Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.1 – Functions and Relations Review

• In graph theory, we plot two-dimensional figures using (𝑥, 𝑦) coordinate pairs
• There is a hierarchy of what it is we graph

Relation
Function
One-to-One Function

• Everything that is graphed is known as a Relation

o It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)
o A bunch of individual points or those points connected by a line

• In order to become a Function the Relation has to pass a specific test/qualification

o For every value of the Domain (𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔), there is one and only one value for the
Range (𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔)
o It has to pass a VERTICAL LINE TEST
▪ If you draw a Vertical Line through the graph, it should only intersect it at one point

• In order to become a One-to-One Function, the Function has to pass a specific test/qualification
o For every one value of the Domain there is only one value in the Range
o It has to pass the Vertical Line Test first, then it has to pass the HORIZONTAL LINE TEST
▪ If you draw a Vertical and Horizontal Line through the graph, each line only
intersects the graph once

Relation Function One-to-One Function

Does not pass the Vertical Line Passes the Vertical Line Test but Passes both Tests
Test Does Not Pass the Horizontal
Line Test
Pre-Calculus 12

Function Notation

• Mathematical script can give us Function Notation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5

• The notation 𝒇(𝒙) is another way of writing 𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

• 𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 4 may be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 4, where 𝑓(𝑥) is read “𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥”

• Given 𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 4, we could ask, “find 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 5”

• Using function notation, the same problem can be asked by writing

This is the input

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 4, find f(5).

• The notation f(𝟓) implies the value of 𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝟓. We get the output
• f(5) = 2(5) – 4 = 6, this implies that when 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝟓, 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟔.
• This gives us the point (𝟓, 𝟔). 𝑥 is the input, 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

Example 1: Given f(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5, determine the coordinates of one point on the line for f(2).

Solution 1: f(2) = 3(2) + 5 = 6 + 5 = 11 Therefore the point is (𝟐, 𝟏𝟏).

Example 2: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5, determine the coordinates of the point where f(𝑥) = −7.

Solution 2: f(𝒙) = −𝟕 is the same as saying 𝒚 = −𝟕

−7 = 3𝑥 + 5 → −7 – 5 = 3𝑥

12
−12 = 3𝑥 → − = 𝑥 → 𝑥 = −4
3

Therefore, the point is (−𝟒, −𝟕). You can write (𝑥, 𝑦) coordinates as (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))
if you think about it as a function
Domain and Range Notation

There are a number of syntax forms for Domain and Range, but I will use these primarily.

Domain 𝑥≥0 This means 𝑥 is any values greater than or equal to 0

𝑥 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 This means 𝑥 is any value
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7 This means 𝑥 is any value between or equal to −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7
{−1, 5, 7, 12} This means the points are not connected, just 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Range 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
−4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 7 This means 𝑦 is any value between or equal to −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.1 – Practice Problems

1. For each graph, identify the Domain and Range and whether it is a function or not
a) b)

𝐷: 𝐷:

𝑅: 𝑅:

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
c) d)

𝐷: 𝐷:

𝑅: 𝑅:

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Pre-Calculus 12

e) f)

𝐷: 𝐷:

𝑅: 𝑅:

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

g) h)

𝐷: 𝐷:

𝑅: 𝑅:

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Pre-Calculus 12

For 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:

2. 𝑓(3) 3. 𝑓(−4)

4. 𝑓(𝑘) 5. 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1)

6. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) 7. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(ℎ)

For 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:

8. 𝑓(3) 9. 𝑓(−4)
Pre-Calculus 12

10. 𝑓(𝑘) 11. 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1)

12. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) 13. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(ℎ)

For 𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 + 2, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:

14. 𝑓(𝑥) = −12 15. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7

Pre-Calculus 12

Answer Key

1.
a) 𝐷: − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 𝑅: − 4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑌𝑒𝑠
b) 𝐷: − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 𝑅: − 3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑌𝑒𝑠
c) 𝐷: {−4, −2, 0, 2, 4} 𝑅: {−1, 0, 2} 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑌𝑒𝑠
d) 𝐷: {0, 1, 2,3 } 𝑅: {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3} 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁𝑜
e) 𝐷: − 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 𝑅: − 6 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁𝑜
f) 𝐷: − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑅: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑌𝑒𝑠
g) 𝐷: 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑅: 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁𝑜
h) 𝐷: − 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑅: − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁𝑜

2. 7
3. −14
4. 3𝑘 − 2
5. 6𝑥 − 5
6. 3𝑥 + 3ℎ − 2
7. 3𝑥 + 3ℎ − 4
8. 17
9. −11
10. 4𝑘 + 5
11. 8𝑥 + 1
12. 4𝑥 + 4ℎ + 5
13. 4𝑥 + 4ℎ + 10
14
14. 𝑥 =
5
15. 𝑥 = −1
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.2 – Arithmetic Combinations of Functions

• Much like we can combine Real Numbers using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, we
can combine Function in the exact same manner

Example1: Given the two function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 find the sum, difference, product,
and quotient

Solution 1:

𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) → (3𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 2 − 4) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2

*Brackets help distinguish between the two Functions*

𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) → (3𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 2 − 4) = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6

*Do not forget to WATERBOMB the negative, this is why brackets are important*

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) → (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 4) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 8

*Distribute or use FOIL*

𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 + 2
= , 𝑥 ≠ ±2
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 2 − 4

*Identify any Domain Restrictions, what 𝑥 causes the denominator to be zero*

• The Domain (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) of the combination of functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 is the set of real numbers that
are common to both 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔. So we can consider the following notation.

𝑺𝒖𝒎, 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

1. 𝑺𝒖𝒎 (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)

2. 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)

3. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 (𝒇𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)

4. 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
( ) (𝒙) = , 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 2: Compute the given expressions, given the functions provided.

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑘(𝑥) = 2

a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) (ℎ − 𝑘)(𝑥)
𝑘𝑔
c) (3)
ℎ
d) (𝑓𝑘)(1) − (ℎ𝑔)(2)
e) [ℎ ∙ (𝑓 + 𝑔)](𝑥)

Solution 2:

a) (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐

b) (ℎ − 𝑘)(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2

𝑘𝑔 𝑘(3)∙𝑔(3) 2∙(32 − 2(3) + 1) 2∙4 8

c) ( ) (3) = = = =
ℎ ℎ(3) 33 27 27

d) (𝑓𝑘)(1) − (ℎ𝑔)(2) = 𝑓(1) ∙ 𝑘(1) − ℎ(2) ∙ 𝑔(2)

= [2(1) + 1](2) − 23 ∙ (22 − 2(2) + 1)

= (3)(2) − 8(1) = 6 − 8 = −2

e) [ℎ ∙ (𝑓 + 𝑔)](𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑥 3 [(2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)]

= 𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 + 2)

= 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3

• These types of questions can involve very minor details – brackets, exponents laws, etc.
• Take your time, stay organized, and keep track of your process.
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 3: Use the graphs provided below to evaluate the following

ℎ
𝑎) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3), 𝑏) ( ) (5), 𝑐) (𝑓𝑔ℎ)(1), 𝑑) 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ: (𝑓 − ℎ)(𝑥)
𝑔

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥)

Solution 3:

a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) + 𝑔(3) What is the output (𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) when 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 3 in either function?

