Well Testing

Is a branch of Reservoir Engineering.

Its objectives:

 To evaluate well condition and reservoir characterization;

 To obtain reservoir parameters for reservoir description;

 To determine the producing zone;

 To estimate skin factor

Well Testing Application

 Productivity Index  Degree of reservoir damage

 Length of fracture system  Area of drainage

 Radius of drainage  Potential well productivity

 Distance to fault or barrier  Injectivity

 Open flow potential  Permeability of different intervals

 Oil and/or gas in place  Transmissibility (kh/m)

 Capacity (kh)

Types of Well Testing

 Injectivity  Pressure drawdown

 Multi-rate  Pressure build-up

 Interference  Drill stem

 Pulse  Productivity
Part 1
Drill Stem Test (DST)
Introduction
Drill stem testing (DST) is a method of gathering data on the potential productivity of a
reservoir before permanent completion string is installed.

The primary DST functions whether conducted in openhole or cased wells, are to:

 Isolate the target zone

 Control well flow
 Convey fluid to surface
 Acquire downhole data

When hydrocarbons are detected in drill cuttings returning to the surface, drilling is
stopped, the well is conditioned, the drilling is pulled and DST tools are run into
the well. Originally, well fluids were conveyed to the surface in the drill sting.
Toda, for safety reasons (effective sealing against hydrocarbon), downhole tests
more commonly use tubing with pressure t-tight threaded connections, and they
are configured more like temporary completions.

However, the term DST, which has been used to refer to this technique for the 70
years, persists (A point of historical interest: As early as 1926, Johnston Testers, later
acquired by Schlumberger, was well established in the DST business)

The downhole test string is a key well testing services, and experience shows that it is a
safe, proven and reliable method of investigating the reservoir. Test objectives, logistics
and cost play a very important part in deciding the type of downhole equipment to be
used during a well test. The downhole test string is an efficient means of temporarily
completing the well while maintaining maximum flexibility. With the range of tools
currently available, you can design an optimal test string for use with the drill string
(conventional DST) or with production-type valves ensure that a well can be secured if
problems occur, and this .

Test objectives are normally well defined. However, Schlumberger test tools allow a
large amount of flexibility, should well-test programs have to be modified in order to
meet these objectives. It is important to note that test sequence can be changed even
with the tools downhole, while still controlling well pressure and flow rate.

The DST downhole control valves ensure that a well can be secured if the problems
occur, and this can be done with minimum of pipe manipulation or pressure adjustment.
In fact, current strings can incorporate fail- safe system which will automatically shut in
the well, should problems arise because it as close to the reservoir as possible, the
DST valve can control a well even more effectively than other safety systems, such as
valves and manifolds at the surface or on the sea floor.
Concepts
Three pressures affect downhole testing

Cushion pressure (Pc)

The pressure exerted by the column of fluid in the

tubing Pc is tuned either by adjusting the height to
which the tubing is filled or by filling the tubing with a
lighter fluid, such as water diesel or nitrogen gas, in
order to have Pc<Pf and enable the well to flow
when the tester valve is opened

Formation Pressure (Pf)

The pressure of the hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir to be tested, As long as the well is

not flowing, the pressure is present across the entire reservoir, from its outer
boundaries all the way to the wellbore falls below the original formation pressure, due to
pressure losses caused by fluid movement through the formation's porous media and
into the well.

Hydrostatic Pressure (Ph)

The pressure exerted by the column of fluid in the annulus. This fluid (drilling mud or
completion fluid) occupies the entire wellbore prior to running the downhole test string.
Mud density is normally adjusted during drilling to control formation pressure (that is, to
ensure that Ph>Pf)

Generally, the relationship among these pressure is Pc<Pf<Ph during downhole testing.

Equipment
A DST string incorporates these basic tools:

Packer
Isolates the formation from the annulus (that is, it
isolates Ph from Pf) the primary component of any
packer are sealing elements, mechanism to hold
packer in place and the passage for fluids. Differences
amount packer include how they are set (compression
or inflation) and weather they are permanent or
retrievable.
Tester Valve
Located above the packer in the DST string, the tester valve:

-Provides a method of well-control near the formation

-close the well downhole (shut in) to minimize wellbore storage effects

-isolate Pc from Ph while running in the hole

-provides a seal for pressure testing the tubing string above the tester valve.

