CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO .

ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS

1 INTRODUCTION
2 LITERATURES SURVEY
3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
3.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
4.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
5 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
5.2 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
5.3 MODULE DESCRIPTION
6 SYSTEM DESIGN
6.1 DATABASE DESIGN
6.2 USER INTERFACE DESIGN
6.3 UML DIAGRAM S
7 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION & TESTING
8 CONCLUSION &FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
8.1 CONCLUSION
8.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
APPENDIX 1 – SOURCE CODE
APPENDIX 2 - SCREENSHOTS
REFERENCES
 FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING WSN

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we propose a wireless sensor network paradigm for real-

time forest fire detection. The wireless sensor network can detect and forecast
forest fire more promptly than the traditional satellite-based detection approach.
This paper mainly describes the data collecting and processing in wireless
sensor networks for real-time forest fire detection. A neural network method is
applied to in-network data processing. We evaluate the performance of our
approach by simulations.The forest fire is the unavoidable accident till in this
modern world. Forest fire is one of the unpredictable natural disasters. It does
not predict the all the time by the man power it is not only threading for the wild
animals even it is threading for the whole environment. Every year thousands of
forest fire across the earth cause disaster beyond measure and description in this
environment. The main objective of this project is design and development of
IOT based fire detection system. The smoke and fire sensor can detect the forest
fire and the HC-12 module is the wireless serial communication module it send
the location to the nearer receiver of another HC-12 module it can send the
location within the range of 1.5km.This information is further send to the IOT
module. This is very useful for future environment analysis and review of the
atmospheric climate condition of the particular place.
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor networks have been attracting many research efforts

during the past few years. Sensor networks, usually composed of a few sinks
and a large quantity of inexpensive and small sensor nodes, have been
deployed in a variety of applications such as habitat monitoring , forest fire
detection, etc. In this paper we explore the use of wireless sensor network
technology in real-time forest fire detection. The forest fire is a fatal threat in
the world: it is reported that a total of 77,534 wildfires burned 6,790,692
acres in USA for 2004. Satellitebased monitoring is a popular method to
detect forest fire now . But the long scan period and low resolution of
satellites restrict the effectiveness of the satellite-based forest fire detection.
Moreover, satellites usually cannot forecast forest fires before the fire is
spread uncontrollable. In this paper, we propose a new real-time forest fire
detection method by using wireless sensor networks. Our goal is to detect
and predict forest fire promptly and accurately in order to minimize the loss
of forests, wild animals, and people in the forest fire. In our proposed
paradigm, a large number of sensor nodes are densely deployed in a forest.
Sensor nodes collect measured data (e.g., temperature, relative humidity) and
send to their respective cluster nodes that collaboratively process the data by
constructing a neural network. The neural network takes the measured data
as input to produce weather index, which measures the likelihood for the
weather to cause a fire. Cluster headers will send weather indexes to a
manager node via the sink. Then the manager node concludes the forest fire
danger rate based on received weather indexes and some other factors. In
certain emergent situations, sensor nodes may detect smoke or abnormal
temperature. They will directly send an emergence report to the manager
node. We apply the neural network method to the data processing in the
cluster header in our design. The neural network has been applied to a lot of
application in the past two decades, including satellite-based forest fire
detection . To our best knowledge, there exists no previous work that has
proposed in-network processing using neural network in wireless sensor
networks. We exploit the essence of neural network that complex data
processing can be done by performing simple calculations at many organized
single nodes. Such an approach fits sensor networks well because individual
sensor nodes have limited computing capability. Moreover, the constructed
neural network operates on vast raw data and extracts small amount of
information useful for the final decision; thus, both communication overhead
and energy consumption are significantly reduced. In addition to real-time
 forest fire detection, the proposed sensor network approach can forecast
potential forest fires, and provide helpful information to extinguish forest
fires and investigate the cause of the fires. These features make our proposed
paradigm superior to the traditional satellite-based forest fire detection
approach.

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

In the existing system, the forest fire is basically detected by the fire and
smoke sensors by the variation of the temperature that indicates the presence of
fire in the particular place then the information is passed by using the internet.
When we using the internet we face the bandwidth problem as well as lose of
signals and interference in the emergency situation. The installation and
maintenance cost is high. So, it is necessary to bring the new idea for transmit
the information by the new methodology.

