science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :1
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Title of the Experiments: To identify the chloride , bromide and iodide
ions from the given salts.
Requirements of Experiments : Test tubes, stand etc.
Chemicals : Silver Nitrate , solutions of Potassium Chloride , Potassium bromide
and potassium Iodide.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Test Chemical reaction Colour of Ion
tube precipitate
KCl (aq.)+ AgNO3(aq.) → KNO3(aq.)+AgCl(s) white Chloride (Cl-)
A
KBr (aq.)+ AgNO3(aq.) → KNO3(aq.)+AgBr(s) Light yellow Bromide (Br-)
B
KI(aq.) + AgNO3(aq.) → KNO3(aq.)+AgI(s) Bright yellow Iodide (I-)
C
Inference / Result : 1. Ions ( halides) are precipitated in all the three reaction in this
experiments.
2.elements in the halogen family belonging to 17th group in the periodic table show
similarity in their properties.
3. in this experiments, depending on the colour of precipitate, presence of chloride ion,
bromide ion , iodide ion are confirmed.
Page 1 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :2
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Title of the Experiments: To identify the type of reaction by studying the
reaction and recording observations .
Requirements of Experiments : Beakers ,Test tubes , Pair of tongs, Burner ,
Glass rod , etc.
Chemicals: Zinc dust, Magnesium strip, dilute Sulphuric Acid.
Diagram of experiment setup :
PART 1: Combustion of magnesium in air .
Reaction : 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO (S)
Readings in Observations table:
1. The magnesium ribbon burns with bright luminous flame.
2. a white coloured powder remains behind .
Reaction Number Number Interesting feature of the reaction Types of reaction.
of of
reactants product
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO (S) 2 1 1. Here two reactants and a Combination
single product . Reaction.
2. The magnesium ribbon
burns with bright
luminous flame.
3. This is chemical change.
PART 2: Action of dilute sulphuric acid on Zinc .
Reaction : Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Readings in Observations table:
1. A colourless gas is liberated .
2. a glowing splincter get extinguished and gas burns with blue flame production of a noise.
3. zinc powder disappears and a colourless solution obtained.
Page 2 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Reaction Number Number Interesting feature of the reaction Types of
of of reaction.
reactants product
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 2 2 1. Here two reactant and two Displacement
product. Reaction .
2. Hydrogen from H2SO4
gets displaced by zinc
metal.
Inference / conclusion :
PART 1: In this reaction magnesium and oxygen these two products react and
form a single product that is magnesium oxide , therefore this reaction is
combination reaction. New substance is formed so this is chemical change.
PART 2: : In this action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc, this is displacement
reaction more reactive Zn replaces the less reactive H2 from sulphuric acid
means atom or group of atoms in one substance takes place atoms or group of
atoms in the other substance to form new substances.
Page 3 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :3
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Title of the Experiments: To observe the following reactions and to classify
them into the types combination, displacement, decomposition and double displacement.
Requirements of Experiments : 250ml beaker, dropper, hard glass tube, test
tube holder, burner, filter paper, etc.
Chemicals: water, crystals of ferrous sulphate, iorn nail, solution of copper sulphate.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Part -1 : Effect of heat on crystals of ferrous sulphate
Reaction: 2(FeSO4.7H2O)(s) →Fe2O3(s)+SO2(g) +SO3(g)+14H2O(g)
Sr. Experimental procedure Observations
no.
1 Note the original colour of ferrous sulphate. pale green
2 Note the colour of the gas evolved on heating. Colourless gas with pungent
smell
3 Note the noise ,if ,any produced the reaction. Light green – white- dark
brown
Part -2 : Reaction of solution of copper sulphate with iron nail.
Reaction: Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq.) → FeSO4v(aq.) + Cu (s)
Sr. no.
Experimental procedure Observations
1 Colour of copper sulphate solution before Sky blue
experiments .
2 Colour of iorn nail before the experiments. Steel grey colour
3 Colour of copper sulphate solution after the Light bluish green
experiments .