𝑓(3) + 𝑔(3) = −𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

ℎ ℎ(5)
b) ( ) (5) = What Is the output (𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) when 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 5 in either function?
𝑔 𝑔(5)

ℎ(5) 𝟑
= = −𝟑
𝑔(5) −𝟏

c) (𝑓𝑔ℎ)(1) = 𝑓(1)𝑔(1)ℎ(1) = (−1)(3)(−1) = 𝟑

d) (𝒇 − 𝒉)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒉(𝒙)

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒉(𝒙)
−2 2 − (−4) = 𝟔
0 0 − (−2) = 𝟐
1 −1 − (−1) = 𝟎
2 −2 − 0 = −𝟐
4 0 − 2 = −𝟐
6 2 − 4 = −𝟐
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.2 – Practice Problems

1. Use the following functions 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘, to find:

1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, ℎ(𝑥) = 3, 𝑖(𝑥) = , 𝑗(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 1, 𝑘 ( 𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥+2

a) (𝑔 + 𝑗)(2) b) (𝑓 − 𝑘)(−2)

c) (ℎ𝑖)(3) d) (𝑗𝑘)(−3)

𝑔 𝑖
e) ( ) (4) f) ( ) (−4)
𝑓 𝑘
Pre-Calculus 12

ℎ h) (𝑘 − 𝑖)(7)
g) ( ) (−2)
𝑗

2. Use the following functions 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘, to find the function and its Domain:

1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, ℎ(𝑥) = 3, 𝑖(𝑥) = , 𝑗(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 1, 𝑘 ( 𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥+2

a) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) b) (𝑗 + 𝑖)(𝑥)

𝑖 ℎ
c) ( ) (𝑥) d) ( ) (𝑥)
ℎ 𝑖
Pre-Calculus 12

e) (𝑔𝑘)(𝑥) 𝑔
f) ( ) (𝑥)
𝑘

𝑓 h) (𝑔𝑗)(𝑥)
g) ( ) (𝑥)
𝑗

3. Find each expression, given that the function of 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙, are defined as follows:

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥3 , 𝑘(𝑥) = 3, 𝑙(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 1

𝑓 𝑙 𝑓 𝑙
a) ( ) (𝑥) − ( ) (𝑥) b) ( ) (0) − ( ) (0)
𝑙 𝑓 𝑙 𝑓
Pre-Calculus 12

c) [ℎ(𝑓 + 𝑙)](𝑥) d) (ℎ𝑓)(𝑥) + (ℎ𝑙)(𝑥)

e) [𝑙(𝑘 − ℎ)](𝑥) f) 𝑙𝑘(𝑥) − 𝑙ℎ(𝑥)

g) (𝑔 + 𝑔)(𝑥) h) (𝑔 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
Pre-Calculus 12

i) (𝑘𝑔)(𝑥) j) (𝑔 + 𝑔)(−2) − (𝑘𝑔)(−2)

𝑓 𝑔
4. Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓𝑓)(𝑥), (𝑔) (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑓 ) (𝑥), 𝑖𝑓:
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Pre-Calculus 12

1 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥
Pre-Calculus 12

5. Use the graphs below, to graph the following combinations

a) a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
c) (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)

𝑔
d) (−𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)

1
e) (2𝑓 + 2 𝑔) (𝑥)

b) c)

d) e)
Pre-Calculus 12

6. Use the graphs below, to graph the following combinations

a)
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓

c) (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)

𝑔 d) (−𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)

1
e) (2𝑓 + 𝑔) (𝑥)
2

b) c)

d) e)
Pre-Calculus 12

7. Use the graphs below, to graph the following combinations

a)
a) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

b) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓

c) (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)

d) (−𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑔

1
e) (2𝑓 + 𝑔) (𝑥)
2

b) c)

d) e)
Pre-Calculus 12

8. Use the graphs below, to graph the following combinations

a)
f) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

g) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓

h) (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥)

𝑔 i) (−𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)

1
j) (2𝑓 + 𝑔) (𝑥)
2

b) c)

d) e)
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.3 – Composite Functions

• There is another way of combining functions, the COMPOSITION OF A FUNCTION
• We use the process of substitution, we substitute an entire function into another given one

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒇 𝑜𝑓 𝒈 𝑜𝑓 𝒙, 𝒐𝒓 𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒈

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) → 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

Given the two function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟑

(𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) → 𝒇(𝒈(𝟑))

𝒙𝟐 → (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒈(𝟑) = 𝟐(𝟑) − 𝟏 = 𝟓

𝒔𝒐 … 𝒇(𝒈(𝟑)) = 𝒇(𝟓)
This is 𝑓(𝑥) This is 𝑓(𝑥) with
the 𝑔(𝑥) function 𝟓𝟐
subbed in for the 𝑥
in the 𝑓(𝑥) function 𝟐𝟓

We use this formal definition:

Composite of Functions (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)

The composite function (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔) of the two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 is defined by (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) =

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).

For all 𝑥 in the Domain of 𝑔 such that 𝑔(𝑥) is in the Domain of 𝑓.

Pre-Calculus 12

Example 1: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, find

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)

Solution 1:

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

= 𝑓(2𝑥 + 3) Substitute the 𝑔(𝑥) for its function

= 1 − (2𝑥 + 3)2 Substitute the 𝑔(𝑥) function into the 𝑥 in the 𝑓(𝑥) function

= 1 − (2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3)
Do not forget to FOIL
= 1 − (4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9)

= −𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 Simplify

b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) Substitute the 𝑓(𝑥) for its function

= 𝑔(1 − 𝑥 2 ) Substitute the 𝑓(𝑥) function into the 𝑥 in the 𝑔(𝑥) function
= 2(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 3
Do not forget to WATERBOMB
= 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 3

= −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 Simplify

Example 2: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, find (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(−2)

Solution 2:

Method 1: Abstract 1st Method 2: Piecewise

(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
= 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑔(−2) = 2(−2) − 1
𝑔(−2) = −5
= (2𝑥 − 1)2
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 So…
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(−2) = 𝑓(𝑔(−2))
So… = 𝑓(−5)
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(−2) = (−5)2
= 4(−2)2 − 4(−2) + 1 = 25
= 16 + 8 + 1
= 25
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 3: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, find (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥), the Domain of (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥), and
sketch the graph

Solution 3: Start by identifying the Domains of the individual functions

Domain of 𝒇(𝒙): 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 The Domain of (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) appears to be:
Domain of 𝒈(𝒙): 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠,
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) but it is restricted by the Domain of 𝑔(𝑥).
= 𝑓(√𝑥)
2
= √𝑥 − 1