After the packer is set and sealed, the test valve can then be opened and hydrocarbons
can be produced to surface. This will only occur if Pc<Ph.

Reverse circulation valve

Provides a means of removing produced hydrocarbons from the drillpipe or tubing
before pulling the DST string out of the hole. During a test, hydrocarbons may be
produced. This fluid must be circulated out before pulling the DST string. For
redundancy, two reversing valves are normally run in the DST string. Some types can
be opened and reclosed, making it possible to spot cushion fluids and hydrochloric acid
for perforation cleanup treatments.

To enhance its efficiency, safety and versatility, a DST string may include these
additional tools

Pressure and temperature gauges

Record or monitors downhole pressure and temperature versus time. Many different
types are available, including mechanical and electronic, and at least two are normally
run in the string.

These gauges can be run in gauge carrier or placed inside tubing, drillpipe or drill
collars for production.

Bypass
Minimize swab and surge effects and equalizes pressure across the packer at the end
of the test.

Hydraulic jar
Free stuck packers or the string below the packer. This is done by picking the string up
into an overpull (putting the string and the jar under tension). After the delay time, the
jar delivers a large, upward shock to help free the tool string from the well. This process
can be repeated until the tool string is free. Most DST strings include hydraulic jars.
Safety joint
Allow the upper part of the string (above the packer) to be recovered if the packer or
anchor becomes stuck and the jar is inoperative. Safety joints are operated by pope
manipulation (reciprocation and rotation)

Overpressure safety valve

Prevents the casing in the well from being pressurized above tits design limits

Slip Joints
Compensate for temperature expansion and contraction of the tubing in the well during
the testing phase.

Tubing conveyed perforation (TCP)

Perforate the casing with large size guns and test the well in a single trip into the hole.
This technique also enables long intervals to be perforated underbalanced in a single
run, whereas cable-conveyed guns would require many separate runs into the well.

Opening the Well

This is by far the most delicate part an exploration well test. Because there is little prior
knowledge of well behavior and fluid nature. As the test valve is opened). The reservoir
pressure is able to overcome the cushion pressure. Provided that Pf>Pc. The well starts
to flow.

During the initial phase of the test, the wellbore fluids, and later, the drilling fluid (mud)
that has invaded the formation in the vicinity of the wellbore flow to surface.

This is known as the cleanup period. Cleanup is complete when the well effluent at
surface is reservoir fluid that continuous no mud particles or cutting at surface.

On occasion, the well may have difficulties unloading the heavier mud that has invaded
the formation during drilling. In this case, nitrogen (N2) lifting may be required. This is
performed by inserting a continuous small diameter (1 1/4 in to 1 3/4 in) tubing, known
as coiled tubing (CT) into the test string to a predetermined depth N2 is pumped from
surface down into CT ( The N2 exciting into the test tubing lightens the fluid column,
enabling the well to flow. Once lighter hydrocarbons occupy most of the length of the
test string, the hydrostatic pressure falls below flowing reservoir pressure and the well
flows naturally. At this point, the coiled tubing can be reeled out of the hole.

(Note: Dowell provides coiled tubing services)

Once cleanup is complete, the main flow period can be maintained for the planned
duration, during which downhole pressure measurement and surface flow rates are
recorded. At the end of the main flow period, the tester value is closed. Formation
pressure builds up against the valve while downhole pressure measurement
continuous. Downhole shut against tester valve is preferred to shutting in against a
surface flow control device, as it minimizes the well volume to be recompressed, saving
time and yielding pressure data that are simpler to analyze.

End of Test
For environmental and safety reasons, hydrocarbons left, inside the drillpipe or tubing
string above the closed tester valve must be flushed (reverse circulated out) before the
packer is unseated .Otherwise, flammable hydrocarbons would spill onto the ring floor
or ignite when the circulation possible. When opened, the reversing valve allows
annulus fluid to be pumped into the drillpipe or tubing string, flushing the hydrocarbons
to surface where they can be safely disposed. Once it is free of any hydrocarbons, the
test string can be pulled out of the hole safely.