1.2.1 DISADVANTAGES:

● Loss of signals
● Interference
● Low bandwidth
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed system is cloud based forest fire detection system using the
IOT technology. In the modern world it is a major work to protect our
environment. The forest fire impact is very dangerous for wild life animals,
flora and fauna. Due to the forest fire the uncountable trees are burn to affect the
environment as well as atmosphere. The forest fire is not a manmade it is a
natural disaster. So this project we need to rectify the forest fire problem. In
order to give the fast fire detection result by using the IOT module. The
temperature sensors are used to detect the temperature variation. The fire and
smoke sensor is a device to detect the smoke as an indicator of fire. The cloud is
used to store the every reaction can be monitoring the condition of the
environment. The IOT device is interfaced between the arduino and cloud. So
the forest fire monitoring system is fixing successfully.

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES:

● Collaboration of efficiency
● Scalability
● Easily access store the information
● Flexibility
● Low cost of maintenance
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

MODULE 1 1.5km

Smoke sensor HC- 12

module

Arduino

Fire sensor GPS

NNBJGHGHGG

MODULE 2

HC-12

IOT module
Arduino
Smoke sensor

Fire sensor
2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

● Arduino
● Fire sensor
● Smoke sensor
● HC-12 module
● IOT module
● GPS
● Power Supply Unit

2.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

● Arduino IDE
● Embedded C
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 ARDUINO

An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either

used directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the
components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically used in
communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It was founded
by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in 2005.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button.

It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference
versions of Arduino, moving forward.

The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions.

ARDUINO ARCHITECTURE:

Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the

program code and program data have separate memory. It consists of two
memories- Program memory and the data memory.The code is stored in the
flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The
Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is
used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM and operates
with a clock speed of 16MHz.

The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be

directly loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to
burn the program. This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of
Bootloader which allows the program to be burned into the circuit. All we have
to do is to download the Arduino software and writing the code.
ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM

Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button

POWER JACK

Arduino can be power either from the pc through a USB or through external
source like adaptor or a battery. It can operate on a external supply of 7 to 12V.
Power can be applied externally through the pin Vin or by giving voltage
reference through the IORef pin.

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging.
 The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

DIGITAL INPUTS

It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which provide or take

up 40mA current. Some of them have special functions like pins 0 and 1, which
act as Rx and Tx respectively , for serial communication, pins 2 and 3-which are
external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9,11 which provides pwm output and pin 13
where LED is connected.

ANALOG INPUTS:

It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a resolution of 10 bits.

AREF

It provides reference to the analog inputs

RESET

It resets the microcontroller when low

5 STEPS TO PROGRAM AN ARDUINO

Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of

3 parts

1. Declaration of Variables
2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.

⮚ The sketch is saved with .ino extension. Any operations like verifying,
opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the buttons on the
toolbar or using the tool menu.
⮚ The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.
 ⮚ Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port numbers.
⮚ Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus the
code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

BASIC ADRUINO FUNCTIONS

⮚ digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.
⮚ digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.
⮚ pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.
⮚ analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.
⮚ analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.
⮚ serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by
setting the bit rate.

FEATURES

⮚ It is inexpensive
⮚ It comes with an open source hardware feature which enables users to
develop their own kit using already available one as a reference source.
⮚ The Arduino software is compatible with all types of operating systems
like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh etc.
⮚ It also comes with open source software feature which enables
experienced software developers to use the Arduino code to merge with
the existing programming language libraries and can be extended and
modified.
⮚ It is easy to use for beginners.
⮚ We can develop an Arduino based project which can be completely stand
alone or projects which involve direct communication with the software
loaded in the computer.
⮚ It comes with an easy provision of connecting with the CPU of the
computer using serial communication over USB as it contains built in
power and reset circuitry.
3.1.2 FIRE SENSOR

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the

presence of a flame or fire. Responses to a detected flame depend on the
installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line and
activating a fire suppression system. When used in applications such as
industrial furnaces, their role is to provide confirmation that the furnace is
properly lit; in these cases they take no direct action beyond notifying the
operator or control system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more
accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect
the flame.