=𝒙−𝟏

𝑥 1
Example 4: If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = , find
𝑥−1 𝑥+1

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

Solution 4:

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

1 • Common denominator
= 𝑓( ) • Fractions of Fractions can get tricky
𝑥+1
• Helps to Flip and Multiply
1 1 • Keeps things clean
= 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1
1 1−𝑥−1 1
𝑥+1−1 𝑥+1 The Domain of 𝑔(𝑥) = is, 𝑥 ≠ −1
𝑥+1
1 𝑥+1
= ∙ The Domain of (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) is, 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥+1 1−𝑥−1

1 𝑥+1 1 1 So, the Domain of (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) is 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, −𝟏

= ∙ = =−
𝑥 + 1 −𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥
Pre-Calculus 12

b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑥 • Common Denominator
= 𝑔( )
𝑥−1 • Fractions of Fractions can get tricky
• Helps to Flip and Multiply
1 1 • Keeps things clean
= 𝑥 =
𝑥+𝑥−1
𝑥−1+1 𝑥−1 𝑥
The Domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = is, 𝑥 ≠ 1
𝑥−1
1 𝑥−1
= ∙
1 2𝑥 − 1 1
The Domain of (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) is, 𝑥 ≠
2
𝑥−1
=
2𝑥 − 1 𝟏
So, the Domain of (𝒈 ◦ 𝒇)(𝒙) is 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏,
𝟐

Example 5: If 𝑓 = {(1, 𝑑), (3, 𝑒)} and 𝑔 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑏, 3), (𝑐, 5)}, find (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙)

Solution 5: Need to run the inputs from function 𝑔 and match their outputs to the inputs from
function 𝑓 to get the output from 𝑓 as a solution.

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒂) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑎)) = 𝑓(1) = 𝒅

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒃) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑏)) = 𝑓(3) = 𝒆

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒄) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑐)) = 𝒇(𝟓) 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝟓 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙),

𝒔𝒐 (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒄) 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅

Therefore, (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = {(𝒂, 𝒅), (𝒃, 𝒆)}

Example 6: Use the graph to find a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(1) and b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑔)(5)

Solution 6: 𝑓(𝑥)
a) (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝟏) = 𝑓(𝑔(1))

= 𝑓(−3)

=𝟏
𝑔(𝑥)
b) (𝒈 ◦ 𝒈)(𝟓) = 𝑔(𝑔(5))

= 𝑔(1)

= −𝟑
Pre-Calculus 12

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
Example 7: Compute: ℎ ≠ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3
ℎ

Solution 7: This is a technique, and particular equation that is used as the generic form for calculating
limits in Calculus, you will see this in Calculus 12!!

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 3

So…

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) [2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 3] − [2𝑥 2 + 3]

=
ℎ ℎ
[2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) + 3] − [2𝑥 2 + 3]
=
ℎ
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥ℎ + 2ℎ2 − 2𝑥 2 − 3
=
ℎ
= 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉

Decomposing a Composite Function

• When you get comfortable building them up, decomposing them will be quite intuitive
• Consider the input value (what’s on the inside) and the output value (what’s on the outside)

Example 8: Given ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2, find the two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 so that (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙)

Solution 8:

• The inside: 𝑥 − 2 so let: (𝑥 − 2) = 𝑔(𝑥)

• The outside: √𝑥 and let: √𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Check:

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐)

√𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝒉(𝒙)
Pre-Calculus 12

3
Example 9: Given ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5, find the two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 so that (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙)

Solution 9:

• The inside: 𝑥 + 5 so let: (𝑥 + 5) = 𝑔(𝑥)

•
3 3
The outside: √𝑥 and let: √𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Check:

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟓)

𝟑
√𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝒉(𝒙)

3
Example 10: Given ℎ(𝑥) = (√𝑥 + 1) − 2, find the two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 so that (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙)

Solution 10:

• The inside: √𝑥 + 1 so let: √𝑥 + 1 = 𝑔(𝑥)

• The outside: 𝑥 3 − 2 and let: 𝑥 3 − 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Check:

(𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇(√𝑥 + 1)

𝟑
(√𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝟐 = 𝒉(𝒙)
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.3 – Practice Problems

1. What is the Domain of the following functions?

1 𝑥−3
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = b) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2 𝑥2 − 9

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = √3 − 𝑥

1 f) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥

g) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2 h) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥−1
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, ℎ(𝑥) = 5, 𝑗(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
Evaluate the following

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(2) b) (ℎ ◦ 𝑗)(−3)
Pre-Calculus 12

c) (𝑗 ◦ ℎ)(2) d) (𝑗 ◦ 𝑔)(0)

e) (ℎ ◦ 𝑗)(−1) f) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑗)(3)

g) (ℎ ◦ 𝑔 ◦ 𝑔)(2) h) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑓 ◦ 𝑓)(−1)

i) (𝑗 ◦ ℎ ◦ 𝑔)(−3) j) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑗 ◦ 𝑓)(4)

k) (𝑓 ◦ ℎ ◦ 𝑗)(2) l) (𝑗 ◦ 𝑗 ◦ 𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(−2)
Pre-Calculus 12

3. Use 𝑓 and 𝑔 by the following table of values to evaluate the following:

𝑥 −2 0 3 7 𝑥 −1 1 4 6
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 4 6 𝑔(𝑥) 3 2 −2 −4

a) 𝑓(0) b) 𝑔(1)

c) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(−1) d) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(4)

e) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(0) f) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(7)

g) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(1) h) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(−2)

4. For each pair of functions, find (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥). State the Domain of the result

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 2 𝑥

b) 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥−1
Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2

e) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 f) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 3

Pre-Calculus 12

3 1 1
g) 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = h) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 2| − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥−4 𝑥

5. Find two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) such that ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥). Answers may vary.

a) ℎ(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 3)2 3

b) ℎ(𝑥) = √3𝑥 2 − 2
Pre-Calculus 12

1 2
c) ℎ(𝑥) = d) ℎ(𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 4 𝑥2 +4

3
e) ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 1 + 3 f) ℎ(𝑥) = √3𝑥 + 4 − 1

g) ℎ(𝑥) = 3(2𝑥 − 3)4 − (2𝑥 − 3)7 h) ℎ(𝑥) = 3(2𝑥 + 4)3 + 2(2𝑥 + 4)6
Pre-Calculus 12

6. Sketch the graph of the (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) for the following. State the Domain.

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛:

b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛:
Pre-Calculus 12

Sketch the graph of the (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) for the following. State the Domain.