The general steps for ending a downhole test are:

1. Open the reverse circulating valve.

2. Flush (reverse circulate out) hydrocarbons from drillpipe or tubing.

3. Close reversing valve

4. Open the tester valve

5. Pump mud into test string to kill tested interval

6. Unset the packer

7. Pull the string out of the hole

Types of DSTs
DSTs can be broadly classified by well type, type of zone isolation required, and well
location and configuration. These conditions initially dictate the basic type of tool string
required. Well test objectives will influence the selection of individual tools and the final
string design.
Well Type
The first parameter is that of well type: openhole, cased hole or barefoot

Openhole: Openhole testing tends to be cheaper because costs for casing, cementing
and perforating are not incurred. However, it has limitations:

 Wellbore irregularities, including diameter and surface condition, may make

difficult to achieve a good packer seal
 Openhole sections limit the amount of pressure that can be applied to the
annulus. Therefore only the multiflow evaluator (MFE) valve can be run in an
openhole test string. (The MFE is a tester valve operated by pipe manipulation.)
 Due to the risk that an unstable wellbore may cause the DST string to become
stuck, openhole tests are generally limited to a few hours' duration.

Two types of packers are available for openhole DSTs

 Compression packers
 Inflatable packers

Cased hole: A well with casing cemented in place has advantage of a known
diameter and shape, which improve packer seal capability and greatly increase
the chance of successful test.
The duration of testing can be considerably longer than in an openhole well,
since there is less risk that the DST string will get stuck, and test design can be
more flexible. These advantages become even more important in deviated
wells.

Both MFE valves (operated by pipe manipulation) and the PCTV (operated by
annulus pressure) can be used in cased holes, provided the casing is intact.
(Generally, neither the PCTV nor any other pressure-operated tools can be used
in wells with leaking casing

Barefoot: The barefoot test is used when an openhole section below the casing
shoe is to be tested the test tools are placed in the casing and cased hole
packer is set in the casing section above the casing shoe.

This technique is common on production wells where the zone to be tested is

above the targeted production zone and when it must be tested first.

Both MFE valves and PCTV can be used for barefoot tests. More detail on
strings using these two valves can be found in MFE- Cased Hole, MFE-
Openhole and PCTV.

Zone Isolation (Straddle Testing)

In both openhole and cased hole testing, the relationships between depth of the
packer, the formation to be tested and the total depth of the well are important. If
the formation is far above the bottom of the well or above another producing
zone, the lower part of the well can be isolated from the formation to be tested.
This process, sometimes known as straddle testing, isolates a specific interval
or formation between two packers.

Well Location and Configuration

Well Location and Rig Type
The location of the well and the type of drilling rig also affect string design.
These are three general types of rigs:

 Land: In a land well, the tool string is fixed in relation to the rig (the the
packer depth), and thus the string can be relatively simple. Both MFE
and PCTV system can be used on land.
 Offshore fixed: Offshore wells drilled from a fixed ring (a jackup or
production platform) present basically the same conditions as land wells,
although openhole testing is seldom done offshore due to a higher
drilling cost and, thus, higher risk.
However, the offshore environment requires extra downhole and subsurface
safety valves for well safety. Although both MFE and PCTV systems can be
used, the PCTV is recommended because it incorporates more safety features.
 Offshore floater: The testing of wells from a semisubmersible rig or
drillship involves a range of equipment including slip joints, downhole
safety valves, subsurface safety valves and a subsurface connecting
system.

Since the rig moves in relation to the zone to be tested, the string is fixed at two
points: the packer and the BOP stack, which is located at the sea bed. Slip joints
are included in the string to accommodate the string expansion and contraction
due to changes in the temperature in the drill pipe or tubing string.

The PCTV is ideal for offshore floating rigs, once the packer is set, no pipe
manipulation at all is required until the packer is to be pulled loose again. The
MFE is not recommended for testing on floaters, since rig movement (heave)
would interfere with the reciprocating actions required to operate the downhole
tools.

Well Configuration (Straight or Deviated)

A deviated well is one that departs from a straight

(vertical) path. Deviated wells are drilled from a single production site to drain a
larger volume of the reservoir. This minimizes land occupancy onshore and
avoids multiple satellite platforms offshore. Deviated wells or holes with multiple
doglegs present difficulties in pipe manipulation. Reciprocating tools that rely on
string weight can be difficult to operate. In deviated holes, minimize pipe
manipulation should be attempted, thus, the PCTV is more suitable than the
MFE.