OPTICAL FLAME DETECTORS

ULTRAVIOLET
Ultraviolet detectors work by detecting the UV radiation emitted at the
instant of ignition. While capable of detecting fires and explosions within 3–4
milliseconds, a time delay of 2–3 seconds is often included to minimize false
alarms which can be triggered by other UV sources such as lightning, arc
welding, radiation, and sunlight. UV detectors typically operate with
wavelengths shorter than 300 nm. The solar blind UV wavelength band is also
easily blinded by oily contaminants.
NEAR IR ARRAY

Near infrared array flame detectors, also known as visual flame detectors,
employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing near IR
radiation using a charge-coupled device.
INFRARED
Infrared (IR) flame detectors monitor the infrared spectral band for
specific patterns given off by hot gases. These are sensed using a specialized
fire-fighting thermal imaging camera, a type of the zoographic camera. False
alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in
the area. Water on the detector's lens will greatly reduce the accuracy of the
detector, as will exposure to direct sunlight. A single-frequency IR flame
detector is typically sensitive to wavelengths around 4.4 micrometers, which is a
spectral characteristic peak of hot carbon dioxide as is produced in a fire. The
usual response time of an IR detector is 3–5 seconds.

UV/IR
These detectors are sensitive to both UV and IR wavelengths, and detect
flame by comparing the threshold signal of both ranges. This helps minimize
false alarms.

IR/IR flame detection

Dual IR flame detectors compare the threshold signal in two infrared
ranges. Often one sensor looks at the 4.4 micrometer carbon dioxide emission,
while the other sensor looks at a reference frequency. Sensing CO2 emission is
appropriate for hydrocarbon fuels; for non-carbon based fuels, e.g., hydrogen,
the broadband water bands are sensed.
IR3 FLAME DETECTION
Triple-IR flame detectors compare three specific wavelength bands
within the IR spectral region and their ratio to each other. In this case one sensor
looks at the 4.4 micrometer range while the other sensors look at reference
wavelengths both above and below 4.4. This allows the detector to distinguish
between non-flame IR sources and actual flames which emit hot CO 2 in the
combustion process. As a result, both detection range and immunity to false
alarms can be significantly increased. IR3 detectors can detect a 0.1m2 gasoline
pan fire at up to 65 m in less than 5 seconds. Triple IRs, like other IR detector
types, are susceptible to blinding by a layer of water on the detector's window.
Most IR detectors are designed to ignore constant background IR
radiation, which is present in all environments. Instead they are designed to
detect suddenly changing or increasing sources of the radiation. When exposed
to changing patterns of non-flame IR radiation, IR and UV/IR detectors become
more prone to false alarms, while IR3 detectors become somewhat less sensitive
but are more immune to false alarms.
VISIBLE SENSORS
In some detectors, a sensor for visible radiation is added to the design in
order to better discriminate against false alarms or to improve the detection
range

IONIZATION CURRENT FLAME DETECTION

The intense ionization within the body of a flame can be measured by
means of a current that flows when a voltage is applied by the phenomena
of Flame Rectification. This current can be used to verify flame presence and
quality. Such detectors are used in large industrial process gas heaters and are
connected to the flame control system. They usually act as both flame quality
monitors and for flame failure detection. These types of sensors are also
common in a variety of household gas furnaces.
THERMOCOUPLE FLAME DETECTION
Thermocouples are used extensively for monitoring flame presence in
combustion heating systems and gas cookers. A common use in these
installations is to cut off the supply of fuel if the flame fails, in order to prevent
unburned fuel from accumulating. These sensors measure heat and therefore are
commonly used to determine the absence of a flame. This can be used to verify
the presence of a Pilot flame.

APPLICATIONS
● Hydrogen stations
● Gas-fuelled cookers
● Industrial heating and drying systems
● Domestic heating systems
● Industrial gas turbines

3.1.3 SMOKE SENSOR

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

In current technology scenario, monitoring of gases produced is very

important. From home appliances such as air conditioners to electric chimneys
and safety systems at industries monitoring of gases is very crucial. Gas sensors
spontaneously react to the gas present, thus keeping the system updated about
any alterations that occur in the concentration of molecules at gaseous state. The
gas sensor module consists of a steel exoskeleton under which a sensing
element is housed.