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛:

d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛:
Pre-Calculus 12

7. The first of the two graphs shows two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔. The second shows two functions ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘.
Use the graphs to compute the following:

a) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(−4) =
𝑓(𝑥)

b) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(3) =

c) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑓)(−2) =

d) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑔)(3) =

e) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(−5) = 𝑔(𝑥)

f) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(−3) =

g) (ℎ ◦ 𝑘)(0) =

h) (ℎ ◦ 𝑘)(−1) =
ℎ(𝑥)

i) (ℎ ◦ 𝑘)(2) =

j) (ℎ ◦ 𝑘)(−3) =

k) (𝑘 ◦ ℎ)(0) =

l) (𝑘 ◦ ℎ)(2) =

m) (𝑘 ◦ ℎ)(−4) =

n) (𝑘 ◦ ℎ)(−2) =
𝑘(𝑥)
Pre-Calculus 12

8. If 𝑓 = {(3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7)} and 𝑔 = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, −2), (8, 0)}, determine:

a) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) b) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)

9. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑏, find 𝑏 such that (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) for all real
numbers 𝑥.
Pre-Calculus 12

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
10. Find the difference quotient ℎ ≠ 0 for the given function 𝑓
ℎ

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 1
d) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
Pre-Calculus 12

4 1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = f) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 − 1 √𝑥
Pre-Calculus 12

11. A circle inscribed in a square.

a) Write the radius of the circle as a function of the length 𝑥 of the sides of the square.

b) Write the area 𝐴 of the circle as a function of the radius.

c) Find (𝐴 ◦ 𝑟)(𝑥).
Pre-Calculus 12

12. A baseball diamond is a square 90𝑓𝑡 on each side. A batter is running to first base at a rate of
27 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2nd

𝑔(𝑡) 1st
3rd

𝑓(𝑡)

𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑒
a) Find the function 𝑓(𝑡) for the distance 𝑥 of the batter from first base in terms of time 𝑡

b) Find a function 𝑔(𝑓) for the distance the batter is from second base in terms of the distance 𝑓

c) Find (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑡) and explain the meaning of the function.

Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.4 – Transformations of Graphs

• Transformations is when we change the basic graph of a function in 2-dimensional space
• In this section, we will look at:
o Translations – vertical and horizontal shifts
o Compression and Expansion – stretch and squeeze
o Reflections – in both the 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠

This can seem a little daunting, so we will

• If we consider a basic function: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
look at it piecewise.

Transformations can give us shifts represented by: 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒇[𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄)] + 𝒅

1. Translations, or shifts, are additions or subtractions represented by 𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅

2. Expansions, or compressions, are multiplications shown by 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃
3. Reflections happen when 𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒃 are negative

➢ Constants 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅, which are “outside of the function”, affect the 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 of the ordered pairs
➢ Constants 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄, which are “inside the function”, affect the 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 of the ordered pairs

This is a big deal and can help us make this

process as simple as possible!!

• Let’s look at these various transformations separately.

Translations
A translation is when the graph is shifted in the left or right (𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) or the up and down
(𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏), without changing the shape of the original graph

a) Vertical Translations (𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏), 𝒅 > 𝟎

If 𝑑 > 0, for the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:

Vertical Translations are quite intuitive,
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒅 is shifted up “𝒅” units they literally move up or down depending
of the sign and number of the 𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒅 is shifted down “𝒅” units

See the following graphs as examples of vertical translations

1
Adrian Herlaar, School District 61 www.mrherlaar.weebly.com
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 1:

Quadratic Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 2

Square Root Graphs

𝑦 = ξ𝑥 𝑦 = ξ𝑥 + 1 𝑦 = ξ𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 2

Absolute Value Graphs

𝑦 = ȁ𝑥ȁ 𝑦 = ȁ𝑥ȁ + 1 𝑦 = ȁ𝑥ȁ − 2

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 2
Pre-Calculus 12

Cubic Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 2

Reciprocal Graphs

1 1 1
𝑦= 𝑦= +1 𝑦= −2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

b) Horizontal Translations (𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏), 𝒄 > 𝟎

If 𝑐 > 0, for the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:

Horizontal Translations are not intuitive,
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒄) is shifted left “𝒄” units they move the opposite direction of the
sign of the 𝒄 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒄) is shifted right “𝒄” units

I like to think to consider “what value of 𝑥 makes the inside zero”. That value is
where you move on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3) 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)

Moves right 3, or 𝑥 = 3 Moves left 2, or 𝑥 = −2

makes 𝑥 − 3 = 0 makes 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 2:

Square Root Graphs

𝑦 = ξ𝑥 𝑦 = ξ𝑥 − 1 𝑦 = ξ𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)

Cubic Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)3 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)3
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)

Summary

Vertical and Horizontal Translations of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) with point (𝒙, 𝒚)

If 𝑐, 𝑑 > 0:

1. Vertical translation of 𝑑 units 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑑, (𝑥, 𝒚 + 𝒅)

2. Vertical translation of 𝑑 units 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑑, (𝑥, 𝒚 − 𝒅)
3. Horizontal translation of 𝑐 units 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐), (𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝑦)
4. Horizontal translation of 𝑐 units 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐), (𝒙 − 𝒄, 𝑦)
Pre-Calculus 12

Example 3: Write the equation of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 after a transformation

𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏

Solution 3: 𝑔(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 − 4 − 3 Three units

down
To the right
means 𝑥 − 4

Example 4: What transformations have occurred to change 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) into 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟒?

Solution 4: Horizontal translation: 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Vertical Translation: 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑝

Example 5: If (2, 2) is in 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), which point is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) − 2 This moves the

Solution 5: (𝑥 − 3, 𝑦 − 2) 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
This moves the down 2 units
(2 − 3, 2 − 2) → (−𝟏, 𝟎) 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
left 3 units

Reflections
The next type of transformation is a reflection. We are going to talk about reflecting over the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 only.

• Consider reflecting over the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, all 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 change their signs.
• Consider reflecting over the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, all 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 change their signs.

For the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:

➢ 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙) is a refection of the 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔, a reflection in the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

➢ 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙) is a refection of the 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔, a reflection in the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
➢ 𝒚 = −𝒇(−𝒙) is a refection of the 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔, a reflection in the 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝑦 = ξ𝑥 𝑦 = −ξ𝑥 𝑦 = ξ−𝑥 𝑦 = −ξ−𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)
Pre-Calculus 12

Summary

Reflections of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) with point (𝒙, 𝒚) in the two Axes

1. Reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), (𝑥, −𝒚)

2. Reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥), (−𝒙, 𝑦)
3. Reflection in both 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑓(−𝑥), (−𝒙, −𝒚)

Example 6: Write the equation of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 if it is reflected in the:

a) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
b) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Solution 6:

a) 𝑓(𝑥) → −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑜 𝑥2 + 𝑥 → − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥

b) 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑠𝑜 𝑥2 + 𝑥 → (−𝑥)2 + (−𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥

Example 7: What transformations have occurred to change 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 into 𝒚 = −(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙)?

Solution 7: Since the entire original function is inside the brackets, the negative on the outside. It is a
reflection of the 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 (𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔).