Openhole testing
Reason to perform openhole testing
 to confirm a doubtful core
 the repeat formation tester (RFT) could not be run due to well conditions

What openhole testing can provide

 a reprehensive formation sample

 a good estimate of the flowing and static bottom hole pressure

Openhole testing can provide the initial investigation of reservoir parameters. If

logging tools can be used, they can provide the same information more quickly
and efficiently, but openhole well geometry may preclude their use.
DST tools often are a good alternative, although they still require locating a good
formation above the zone of interest in order to get a good packer seal

Following are some advantages of an openhole test:

 The well does not need to be cased. (The results of the test may help the
client could decide whether it is economically justified to case this well.)
 It provides a quick way to estimate the pressure of the formation and
types of fluid it will produce.
 A fluid sample is normally retrieved from the sample chamber, which is
built into the tool string.

The principle disadvantage of an openhole DST is that an unstable wellbore can

cave in and cause the tool string to become stuck.

It is very important to observe the following points when performing an openhole

DST
 The drilling mud needs to be in good condition.
 The packer needs to be located in an in-gauge section of the hole in
good formation that can support the packer and sustain the pressure
different between the tubing and annuals.
 The duration of the test must be limited to minimize the risks of wellbore
cave-in and of the packer or string becoming stuck in solids that settle
out of the mud.

For these reasons, openhole DSTs have lost popularity, with most now limiting
openhole DSTs to land operations.

Cased Hole Testing

Reasons to perform cased hole testing:

  Precisely evaluate reservoir parameters
 Determine reservoir barriers and limits
 Test for interference between wells
 Perforate under drawdown

What cased hole testing can provide:

 Precise and complete reservoir analysis

 Good sampling facilities
 High flow and injection rates
 High equipment safety standard.

Testing in casing has become more popular over the years. The test design and
the test program can be more flexible. One of the main advantages of a cased
hole DST is that there is no limitation on the duration of the test. There is no
chance of the well caving in. Casing is run and cemented in place before the
testing phase begins.

Other advantages of the cased DST include:

 A precise evaluation of reservoir parameters. A cleanup flow removes
cushion fluids, drilling mud left below the packer, perforating debris,
cementing debris and formation debris from the wellbore.
 A determination of the reservoir limits and barriers. This can be done in a
long duration test.
 Interference test. These tests can determine whether this well and
nearby well communication through the reservoir. Also these tests can
be run longer in a cased hole.
 Underbalance perforating TCP. This perforation method, very often used
in conjunction with DST tools, can save time.

A cased hole DST should yield:

 Precise and complete analysis of the reservoir. This can only be achieved if
the well has been cleaned properly and the well can be produced for a
longer period of time
 Good samples. To provide good sampling conditions, the well needs to be
adequately cleaned samples containing dirt and debris cannot be analyzed
properly. Sampling can be done using sampling tools on wireline or
sampling tool can be built into the DST tool string.
 High flow rates. Cased holes can withstand the pressure of high flow rates
as well as the pressure required to inject well treatment fluids, such as the
acid used to improve production.
Tubing Conveyed Perforation (TCP)
Definition

The use of tubing, drill pipe or coiled tubing to convey perforating guns to the required
.depth

Benefits

• TCP is cost effective; multiple intervals on a single trip

• Protect the productive formation; underbalance.

• Perforate deep and highly deviated wells.

• Perform a flow test immediately after perforating

Tubing Conveyed Perforation (TCP)

Underbalance Perforating:

 No perforations damage.

 Heavy operation.

Overbalance Perforating:

 Fast.

 Low cost.

 Perforations damage.

Perforating Guns

• A device used to perforate oil and gas wells

in preparation for production.

• It creates a tunnel in casing, cement and

formation

• It has a predefined pattern and a range of

sizes.
Explosives

EXPLOSION: A sudden release of energy generating gasses.

Chemical
Explosives

Low High
Explosives Explosives

Primary Secondary
Detonators

A device containing primary high-explosive

material that is used to initiate an explosive
sequence

- electrical detonators

- Percussion detonators

The Perforation Process

• High velocity - 7,000 m/sec

• High Pressure - millions psi

• High speed - microseconds

Part 2
Pressure Drawdown Analysis

DRAWDOWN TEST:

A
Pressure drawdown test is simply a series of bottom-hole
pressure (Pwf) measurements made during a period of time
(t) at constant producing rate (q).

Test Objectives:

The objectives of a drawdown test are to determine skin,

permeability and the distances to the reservoir's boundaries, fracture length.
We recommend doing a drawdown test to look for reservoir limits.

When the test is run?

