens < amber light < radiation of FM
radio

Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of

photons emitted is 5.6 × 1024, calculate the power of this laser.
Answer
Power of laser = Energy with which it emits photons

Power
Where,
N = number of photons emitted
h = Planck’s constant
c = velocity of radiation
λ = wavelength of radiation
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy (E):

E
= 0.3302 × 107 J
= 3.33 × 106 J
Hence, the power of the laser is 3.33 × 106 J.

Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate
(a) the frequency of emission, (b) distance traveled by this radiation in 30 s (c) energy
of quantum and (d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.
Answer
Wavelength of radiation emitted = 616 nm = 616 × 10–9 m (Given)

(a) Frequency of emission

Where,
c = velocity of radiation
λ = wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of :

= 4.87 × 108 × 109 × 10–3 s–1

ν = 4.87 × 1014 s–1
Frequency of emission (ν) = 4.87 × 1014 s–1
(b) Velocity of radiation, (c) = 3.0 × 108 ms–1
Distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s
= (3.0 × 108 ms–1) (30 s)
= 9.0 × 109 m
(c) Energy of quantum (E) = hν
(6.626 × 10–34 Js) (4.87 × 1014 s–1)
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Energy of quantum (E) = 32.27 × 10–20 J

(d) Energy of one photon (quantum) = 32.27 × 10–20 J
Therefore, 32.27 × 10–20 J of energy is present in 1 quantum.
Number of quanta in 2 J of energy

= 6.19 ×1018
= 6.2 ×1018

In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally
weak. If the photon detector receives a total of 3.15 × 10–18 J from the radiations of 600
nm, calculate the number of photons received by the detector.
Answer
From the expression of energy of one photon (E),

Where,
λ = wavelength of radiation
h = Planck’s constant
c = velocity of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E
E = 3.313 × 10–19 J
Energy of one photon = 3.313 × 10–19 J
Number of photons received with 3.15 × 10–18 J energy

= 9.5
≈ 10
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed
radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has
the duration of 2 ns and the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 ×
1015, calculate the energy of the source.
Answer
Frequency of radiation (ν),

ν = 5.0 × 108 s–1

Energy (E) of source = Nhν
Where,
N = number of photons emitted
h = Planck’s constant
ν = frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5 × 1015) (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (5.0 × 108 s–1)
E = 8.282 × 10–10 J
Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 × 10–10 J.

Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed
radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has
the duration of 2 ns and the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 ×
1015, calculate the energy of the source.
Answer
Frequency of radiation (ν),

ν = 5.0 × 108 s–1

Energy (E) of source = Nhν
Where,
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

N = number of photons emitted

h = Planck’s constant
ν = frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5 × 1015) (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (5.0 × 108 s–1)
E = 8.282 × 10–10 J
Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 × 10–10 J.

The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength
and (b) the threshold frequency of the radiation. If the caesium element is irradiated
with a wavelength 500 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of the ejected
photoelectron.
Answer
It is given that the work function (W0) for caesium atom is 1.9 eV.

(a) From the expression, , we get:

Where,
λ0 = threshold wavelength
h = Planck’s constant
c = velocity of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (λ0):

6.53 × 10–7 m

Hence, the threshold wavelength is 653 nm.

(b) From the expression, , we get:

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Where,
ν0 = threshold frequency
h = Planck’s constant
Substituting the values in the given expression of ν0:

(1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J)
ν0 = 4.593 × 1014 s–1
Hence, the threshold frequency of radiation (ν0) is 4.593 × 1014 s–1.
(c) According to the question:
Wavelength used in irradiation (λ) = 500 nm
Kinetic energy = h (ν – ν0)

= 9.3149 × 10–20 J
Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron = 9.3149 × 10–20J

Since K.E
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

v = 4.52 × 105 ms–1

Hence, the velocity of the ejected photoelectron (v) is 4.52 × 105 ms–1.

Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different
wavelengths. Calculate (a) threshold wavelength and, (b) Planck’s constant.

λ (nm) 500 450 400

v × 10–5 (cm s–1) 2.55 4.35 5.35

Answer

(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be , the kinetic energy

of the radiation is given as:

Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:

Similarly,

Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Threshold wavelength = 540 nm

part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of velocity given in
the question.

The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect
experiment can be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7
nm is used. Calculate the work function for silver metal.
Answer
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon (E) is
equal to the sum of the work function (W0) of radiation and its kinetic energy (K.E) i.e.,
E = W0 + K.E
⇒ W0 = E – K.E

Energy of incident photon (E)

Where,
c = velocity of radiation
h = Planck’s constant
λ = wavelength of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 4.83 eV
The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of the
photoelectron. Hence,
K.E = 0.35 V
K.E = 0.35 eV
Work function, W0 = E – K.E
= 4.83 eV – 0.35 eV
= 4.48 eV
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound
electrons is ejected out with a velocity of 1.5 × 107 ms–1, calculate the energy with
which it is bound to the nucleus.
Answer
Energy of incident photon (E) is given by,

Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)

= 10.2480 × 10–17 J
= 1.025 × 10–16 J
Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be obtained as:
= E – K.E
= 13.252 × 10–16 J – 1.025 × 10–16 J
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

= 12.227 × 10–16 J

Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and
can be represented as v = 3.29 × 1015 (Hz) [1/32 – 1/n2]
Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region of the
spectrum.
Answer
Wavelength of transition = 1285 nm
= 1285 × 10–9 m (Given)

(Given)

Since

ν = 2.33 × 1014 s–1

Substituting the value of ν in the given expression,
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

n = 4.98
n≈5
Hence, for the transition to be observed at 1285 nm, n = 5.
The spectrum lies in the infraSred region.

Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition if it starts from the orbit having
radius 1.3225 nm and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this transition
belongs and the region of the spectrum.
Answer
The radius of the nth orbit of hydrogenSlike particles is given by,

For radius (r1) = 1.3225 nm

= 1.32225 × 10–9 m
= 1322.25 × 10–12 m
= 1322.25 pm
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Similarly,

⇒ n1 = 5 and n2 = 2
Thus, the transition is from the 5th orbit to the 2nd orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series.

Wave number for the transition is given by,

1.097 × 107 m–1

= 2.303 × 106 m–1

Wavelength (λ) associated with the emission transition is given by,

= 0.434 ×10–6 m
λ = 434 nm
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Dual behaviour of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron

microscope often used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other
type of material. If the velocity of the electron in this microscope is 1.6 × 106 ms–1,
calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with this electron.
Answer
From de Broglie’s equation,

= 4.55 × 10–10 m
λ = 455 pm
de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron is 455 pm.

Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the
determination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm,
calculate the characteristic velocity associated with the neutron.
Answer
From de Broglie’s equation,

Where,
v = velocity of particle (neutron)
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of particle (neutron)
λ = wavelength
Substituting the values in the expression of velocity (v),
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

= 4.94 × 102 ms–1

v = 494 ms–1
Velocity associated with the neutron = 494 ms–1

If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 × 106 ms–1, calculate the de
Broglie wavelength associated with it.
Answer
According to de Broglie’s equation,

Where,
λ = wavelength associated with the electron
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:

λ = 332 pm
Wavelength associated with the electron = 332 pm

The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 V is 4.37
× 105 ms–1. If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the
wavelength associated with this velocity.
Answer
According to de Broglie’s expression,
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Substituting the values in the expression,

If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of + 0.002 nm, calculate
the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron. Suppose the momentum of the
electron is h/4πm × 0.05 nm, is there any problem in defining this value.
Answer
From Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

Where,
Nx = uncertainty in position of the electron
Np = uncertainty in momentum of the electron
Substituting the values in the expression of Np:

= 2.637 × 10–23 Jsm–1

Np = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1 (1 J = 1 kgms2s–1)
Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1.

Actual momentum

= 1.055 × 10–24 kgms–1

Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty, the value
cannot be defined.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of
increasing energies. If any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:
1. n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
2. n = 3, l = 2, ml= 1 , ms = +1/2
3. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
4. n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
5. n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1 , ms= +1/2
6. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
Answer
For n = 4 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 4d.
For n = 3 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 3d.
For n = 4 and l = 1, the orbital occupied is 4p.
Hence, the six electrons i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are present in the 4d, 3d, 4p, 3d, 3p,
and 4p orbitals respectively.
Therefore, the increasing order of energies is 5(3p) < 2(3d) = 4(3d) < 3(4p) = 6(4p) <
1 (4d).

The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons in 2p orbital, 6

electrons in 3p orbital and 5 electrons in 4p orbital. Which of these electron experiences
the lowest effective nuclear charge?
Answer
Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multiSelectron atom) is
dependant upon the distance between the nucleus and the orbital, in which the electron
is present. As the distance increases, the effective nuclear charge also decreases.
Among pSorbitals, 4p orbitals are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35)
charge. Hence, the electrons in the 4p orbital will experience the lowest effective nuclear
charge. These electrons are shielded by electrons present in the 2p and 3p orbitals along
with the sSorbitals. Therefore, they will experience the lowest nuclear charge.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective
nuclear charge? (i) 2s and 3s, (ii) 4d and 4f, (iii) 3d and 3p
Answer
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the
orbital of a multiSelectron atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge
experienced by the electron (s) in it.
The electron(s) present in the 2s orbital will experience greater nuclear charge (being
closer to the nucleus) than the electron(s) in the 3s orbital.
4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to the nucleus.
3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than 3f.

The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital. Which electrons will
experience more effective nuclear charge from the nucleus?
Answer
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a
multiSelectron atom.
The higher the atomic number, the higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons
while aluminium has 13 protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14)
than aluminium, which has a nuclear charge of (+13). Thus, the electrons in the 3p
orbital of silicon will experience a more effective nuclear charge than aluminium.

Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in: (a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe and (e) Kr.
Answer
Phosphorus (P):
Atomic number = 15
The electronic configuration of P is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
The orbital picture of P can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, phosphorus has )( unpaired electrons.

Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

Silicon (Si):
Atomic number = 14
The electronic configuration of Si is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
The orbital picture of Si can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, silicon has * unpaired electrons.

! Chromium (Cr):
Atomic number = 24
The electronic configuration of Cr is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, chromium has + unpaired electrons.

# Iron (Fe):
Atomic number = 26
The electronic configuration is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, iron has ( unpaired electrons.

Krypton (Kr):
Atomic number = 36
The electronic configuration is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
The orbital picture of krypton is:

Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in krypton
.
Class XI Chapter 2 – Some Structure of Atom Chemistry

(a) How many subSshells are associated with n = 4? (b) How many electrons will be
present in the subSshells having ms value of –1/2 for n = 4?
Answer
n = 4 (Given)
For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
∴ l = 0, 1, 2, 3
Thus, four subSshells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.
Number of orbitals in the nth shell = n2
For n = 4
Number of orbitals = 16

If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with ms value of .

∴ Number of electrons with ms value of is 16.