Example 8: If (3, 2) is in 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), which point is on:

a) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)
b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)
c) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)

Solution 8:

a) Sign change in 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔: (𝟑, −𝟐)

b) Sign change in 𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔: (−𝟑, 𝟐)
c) Sign change in 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔: (−𝟑, −𝟐)
Pre-Calculus 12

Absolute Value Function

• The Domain (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) of an absolute value function 𝑦 = ȁ𝑓(𝑥)ȁ is the same as the original
function 𝑓(𝑥)
• But since absolute value cannot to negative
• The Range (𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) of an absolute value function 𝑦 = ȁ𝑓(𝑥)ȁonly has positive values 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = ȁ𝑓(𝑥)ȁ 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = ȁ𝑔(𝑥)ȁ

Reciprocal Function

𝟏
• If 𝑓(𝑥) then the reciprocal function has the form:
𝒇(𝒙)

• This means all the 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 (𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒔) become reciprocals

• I will not cover this is too much detail here (see the video on Reciprocal Functions), but see the
example below.

1
Example 9: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has the coordinate point (−2,4), what point is on
𝑓(𝑥)

Solution 9: The Domain (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) do not change but the Range (𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) become reciprocals
of their original graphs

𝟏
So (−2, 4) → (−𝟐, 𝟒)

Example 10: Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) below, graph the reciprocal function

Solution 10:
• All outputs become reciprocals
• Where 𝑦 = 0 we end up with
vertical asymptotes
• Be considerate of the infinitely
increasing and decreasing limits
Pre-Calculus 12

Compression and Expansion of Graphs

• Vertical and horizontal shifts leave the shape of the graph the same
• Compressions and Expansions graph a shape change, either a squeeze of a stretch
• There are helpful markers to determine whether or not it is a Vertical or Horizontal stretch

a) Vertical Compression and Expansion

For the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:

𝒚 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) is a Vertical Expansion if 𝒂 > 𝟏 (Expansion by a factor of 𝒂)

𝒚 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) is a Vertical Compression if 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏 (Compression by a factor of 𝒂, where a is a

proper fraction)

For the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of: Vertical Expansions and Compressions
keep the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the original
𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥) is a Vertical Expansion by a factor of 𝟐
function!
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a Vertical Compression by a factor of
3 3

Example 11:

Quadratic Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 − 1) 1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 3𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)
2
1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2
𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦
1
𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓
2

*You see the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 did not change, but the shape of the graph was altered*
Pre-Calculus 12

b) Horizontal Compressions and Expansion

For the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒃𝒙) is a Horizontal Compression if 𝒃 > 𝟏 (by a factor of )
𝒃

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒃𝒙) is a Horizontal Expansion if 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 (by a factor of where 𝒃 is a proper fraction)
𝒃
Horizontal Expansions and Compressions
keep the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 of the original
For the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the graph of:
function!

𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝟐𝒙) is a Horizontal Compression by a factor of
𝟐
𝟏
𝑦= 𝑓( 𝒙) is a Horizontal Expansion by a factor of 𝟑
𝟑

Example 11:

Quadratic Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑥2 1 2 𝑦 = (2𝑥)2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = ( 𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)
2
1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦
2
1
𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 2
𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2

*You see the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 did not change, but the shape of the graph was altered*
c)
Pre-Calculus 12

Summary

Vertical and Horizontal Compressions and Expansions of

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) with point (𝒙, 𝒚)
If 𝑎 > 1, 𝑏 > 1:
1. Vertical expansion by a factor of 𝑎 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), (𝑥, 𝒂𝒚)
1 𝟏
2. Horizontal compressions by a factor of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏𝑥), ( 𝒙, 𝑦)
𝑏 𝒃
If 0 < 𝑎 < 1, 0 < 𝑏 < 1:
1 𝟏
3. Vertical expansion by a factor of 𝑎 → ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), (𝑥, 𝒚)
𝑎 𝒂
1 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏𝑥), (𝒃𝒙, 𝑦)
4. Horizontal compressions by a factor of → 𝑏
𝑏

Example 12: Write an equation for the function 𝑦 = ξ𝑥, with a

a) Vertical Expansion by a factor of 2

1
b) Vertical Compression by a factor of
2
c) Horizontal Expansion by a factor of 2
1
d) Horizontal Compression by a factor of
2

Solution 12:

1 1
a) 𝑦 = 2ξ𝑥 b) 𝑦 = ξ𝑥
2
c) 𝑦 = √ 𝑥
2
d) 𝑦 = ξ2𝑥

1
Example 13: What transformation has happened to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to produce 𝑦 = 3𝑓(4 𝑥)?

Solution 13:

✓ Vertical expansion by a factor of 3

𝟏
✓ Horizontal expansion by a factor of 𝟏 → 𝟒
𝟒

Example 14: If (3, 1) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what point is on 𝑦 = 2𝑓(4𝑥)?

Solution 14:

1 1 𝟑
(𝑥, 𝑦) → ( 𝑥, 2𝑦) → ( (3), 2(1)) → ( , 𝟐)
4 4 𝟒

10
Adrian Herlaar, School District 61 www.mrherlaar.weebly.com
Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.4 – Practice Problems

1. Write an equation for the function that is described by the given characteristics.

a) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , moved 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to b) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , moved 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to
the left and 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 downward. the right, reflected in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and
moved 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 upward.

c) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , moved 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to d) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , moved

the right and 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 downward. 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 downward and reflected in the 𝑦 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

e) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥ȁ, moved f) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥ȁ, moved 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to
6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 upward and 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to the left. the left and reflected in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

g) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥, moved 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 to h) The shape 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥, moved
the right and reflected in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 upward and reflected in the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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Pre-Calculus 12

2. If (−3, 1) or (𝑎, 𝑏) is a point on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what must be a point on the graph of the
following?

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2

c) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) − 2 d) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

e) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) f) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)

g) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) − 2 h) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥 + 2)

3. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown. Each
transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

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Pre-Calculus 12

4. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

5. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

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Pre-Calculus 12

6. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥ȁ to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

7. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

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Pre-Calculus 12

1
8. Use the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes only reflections or expansions/compressions.

a) b)

9. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) below, sketch the graphs of the following:

a) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥) d) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1)

e) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 2 f) 𝑦 = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)

10. If (−2, 4) is a point on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1), what must be a point on the following graphs?
a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) b) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) d) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2

e) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) f) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)

11. What is the range of the Absolute Value Function: 𝑓(𝑥) = |4 − 𝑥2 |

12. If the point (−1, −2) is on the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what point is on the graph 𝑦 = ȁ𝑓(−𝑥)ȁ?

13. If the range of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is −3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, what is the range of 𝑦 = ȁ𝑓(𝑥)ȁ?

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Pre-Calculus 12

14. If the point (−3, −6) is on the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what point is on the graph 𝑦 = 3ȁ𝑓(𝑥)ȁ + 1?