This sensing element is subjected to current through connecting leads.

This current is known as heating current through it, the gases coming close to
the sensing element get ionized and are absorbed by the sensing element. This
changes the resistance of the sensing element which alters the value of the
current going out of it. The connecting leads of the sensor are thick so that
sensor can be connected firmly to the circuit and sufficient amount of heat gets
conducted to the inside part. They are casted from copper and have tin plating
over them.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

MQ-4 gas sensor detects the concentration of methane gas in the

environmental air and output the reading as an analog voltage. The
concentration sensing range of 300 ppm to 10,000 ppm is suitable for leak
detection. Signal conditioning circuit is used to convert the change of
conductivity to correspond output signal with the input gas concentration. MQ-4
gas sensor has high sensitivity to Methane, also to Propane and Butane. The
sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas, especially Methane; it
is with low cost and suitable for different application. The MQ-4 gas module is
mounted on a pcb board which has an operating voltage of 5V DC. The sensor
output values can be get by means of both analog and digital.
 Gas sensor MQ-4

FEATURES

Analog and digital output

High sensitivity to CH4, natural gas

Small sensitivity to alcohol and smoke

Fast response

Stable and long life

Operating voltage: 5VDC

41
APPLICATIONS

Domestic gas leakage detector

Industrial Combustible gas detector

Alcohol checker

3.1.4 GPS

GPS stands for Global Positioning System and was developed by the US
Department of Defence as a worldwide navigation and positioning facility for
both military and civilian use. It is a space-based radio-navigation system
consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate
information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in
the world and in all weather conditions.

Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of GPS. Navigation

receivers are made for aircraft, ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by
individuals. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed
in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time.

Good GPS receivers can calculate their position, anywhere on earth, to within
one hundred metres and can continuously update their position more than once a
second. Of course, various factors, such as terrain and atmospherics can affect
the GPS signals. In spite of this however, accuracy of one hundred metres for
GPS will commonly be exceeded.

42
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF GPS

The Global Positioning System consists of a network of 24 broadcasting

satellites orbiting the earth at a height of 20,200km. GPS also consists of
receivers on the ground, which listen to and interpret the transmissions of the
satellites.

The concept of ranging is best illustrated by example. Consider one satellite

that is a distance of 25,000 kilometres from a person holding a GPS receiver.
Then the person's position is known to be somewhere on a sphere 25,000 km in
radius, cantered on the satellite. However, the exact location of the person on
that sphere is yet unknown. If, at the same time, the distance from the person to
a second satellite can be discovered to be 20,000 km, then a second sphere of
radius 20,000 km on which the person is positioned can be determined.

Thus the person must be on the circle formed by the intersection of the two
spheres of position. A third satellite provides yet a third sphere, which narrows

42
down the location of the person to exactly two points. One of these points is
often an impossible solution, frequently several thousand kilometres off in
space, thus three satellite ranges can determine the precise position of the
person.

Three satellites provide enough information to find the x, y, and z

coordinates (measured from the centre of mass of the earth). However, in
practice, four satellites are required to pinpoint a position, for reasons that will
soon become clear.

⮚ 21 GPS satellites and three spare satellites are in orbit at 10,600 miles
above the Earth. The satellites are spaced so that from any point on Earth,
four satellites will be above the horizon.
⮚ Each satellite contains a computer, an atomic clock, and a radio. With an
understanding of its own orbit and the clock, it continually broadcasts its
changing position and time. (Once a day, each satellite checks its own
sense of time and position with a ground station and makes any minor
correction.)
⮚ On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that "triangulates"
its own position by getting bearings from three of the four satellites. The
result is provided in the form of a geographic position - longitude and
latitude - to, for most receivers, within 100 meters.
⮚ If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map,
the position can be shown on the map.
⮚ If a fourth satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can figure out
the altitude as well as the geographic position.
⮚ If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed
and direction of travel and give you estimated times of arrival to specified
destinations.

42
 The GPS is being used in science to provide data that has never been
available before in the quantity and degree of accuracy that the GPS makes
possible. Scientists are using the GPS to measure the movement of the arctic ice
sheets, the Earth's tectonic plates, and volcanic activity.