 New reservoir.
 In remote area of reservoir which has not been effected by
production from other developed area.
 In a reservoir which has been shut down far period of time (to allow
pressure to equalized).

Procedure:

A drawdown test is run as follows: For a single well reservoir, the

well will be shut-in for a period of time long enough to allow the pressure
to equalize throughout the reservoir. In a multi-well reservoir, it is possible
that the pressure will continue to fall after reaching a maximum value. At
this point, there will be a re-establishment of drainage volume by the other
wells in the reservoir that are not shut in. The maximum pressure at the shut
in well will then begin to drop until a new stabilization is reached. This is
easily observed when using a surface readout system. In the absence of
surface readout, the shut in well tubing well head pressure can be used to
monitor the stabilization process. The pressure measuring equipment is
lowered into the well to the desired depth. The well is then opened to flow
at a constant rate and the bottom-hole pressure is continuously measured by
the down-hole pressure gauge. The duration of a drawdown test may last a
few hours or several days, depending on the objectives of the test and the
formation characteristics. Extended drawdown tests (usually called
reservoir limit tests) are primarily run to estimate the drainage volume of
the well.
The general solution to the radial diffusivity equation in a porous media
(assuming no wellbore storage) is given by Eq.

P(r ,t )=Pi +
70.6 q µ β
Kh (
Ei
−948 ϕ µ ct r 2
Kt )
At the wellbore, Equation becomes:

Pwf =Pi −
70.6 q µ β
Kh [ (
−Ei
−ϕ µ c t r 2w
0.00105 Kt )
+3.23 S
]
We obtain this equation by adding the pressure drop in the skin,
S(qµ/2πkh) , to the pressure drop given by the ideal solution. This
expression is also valid for describing the behavior of a well in a bounded
reservoir during the early transient flow period prior to the occurrence of
boundary effects.

Pwf =Pi −
162.6 q µ β
Kh (log ⁡(
Kt
2
ϕ µ ct rw
)−3.23+0.869 S
)
Where
Pi=initial reservoir pressure, psi.
Pwf =bottom hole pressure, psi.
k =permeability, md.
t =time, hr.
rw =wellbore radius, ft.
h=formation thickness, ft.
q=flow rate, bbl/d.
ϕ=porosity.
ct= total compressibility, psi-1
β=volume formation factor, stb/bbl
Ei =integral exponential
µ= viscosity of oil, cp.
S =skin factor.

Equation describes the transient bottom-hole flowing pressure at the well

inside an infinite-acting system, the effects of nearby fault or any linear
boundary has not been felt during the pressure drawdown test.
A straight line equation when plotted on a semi-log with time t on the log
scale and bottom-hole flowing pressure Pwf on the Cartesian scale.
The general form of this straight line equation is:

Pwf =m log t+ P wf 1 h

Where:
m =slope psi/cycle
Pwf1hr =intercept at time t = 1 hour, psi
The slope is used to calculate permeability:

162.6 q µ β
Kh=
m

The slope of the drawdown curve has been obtained, from the pressure
value read from the straight line on the graph at a flow time oh 1 hour. The
formula for the skin factor is obtained by rearrangement or Eq.

S=1.15
[ Pi−P1 hr
m
−log
K
2
ϕ µ ct r w
+3.23
]
The P1hr value is also indicated schematically on plot.

Note on Fig. that a short period of nonlinearity exists on the basic plot
immediately after the test is begun. This period is usually of short duration.
It is the result of unstable flow conditions in the tubing string in the well
during this period. Skin effect and annulus unloading. In wells without
packers, this is the period during which oil stored in the annulus may be
"unloaded". The duration of this period usually is easily recognized from
the appearance or the basic plot.

The end of the transient period of flow, i.e., the beginning of the late
transient period when boundary effects begin, is easily recognized on the
pressure vs. log t curve. It is evidenced on this plot by a drop-off in pressure
from the straight-line section established from earlier data. At this time,
transient flow no longer prevails. Physically, this means that the pressure
drop due to production has been felt at the drainage boundary of the well
and as a result of depletion; the flow regime is in the transitional period
prior to reaching semi-steady State. This time interval we refer to as the late
transient period, since the pressure behavior is neither semi-steady state nor
transient. A procedure for analyzing the pressure behavior in this period
which is analogous to the late-time pressure buildup analysis (extended
Muskat method) has been developed.
Analysis of drawdown test:

The procedure for transient period:

1. Plot data of Pwf vs. time t on semi-log paper.
2. Fit the early data point to straight line.
3. Determine the absolute value of slope (m), psi/cycle.
4. Calculate the effective permeability thickness
qµβ
K=162.6 (md)
mh

5. Extrapolate the straight line to (t=1hr) to find (Pwf 1h).

6. Calculate skin factor (S).

S=1.15
[ Pi−P1 hr
m
−log
K
2
ϕ µ ct r w
+3.23
]
7. Calculate ΔPskin
ΔP skin=0.87 mS
 8. Read (tss) from the plot if it is possible, when the late data point start
deviated from the straight line plot, then calculate (re).

9. Calculate IOIP
re=
√ K t ss
948 ϕµc t
(ft )

π r 2e hϕ(1−S w )
IOIP= (STB)
5.615 β oi

The procedure for semi-study state period:

1. Plot data of Pwf vs. time on linear paper.
2. Fit the late data point.
3. Determine the absolute value of slope (M), psi/hr.
4. Calculate the pore volume by using the following equation:

qβ
V p=0.0418
ct M

5. Calculate the oil initial in place (IOIP) by using the following

equation:

V p (1−S wi )
IOIP=
β oi

Advantages:

The main benefit of running a drawdown is that cash flow is not

interrupted. Another advantage is that reservoir boundaries are easier to
locate, relative to build-up tests.

Disadvantages:
 The drawback to running a drawdown is that the rate may not be
constant. However, changing the choke periodically to maintain a constant
rate will cause more problems than letting the rate fluctuate. In order to get
accurate analysis on a drawdown, it is critical that no choke changes occur
during the test.

EXAMPLE:

A Pressure Drawdown Test An oil well has been produced at a

constant rate. During the flow period, bottom-hole pressures
The following reservoir data are available:
h = 130 ft ϕ = 20 %
rw = 0.25 ft Pi = 1,154 psi
qo = 348 STB/D βo= 1.14 bbl/STB
µo = 3.93 cp ct = 8.74∗10−6 psi−1

t (hr) P (Psi)
0.9 970
Calculate:- 1 964
(a) Permeability, 2 950
(b) Skin factor. 3 946
4 942
5 939
6 937
7 935
8 934
9 933
10 932
11 931
12 930
13.5 929
14.5 928
16 927
20 923
30 915
40 907

SOLUTION:
The semi-log plot of the flowing well pressure versus test time yields a
Straight line portion (infinite acting line) of slope m = -22 psi/log-cycle.

Calculate the permeability by applying Equation

−162.6 q µ β
K=
mh

162.6∗348∗3.93∗1.14
K= =89 md
22∗130

From figure P1h=954 psi

Calculate the S factor by applying Equation

Pi−P1 hr K
S=1.15[ −log +3.23]
m ϕ µ c t r 2w

S=1.15
[ 1,154−954
22
−log
( 89
0.2∗3.93∗8.74 ¿10−6∗0.25 2
+ 3.23
) ]
S=4.6
Nomenclature

Part 1
Pc= Cushion Pressure.
Pf= Formation Pressure.
Ph= Hydrostatic Pressure.
TV= Tester Valve.
CV= Circulation Valve.

Part 2
Pi=initial reservoir pressure, psi.
Pwf =bottom hole pressure, psi.
k =permeability, md.
t =time, hr.
rw =wellbore radius, ft.
h=formation thickness, ft.
q=flow rate, bbl/d.
ϕ=porosity.
ct= total compressibility, psi-1
β=volume formation factor, stb/bbl
Ei =integral exponential
µ= viscosity of oil, cp.
S =skin factor.
m =slope psi/cycle
Pwf1hr =intercept at time t = 1 hour, psi
re= reservoir radius

swi=initial water saturation

IOIP= initial oil in place, stp.

References

Part 1
Schlumberger Summer Training Program Manual.

Part 2

 John Lee, Well Testing (1982)

 C. S. Matthews and D. G. Russell, Pressure Buildup and Flow Test
in
 Wells (1967)
 Robert Earlougher, Advances in Well Test Analysis (1977)
 Canadian Energy Resources Conservation Board, Theory and
Practice
 of the Testing of Gas Wells (1975)
 Roland Horn, Modern Well Test Analysis (1995
 PART I - Fund. of Pressure and Derivative _Drawdown, Buildup, gas
wells