1
15. Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), graph the reciprocal function 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥)
a)

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Pre-Calculus 12

b)

1
16. If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 1, what is the reciprocal function value?
𝑓(𝑥)

1
17. If the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has the restriction of 0 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1, what are the restrictions of 𝑦 = ?
𝑓(𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

18. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) below, sketch the graphs of the following:

a) 𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥) b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

𝑥 1
c) 𝑦 = −𝑓 ( ) d) 𝑦 = − 𝑓(−𝑥)
2 2

19. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) below, what equations represent the following graphs

a) 𝑦 = _______________ b) 𝑦 = _______________

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑦 = _______________ d) 𝑦 = _______________

e) 𝑦 = _______________ f) 𝑦 = _______________

g) 𝑦 = _______________ h) 𝑦 = _______________

See Website for Detailed Answer Key

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Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.5 – Inverse Functions

• We have inverse operators, like a zipper, they unzip what has been zipped
o Subtraction is the inverse of addition
o Division is the inverse of multiplication
o Square Rooting is the inverse of Squaring

• Functions have inverses as well

o Given two functions 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥), they are inverses of one another if one ‘undoes’ what
the other ‘does’.
o We say then that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) This reads 𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆. It is NOT a
negative exponent.
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) ≠
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥

How to find the inverse of the Function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

1. Verify that 𝑓 is a one-to-one function (otherwise the inverse is not a function)

2. Replace 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦
3. Interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦. (Change 𝑥 ′ 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑥′𝑠)
4. Solve the new equation for 𝑦
5. Replace the new 𝑦 with 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Example 1: Determine 𝑓 −1 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 and then verify the solution

Solution 1: Check Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 Function is one-to-one 𝑥+1 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (2𝑥 − 1)

𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( )
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 Replace 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦
𝑥+1 2𝑧 − 1 + 1
= 2( )−1 =
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 1 Interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 2
𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑦 Solve for 𝑦 =𝑥+1−1 2𝑥
=
2
𝑥+1 =𝑥
=𝑦
2
=𝑥
𝑥+1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = Replace 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
2
1 Therefore 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) are inverse functions.
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Pre-Calculus 12

• There is a Domain/Range relationship between inverse functions as well

• The Domain of Function 𝒇(𝒙) is the Range of 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)
• The Range of Function 𝒇(𝒙) is the Domain of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Domain of 𝑓 Range of 𝑓

Range of 𝑓 −1 Domain of 𝑓 −1

Example 2: Determine 𝑔−1 for 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

Solution 2: Check Solution:

𝑔(𝑔−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑔−1 (𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔−1 (√𝑥 − 1)

𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 Function is one-to-one

𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 Replace 𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 1 − 1

2
= (√𝑥 − 1) + 1
𝑥 = √𝑦 − 1 Interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = √𝑥 2
= 𝑥−1+1
𝑥2 = 𝑦 − 1 Solve for 𝑦 = |𝑥| but 𝑥 ≥ 0
=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 =𝑥

𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 Replace 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑔−1 (𝑥)

Therefore 𝑔(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔−1 (𝑥) are inverse functions.

For 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 and For 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1

Domain is: 𝑥 ≥ 1; Range is: 𝑦 ≥ 0 therefore Domain is: 𝑥 ≥ 0; Range is: 𝑦 ≥ 1

So, 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎

This Domain restriction makes 𝑔−1 (𝑥) a one-to-one function thus given it an inverse in 𝑔(𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

𝑥
Example 3: Determine ℎ−1 of ℎ(𝑥) =
2𝑥 − 3

Solution 3:

𝑥 Check Solution:
ℎ(𝑥) = Function is one-to-one
2𝑥 − 3
3𝑥
𝑥 𝒉 (𝒉−𝟏 (𝒙)) = ℎ ( )
𝑦= Replace ℎ(𝑥) with 𝑦 2𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 − 3
3𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 −1
𝑥= Interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 3𝑥
2𝑦 − 3 2 (2𝑥 − 1) − 3

𝑥(2𝑦 − 3) = 𝑦 Solve for 𝑦 3𝑥 3𝑥

= 2𝑥 − 1 → 2𝑥 −1
2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 𝑦 6𝑥 6𝑥 3(2𝑥 − 1)
( )−3 (2𝑥 − 1) −
2𝑥 − 1 (2𝑥 − 1)
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥
3𝑥
𝑦(2𝑥 − 1) = 3𝑥 2𝑥 −1 3𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥
= = ∙ = =𝑥
6𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3
( ) 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 3
3𝑥 2𝑥 − 1
𝑦=
2𝑥 − 1
3𝑥
ℎ−1 (𝑥) = Replace 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ℎ−1 (𝑥) 𝑥
2𝑥 − 1 𝒉−𝟏 (𝒉(𝒙)) = ℎ−1 ( )
2𝑥 − 3
3𝑥 1 𝑥
ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ,𝑥≠ 3(
2𝑥 −3
)
2𝑥 − 1 2 = 𝑥
2 (2𝑥 − 3) − 1

3𝑥
(2𝑥 − 3)
=
2𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3)
(2𝑥 − 3) − 1
(2𝑥 − 3)

3𝑥 3𝑥
(2𝑥 − 3) (2𝑥 − 3) 3𝑥 2𝑥 − 3
= = = ∙
2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 3 2𝑥 − 3 3
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3

3𝑥
= =𝑥
3

Therefore ℎ(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) are inverse functions.

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Pre-Calculus 12

Example 4: Determine the inverse of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2

Solution 4: Since ℎ(𝑥) is a parabola (quadratic, u-curved graph) then it is not one-to-one, so the
inverse will not be a function but a Domain Restriction can change that, stay tuned.

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 Function is not one-to-one

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2 Replace ℎ(𝑥) with 𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 2 Interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦

𝑥 − 2 = 𝑦2 Solve for 𝑦

𝑦 = ±√𝑥 − 2 Not a Function

Restrict Domain of 𝒉(𝒙)𝒕𝒐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 Restrict Domain of 𝒉(𝒙)𝒕𝒐 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎

Then ℎ−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 which is a Function Then ℎ−1 (𝑥) = −√𝑥 + 2 which is a Function

Check Solution:

ℎ(ℎ−1 (𝑥)) = ℎ(√𝑥 − 2) ℎ(ℎ−1 (𝑥)) = ℎ(−√𝑥 − 2)

2 2
= (√𝑥 − 2) + 2 = (−√𝑥 − 2) + 2

=𝑥−2+2 = 𝑥−2+2

=𝑥 =𝑥

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0

ℎ−1 (ℎ(𝑥)) = ℎ−1 (𝑥 2 + 2) ℎ−1 (ℎ(𝑥)) = ℎ−1 (𝑥 2 + 2)

= √𝑥 2 + 2 − 2 = −√𝑥 2 + 2 − 2

= √𝑥 2 = −√𝑥 2

= 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 0 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 ≤ 0