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

Latitude and longitude are angles that uniquely define points on a sphere.
Together, the angles comprise a coordinate scheme that can locate or identify
geographic positions on the surfaces of planets such as the earth.

Latitude is defined with respect to an equatorial reference plane. This

plane passes through the centre C of the sphere, and also contains the great
circle representing the equator. The latitude of a point P on the surface is
defined as the angle that a straight line, passing through both P and C, subtends
with respect to the equatorial plane.

Longitude is defined in terms of meridians, which are half-circles running

from pole to pole. A reference meridian, called the prime meridian, is selected,
and this forms the reference by which longitudes are defined. On the earth, the

42
prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England; for this reason it is also
called the Greenwich meridian. The longitude of a point P on the surface is
defined as the angle that the plane containing the meridian passing
through P subtends with respect to the plane containing the prime meridian.

GPS IN THREE STAGES

STAGE 1

The satellites act as reference points.

The nominal GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites at an

altitude of 20,100 km (12,500 mi) and with a period of 12 hours. The satellite
orbits repeat almost the same ground track (as the earth turns beneath them)
once each day. There are six orbital planes with nominally four satellites in
each, equally spaced (60 degrees apart), and inclined at about 55 degrees with
respect to the equatorial plane to ensure coverage of Polar Regions.

This constellation provides the user with between five and eight satellites
visible from any point on the earth. Powered by solar cells, the satellites
continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun and
their antennas toward the earth. Each satellite contains four atomic clocks.

STAGE 2

The signal travel time gives distance information.

GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time.
The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a
receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast.

The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception
and the broadcast time to compute the distance, or range, from the receiver to
the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in

42
the signal’s speed caused by the atmosphere. To calculate the distance between
itself and any given satellite the receiver multiplies the travel time by the speed
of light. This principal is fundamental to GPS.

STAGE 3

Three distances gives the position.

Once stages 1 and 2 have been accomplished we now have distance

information to a number of satellites the locations of which we know with great
precision. From this data, the receiver triangulates an exact position. Three
satellites are needed to determine latitude and longitude, while a fourth satellite
is necessary to determine altitude. An atomic clock synchronized to GPS is
required in order to compute ranges from these three signals. Let’s assume that
the receiver determines that it is 20,000km from a particular satellite.

This means that the receiver could be anywhere on an imaginary sphere

with the satellite as its centre. If it also determines that it is 25,000km from a
second satellite this narrows its location down even further. The only location in
space where it can be both 20,000km from the first satellite and 25,000km from
the second is where these two spheres intersect. That intersection is a circle of
points.

A third measurement adds another sphere which intersects the circle

formed by the first two. This intersection occurs at two points, and so, with
these three measurements, the GPS receiver has narrowed down its location to
just two points in the entire universe.

42
 A fourth measurement will intersect exactly with one of the two points. In
practice, however, you may not need this fourth measurement as one of the two
points will normally be located thousands of kilometres out into space, and
therefore is unlikely to be your position! However a fourth measurement is used
to calculate altitude. It also ensures that the receiver’s clock is truly
synchronised with universal time.

GPS APPLICATION

⮚ Military
⮚ Navigation
⮚ Target Tracking
⮚ Land, sea, air
⮚ Mapping and surveying
⮚ Missile and projectile guidance
⮚ Search and rescue.

42
3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.2.1 ARDUINO IDE

ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software

(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them.

42
ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE

42
WRITING SKETCHES

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.
The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The
message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE),
including complete error messages and other information. The bottom right
hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save
sketches, and open the serial monitor

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details.

New
Creates a new sketch.

Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one
will open it within the current window overwriting its content.

Save
 Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within five menus:

● File
● Edit
● Sketch
● Tools
● Help

SKETCHBOOK

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place
to store your programs (or sketches). The sketches in the sketchbook can be
opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the
toolbar. The first time when the Arduino software runs, it will automatically
create a directory for the sketchbook.

Thus the program sketched and saved in this Arduino IDE software is
run using Proteus software. The simulation result output is displayed in Proteus
software
 PROTEUS

Proteus is a software package for computer-aided design, simulation and

design of electronic circuits. It consists of two main parts, the ISIS and the
circuit design environment. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics.

ISIS

The ISIS, Intelligent Schematic Input System ( Intelligent Switching input

system ) is the environment for the design and simulation of electronic circuits.