Conclusion: for 𝑥 ≥ 0, ℎ(𝑥) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 √𝑥 − 2

for 𝑥 ≤ 0, ℎ(𝑥) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 − √𝑥 − 2

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𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
Graphs of Inverse Functions

• The graphs of 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 are symmetric about the

line 𝑦 = 𝑥
• 𝑓(𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) on the line 𝒚 = 𝒙
(𝑏, 𝑎)
• The interesting part is threat what happens with this
reflection, the point (𝒂, 𝒃) 𝒐𝒏 𝒇(𝒙), becomes 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
the point (𝒃, 𝒂)𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) (𝑎, 𝑏)

Example 5: Graph the inverse function of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≤ 0

Solution 5: To find the inverse, we have to work through the following way:

𝑦 = 𝑥2, 𝑥 ≤ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Swap, 𝑥’𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦’𝑠 in the

𝑥 = 𝑦2, 𝑦 ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≥ 0
Domain and Range too
𝑦 = ±√𝑥 , 𝑦 ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑦 is negative, 𝑥 is positive

So, 𝑦 = −√𝑥 and 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = −√𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

𝑔−1 (𝑥) = −√𝑥

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Pre-Calculus 12

Example 6: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

a) Determine 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b) Show that 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
c) Graph 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1

Solution 6:

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3

b) 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( 2
) = 2( 2
)− 3=𝑥+3−3=𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 3 (2𝑥 − 3) + 3 2𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (2𝑥 − 3) = = =𝑥
2 2
𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑦
𝑓 𝑦=𝑥
𝑥+3 c)
𝑦=
2

𝒙+𝟑
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝑓 −1
𝟐

Transformation in Inverse Functions

• The transformation process is exactly the same as before

• The only difference is that the first step is to swap the 𝒙, 𝒚 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔

For a point (𝒂, 𝒃) in 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

• 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) will have a point (𝑏, 𝑎)

• 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 − 1) will have a point (𝑏 + 1, 𝑎)

• 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 1 will have a point (𝑏, 𝑎 + 1)

1
• 𝑦 = −2𝑓 −1 (3𝑥) will have a point (3 𝑏, −2𝑎)

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Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.5 – Practice Problems

1. The following are graphs of functions. Will they have inverse functions? Yes/No and Why?

a) b)
𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜 𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜

𝑊ℎ𝑦? 𝑊ℎ𝑦?

c) d)
𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜 𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜

𝑊ℎ𝑦? 𝑊ℎ𝑦?

e) f)
𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜 𝑌𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜

𝑊ℎ𝑦? 𝑊ℎ𝑦?

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Pre-Calculus 12

2. Determine whether the functions are inverses of each other by calculating (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝒈 ◦ 𝒇)(𝒙)

3 5 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
5 3

3−𝑥 d)
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 4𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) =
4

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Pre-Calculus 12

4
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 f) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4

5𝑥 + 3 𝑥−3 3
h) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1
g) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) =
1 − 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 5

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Pre-Calculus 12

3. Determine the restrictions on each of the following functions in order for its inverse to be a function

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1| − 2

4. Find the inverse of the following functions. State if the inverse is a function, a one-to-one
function, or neither.

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 1

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 1
d) 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 2

𝑥 2𝑥 − 1
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = f) 𝑓(𝑥) =
1−𝑥 3𝑥 + 2

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Pre-Calculus 12

1
5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3, find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔−1 (𝑥), then determine
2

a) (𝑓 −1 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) b) (𝑔−1 ◦ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥)

c) (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) d) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔−1 )(𝑥)

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Pre-Calculus 12

e) (𝑓 −1 ◦ 𝑔−1 )(𝑥) f) (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)−1 (𝑥)

6. Given the graph of 𝑓, on the same grid draw the graph of the inverse of 𝑓.

a) b)

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) d)

e) f)

7. If (−1, 2) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎, 𝑏) is a point of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what must be a point on the graph for
the following?

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) b) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) − 1

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Pre-Calculus 12

c) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 + 2) d) 𝑦 = −𝑓 −1 (−𝑥)

e) 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑓 −1 (−𝑥) f) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 + 1)

8. Use Desmos to graph the following functions and their inverses. State if the inverse is a
function, a one-to-one function, or neither.

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4

9. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(−𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2) has an inverse function such that 𝑓 −1 (6) = −2. Find 𝑎.

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Pre-Calculus 12

10. If the graph of 𝑓 contains points in Quadrant I and II, the graph of 𝑓 −1 must contain points in
which Quadrant(s)? (Use the grid provided to help visualize)

11. The formulas for Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures are:

9 5
𝐹= 𝐶 + 32 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶= (𝐹 − 32)
5 9

Show that these two functions are inverses of each other.

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Pre-Calculus 12

1
12. Show that for the one-to-one function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3, that:
4

(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)−1 (𝑥) = (𝑔−1 ◦ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥)

Does this hold for all one-to-one functions?

See Website Copy for Detailed Answer Key

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Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.6 – Combined Transformations

• We can summarize the transformation steps as follows:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓[𝑏(𝑥 ± 𝑐)] + 𝑑

Recall:

Transforming Vertically

✓ 𝒂 > 𝟏 is a vertical expansion by a 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂

✓ 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏 is a vertical compression by a 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂
✓ 𝒂 < 𝟎 (negative), is a reflection in the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛)
✓ + 𝒅 shifts up 𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
✓ − 𝒅 shifts down 𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Transforming Horizontally

𝟏
✓ 𝒃 > 𝟏 is a horizontal compression by 𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇
𝒃
𝟏 𝟏
✓ 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 is a horizontal expansion 𝒃𝒚 𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 , and since 𝒃 is a fraction, =𝒃
𝒃 𝒃
✓ 𝒃 < 𝟎 (negative), is a reflection in the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛)
✓ + 𝒄 shifts left 𝒄 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 (𝒄 > 𝟎)
✓ − 𝒄 shifts right 𝒄 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 (𝒄 > 𝟎)

*REFLECTIONS/COMPRESIONS/EXPANSIONS ALWAYS COME FIRST – THEN ANY TRANSLATIONS*

Example 1: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) transformed to 𝑦 = −2𝑓[3(𝑥 + 5)] − 7

If (6, −3) is on 𝑓(𝑥) how does the point transform?

Solution 1:

Vertically So

- Refection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (multiply 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 1) (6, −3)

- Expansion by 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2)
Transforms to:
- Translation 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 7 (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 7 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
1
Horizontally (6 ( ) − 5, −3(−1)(2) − 7)
3
1 1
- Compression by a factor of (multiply 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 by ) (2 − 5, 6 − 7)
3 3
- Translation 5 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) (−3, −1)

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Pre-Calculus 12

• It is necessary to factor out the 𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 from any included horizontal translation

Example 2: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔)

Not allowed – factor out the 2

Solution 2:
1
• Horizontal Compression by a factor of
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔) → 𝒚 = 𝒇[𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟑)] 2
• Then 3 units to the right

Solving Combined Operations

There are two methods of solving combined equations:

1. A step-by-step approach
2. A one-shot calculation with the corresponding coordinates

Example 3: If the point (3, 2) is on the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what point is on 𝑦 = −4𝑓(6 − 3𝑥) + 1?