The component library includes claims to more than 10,000 circuit

components with 6000 Prospice simulation models. Own components can be
created and added to the library.

ISIS includes a base-VSM engine with support for the following functionality:

● DC / AC voltmeter & ammeter, oscilloscopes, logic analyzers

● Analog signal generators, Digital Pattern Generator
● Timer functions, protocol analyzers (eg RS232, I2C, SPI)

PROTEUS SOFTWARE
3.2.2 EMBEDDED C

EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is the most popular embedded software language in the

world. Most embedded software is written in Embedded C.It is a set of language
extensions for the C Programming language by the C Standard committee to
address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems.

Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions

to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point
arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. The C
programming language is perhaps the most popular programming language for
programming embedded systems.

Most C programmers are spoiled because they program in environments

where not only there is a standard library implementation, but there are
frequently a number of other libraries available for use. The cold fact is, that in
embedded systems, there rarely are many of the libraries that programmers have
grown used to, but occasionally an embedded system might not have a complete
standard library, if there is a standard library at all.

Few embedded systems have capability for dynamic linking, so if

standard library functions are to be available at all, they often need to be
directly linked into the executable. Oftentimes, because of space concerns, it is
not possible to link in an entire library file, and programmers are often forced to
"brew their own" standard c library implementations if they want to use them at
all. While some libraries are bulky and not well suited for use on
microcontrollers, many development systems still include the standard libraries
which are the most common for C programmers.
 C remains a very popular language for micro-controller developers due to
the code efficiency and reduced overhead and development time. C offers low-
level control and is considered more readable than assembly. Many free C
compilers are available for a wide variety of development platforms.

The compilers are part of an IDEs with ICD support, breakpoints, single-
stepping and an assembly window. The performance of C compilers has
improved considerably in recent years, and they are claimed to be more or less
as good as assembly, depending on who you ask. Most tools now offer options
for customizing the compiler optimization. Additionally, using C increases
portability, since C code can be compiled for different types of processors.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF EMBEDDED C AND EMBEDDED

PROGRAMMING

Embedded C, even if it’s similar to C, and embedded languages in

general requires a different kind of thought process to use. Embedded systems,
like cameras or TV boxes, are simple computers that are designed to perform a
single specific task. They are also designed to be efficient and cheap when
performing their task.

For example, they aren’t supposed to use a lot of power to operate and
they are supposed to be as cheap as possible. As an embedded system
programmer, you will have simple hardware to work with. You will have very
little RAM, ROM and very little processing power and stack space. The reason
why most embedded systems use Embedded C as a programming language is
because Embedded C lies somewhere between being a high level language and
a low level language. Embedded C, unlike low level assembly languages, is
portable.
 It can run on a wide variety of processors, regardless of their architecture.
Unlike high level languages, Embedded C requires less resources to run and
isn’t as complex. Some experts estimate that C is 20% more efficient than a
modern language like C++. Another advantage of Embedded C is that it is
comparatively easy to debug.

EMBEDDED C COMPILERS

There are a variety of different compilers on the market, manufactured by

different companies that use Embedded C. One of the more popular ones is the
Keil compiler. Because of this, Embedded C is also sometimes known as Keil
C.

Embedded C has several keywords that are not present in C (learn more
about the concept of keywords in this course). These keywords are associated
with operations needed by microprocessors. You will need to be familiar with
all of them to be able to write Embedded C programs.

Unsigned char data a;

Here, the unsigned char declaration is like a normal C declaration. We just

added the data keyword, which tells the microcontroller to store the unsigned
char a in the internal data memory.

bdata: The bdata keyword lets you store a declared variable in the bit
addressable memory. Take a look at this example:

Unsigned char bdata a;

This is similar to the data declaration we showed you above. You have to access
bdata variables in a different way, however.

Using: This keyword lets you execute a function by letting it access a register
bank. There are three possible values: 1, 2 and 3.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING

Embedded systems programming is different from developing applications on a

desktop computers. Key characteristics of an embedded system, when compared
to PCs, are as follows:

● Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM, limited

RAM, limited stack space, less processing power)
● Components used in embedded system and PCs are different; embedded
systems typically uses smaller, less power consuming components.
Embedded systems are more tied to the hardware.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT TYPE OF LANGUAGES:

● Machine Code
● Low level language, i.e., assembly
● High level language like C, C++, Java, Ada, etc.
● Application level language like Visual Basic, scripts, Access, etc.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C AND EMBEDDED C

● Though C and embedded C appear different and are used in different

contexts, they have more similarities than the differences. Most of the
constructs are same; the difference lies in their applications.
● C is used for desktop computers, while embedded C is for
microcontroller based applications. Accordingly, C has the luxury to use
resources of a desktop PC like memory, OS, etc. While programming on
desktop systems, we need not bother about memory. However, embedded
C has to use with the limited resources (RAM, ROM, I/Os) on an
embedded processor. Thus, program code must fit into the available
program memory. If code exceeds the limit, the system is likely to crash.
 ● Compilers for C (ANSI C) typically generate OS dependant
executables. Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be
downloaded to the microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to
run. Embedded compilers give access to all resources which is not
provided in compilers for desktop computer applications.
● Embedded systems often have the real-time constraints, which is usually
not there with desktop computer applications.

Embedded systems often do not have a console, which is available in case of

desktop applications.

So, what basically is different while programming with embedded C is the

mindset; for embedded applications, we need to optimally use the resources,
make the program code efficient, and satisfy real time constraints, if any. All
this is done using the basic constructs, syntaxes, and function libraries of ‘C’.

ADVANTAGES

● It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and

debug.
● C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today,
and there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
● Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not
specific to any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system.
This makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on
most of the systems.
● As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high
level languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or
‘high level assembly language’
● It is fairly efficient
 ● It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large
embedded projects

Many of these advantages are offered by other languages also, but what sets C
apart from others like Pascal, FORTRAN, etc. is the fact that it is a middle level
language; it provides direct hardware control without sacrificing benefits of
high level languages.
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE: ”Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United
States,”

AUTHOR NAME: J. K. Balch, B. A. Bradley, J. T. Abatzoglou, R. C. Nagy,

E. J. Fusco and A. L. Mahood

YEAR: 2017

. The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have
risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely
enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in
increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5
million government records of wildfires that had to be extinguished or managed
by state or federal agencies from 1992 to 2012, and examined geographic and
seasonal extents of human-ignited wildfires relative to lightning-ignited
wildfires. Humans have vastly expanded the spatial and seasonal “fire niche” in
the coterminous United States, accounting for 84% of all wildfires and 44% of
total area burned. During the 21-y time period, the human-caused fire season
was three times longer than the lightning-caused fire season and added an
average of 40,000 wildfires per year across the United States. Human-started
wildfires disproportionally occurred where fuel moisture was higher than
lightning-started fires, thereby helping expand the geographic and seasonal
niche of wildfire. Human-started wildfires were dominant (>80% of ignitions)
in over 5.1 million km2, the vast majority of the United States, whereas
lightning-started fires were dominant in only 0.7 million km2, primarily in
sparsely populated areas of the mountainous western United States. Ignitions
caused by human activities are a substantial driver of overall fire risk to
ecosystems and economies. Actions to raise awareness and increase
management in regions prone to human-started wildfires should be a focus of
United States policy to reduce fire risk and associated hazards.
TITLE: “Forest Monitoring and Wildland Early Fire Detection by a
Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Network,”

AUTHOR NAME: A. Molina-Pico, D. Cuesta-Frau, A. Araujo, J. Alejandre

and A. Rozas,

YEAR: 2016

A wildland fire is an uncontrolled fire that occurs mainly in forest areas,

although it can also invade urban or agricultural areas. Among the main causes
of wildfires, human factors, either intentional or accidental, are the most usual
ones. The number and impact of forest fires are expected to grow as a
consequence of the global warming. In order to fight against these disasters, it is
necessary to adopt a comprehensive, multifaceted approach that enables a
continuous situational awareness and instant responsiveness. This paper
describes a hierarchical wireless sensor network aimed at early fire detection in
risky areas , integrated with the fire fighting command centres, geographical
information systems, and fire simulators. This configuration has been
successfully tested in two fire simulations involving all the key players in fire
fighting operations: fire brigades, communication systems, and aerial,
coordination, and land means.