Solution 3:

First re-write the new function in the usual form with the 𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 factored out

𝑦 = −4𝑓(6 − 3𝑥) + 1 → 𝑦 = −4𝑓[−3(𝑥 − 2)] + 1

Method 1: Method 2

▪ −4 reflects points about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 with a vertical If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a point (𝑚, 𝑛), then
expansion by a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 4 so, (3, 2) → (3, −8)
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓[𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐)] + 𝑑 has a point:
▪ −3 reflects points about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 with a 𝑚
1 ( + 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑑 )
horizontal compression by a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 so, 𝑏
3
(3, −8) → (−1, −8) 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 1

So,
▪ 𝑥 − 2 shifts the point two units horizontally to the
right, so (−1, −8) → (1, −8) 3
( + 2, (−4)(2) + 1)
−3
▪ +1 shifts the point one unit vertically up, so
(1, −8) → (1, −7)
(1, −7)
▪ So, the transformation is:
(3, 2) → (1, −7)
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Pre-Calculus 12

Example 4: If the point (−1, 2) is on the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), what point is on 𝑦 = −3𝑓(8 + 2𝑥) − 1?

Solution 4:

First re-write the new function in the usual form with the 𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 factored out:

𝑦 = −3𝑓(8 + 2𝑥) − 1 → 𝑦 = −3𝑓[2(𝑥 + 4)] − 1

Method 1: Method 2

▪ If (−1, 2) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), then (2, −1) is on 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) has a point (𝑛, 𝑚), then

▪ −3 reflects points about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 with a vertical 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓[𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐)] + 𝑑 has a point:
expansion by a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3 so, (2, −1) → (2, 3) 𝑚
( + 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑑 )
𝑏
1
▪ 2 is a horizontal compression by a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 so, 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −4, 𝑑 = −1
2
(2, 3) → (1, 3)
So,

▪ 𝑥 + 4 shifts the point four units horizontally to the 2

( + (−4), (−3)(−1) − 1)
left, so (1, 3) → (−3, 3) 2

▪ −1 shifts the point one unit vertically up, so

(−3, 3) → (−3, 2) (−3, 2)

▪ So, the transformation is:

(−1, 2) → (−3, 2)

Transforming Graphs

• Using a step-by-step approach for graph transformations can be tedious

• It is helpful to pick a number of reference points, transforming them, and re-drawing the graph in
its entirety.
• See the example below

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 Pre-Calculus 12

Example 4: Given the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) below, graph 𝑦 = −2𝑓[−2(𝑥 + 1)] + 1

Solution 4:

Remember:

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has point (𝑚, 𝑛)

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓[𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐)] + 𝑑 has the point:

𝑚
( + 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑑 )
𝑏

𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −1, 𝑑 = 1

Use the reference points to calculate the transformations: (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 0)

−1 1 0
(−1, 0) → ( − 1, (−2)(0) + 1 ) → (− , 1) (0, 1) → ( − 1, (−2)(1) + 1 ) → (−1, −1)
−2 2 −2
1 3 2
(1, 1) → ( − 1, (−2)(1) + 1 ) → (− , −1) (2, 0) → ( − 1, (−2)(0) + 1 ) → (−2, 1)
−2 2 −2

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Pre-Calculus 12

Section 2.6 – Practice Problems

1. Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has the point (𝑎, 𝑏). Write (𝑎, 𝑏) with the transformations described.

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) + 1 b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)

c) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥) d) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1

e) 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) f) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

g) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) h) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

i) 𝑦 = −𝑓 −1 (𝑥) j) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 1

k) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 − 1) l) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (−𝑥) + 1

m) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 1 n) 𝑦 = −𝑓 −1 (−𝑥) + 1

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Pre-Calculus 12

2. If points (4, −2) and (𝑎, 𝑏) are on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), what points must be on the following graphs?

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) − 3 b) 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥) + 1

c) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥 + 2) − 1 d) 𝑦 = |𝑓(2𝑥)|

1
e) 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) + 4 f) 𝑦 = −|𝑓(𝑥 − 2)|

1 h) 𝑦 = −𝑓(1 − 𝑥)
g) 𝑦 = 𝑓 (− 𝑥) + 1
2

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Pre-Calculus 12

i) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) + 2 j) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 + 1)

3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, determine the equation after each of the following transformations.

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) 1
b) 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) + 1
2

c) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥 − 1) + 2 d) 𝑦 = 2𝑓(1 − 𝑥) + 3

e) Expand vertically by a factor of 3 f) Expand horizontally by a factor of 3

4. If 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36, determine the equation after each of the following transformations (these
are not intuitive, is it in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)?

a) Expand horizontally by a factor of 2 1

b) Compress vertically by a factor of
3

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Pre-Calculus 12

1 4
c) Compress horizontally by a factor of and expand vertically by a factor of 3
2

1
5. Write an expression for 𝑓(𝑥) obtained by reflecting the graph 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, about the:
2
Drawings may help.
a) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 b) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

c) 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 2 d) 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 2

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Pre-Calculus 12

6. Graph the following functions without using Desmos, graph the basic form first, then graph
the transformation and erase the original.

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√5 − 𝑥 − 5

1
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −|1 − 𝑥| + 3 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥 + 2)3 + 1
4

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Pre-Calculus 12

7. Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) below, sketch the graphs of the following:
Use Reference Points
to make this easier.

1 b) 𝑦 = −2𝑓(𝑥 + 2) − 1
a) 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) + 1
2

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Pre-Calculus 12

1 d) 𝑦 = 2𝑓(1 − 𝑥) + 2
c) 𝑦 = 2𝑓 ( 𝑥 − 1) + 1
2

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Pre-Calculus 12

e) 𝑦 = −𝑓(2 − 2𝑥) − 2 1
f) 𝑦 = −2𝑓 (− 2 𝑥 − 1) + 1

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Pre-Calculus 12

Answer Key for Number 1

1.
a) (𝑎 + 1, 𝑏 + 1) b) (1 − 𝑎, 𝑏) c) (−𝑎, −𝑏)
d) 𝑎, 𝑏 + 1) e) (−𝑎, 𝑏) f) (𝑎, −𝑏)

g) 𝑎 − 1, 𝑏) h) (𝑏, 𝑎) i) (𝑏, −𝑎)

j) (𝑏, 𝑎 + 1) k) (𝑏 + 1, 𝑎) l) (−𝑏, 𝑎 + 1)

m) (𝑏, 𝑎 + 1) n) (−𝑏, 1 − 𝑎)

See Website for Detailed Answer Key of the Remainder of the Questions

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