4 Colour of iorn nail after the experiments. Reddish brown
Page 4 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Inference / conclusion :
PART 1: 1. On heating the pale green coloured crystals of ferrous sulphate
undergo decomposition. A mixture of Fe2O3 and SO2 , SO3 gases formed.
3. A residue of dark brown colour remains in test tube.
4. This is decomposition reaction.
PART 2: 1. On immersing the steel grey nails in blue coloured copper sulphate
solution, they displace Cu from the copper sulphate solution and their colour
becomes reddish brown .
2. this is displacement reaction.
Page 5 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :4
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Title of the Experiments: To study the magnetic field due to electric current
flowing through the coil.
Requirements of Experiments : insulated copper wire (24 gauge) ,
connecting wires, battery, cardboard sheet, iron fillings, etc.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Observations:
1. When the electric current starts flowing through the coil, concentric circles of magnetic
lines of force are produced each point on the coil.
2. As we go away from the wire , the concentric circles representing the magnetic lines
forces will become larger and larger.
3. As intensity of electric current increases the magnetic lines of force become more
clearer.
Inference/ Conclusion :
1. If the current flows through the coil, magnetic lines of forces are produced at each
point on the coil.
2. In above experiment , the intensity of magnetic field at any point by a current flowing
through a coil , is dependent on current and the number of turns of wire forming a
coil.
Page 6 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :5
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Title of the Experiments: To study the effect of heat on ice by using a
graph .
Requirements of Experiments : glass beaker , ice , thermometer , stand,
tripod, spirit lamp, clock , Etc.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Least count of thermometer= 0oc
Obervation table :
Time Temperature Time Temperature Time Temperature
(min. (oc ) (min. ) (oc ) (min. ) (oc )
)
0 0 10 68 20 100
1 0 11 75
2 0 12 88
3 1 13 97
4 8 14 100
5 25 15 100
6 40 16 100
7 49 17 100
8 56 18 100
9 61 19 100
Page 7 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Graph : on graph paper
Temperature versus time
Inference/conclusion: Heat energy is absorbed during the
transformation of ice in to water and water in to vapours ,
means thermometer shows rise in temperature when all ice
melt . when water boil thermometer does not show rise in
temperature when water starts boiling .
Page 8 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :6
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Title of the Experiments: To measure temperature of hot water during
natural cooling and plot the graph of temperature versus time .
Requirements of Experiments : glass beaker, thermometer , stand, tripod,
spirit lamp, clock Etc.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Oberavations:
Initial temperature of water before heating= oc
Readings in Observations table:
Time (min.) Temp. (oc) Time (min.) Temp (oc)
0 70 oc 9 42 oc
1 65 oc 10 39 oc
2 62 oc 11 37 oc
3 58 oc 12 34 oc
4 56 oc
5 52 oc
6 50 oc
7 47 oc
8 45 oc
Page 9 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Graph : on graph paper
Temperature versus time
Inference/conclusion:
1. The rate of cooling of water is more when the difference in the
temperature of water and the ambience is large.
2. This rate decreases as the temperature of water reduces due to
cooling.
Page 10 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :7
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Title of the Experiments: to verify the laws of refraction of light.
Requirements of Experiments : a glass slab , drawing board, drawing
pins, paper pins, drawing paper, etc.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Sr. Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Angle of emergence
no. (i) (r) (e)
1 300 200 300
2 450 270 450
3 600 330 600
Inference / conclusion:
1. When light undergoes refraction through a glass slab , the incident
ray and emergent ray are parallel to each other.
2. The angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are of equal
measures .
Page 11 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -1
PRACTICAL NO. :8
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Title of the Experiments: To obtain the focal length of convex lens.
Requirements of Experiments : convex lens, lens holder, meter scale,
screen with stand,etc.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Observation :
Least count of the meter scale :1 mm.
Readings in Observations table:
A. Convex lens front surface facing the object.
No. Distant object Distance between lens center and screen
Building 21 cm
Gate 21 cm
Door 21 cm
Average F1 21 cm
B. Convex lens Back surface facing the object.
No. Distant object Distance between lens center and screen
Building 21 cm
Gate 21 cm
Door 21 cm
Average F2 21 cm
Inference/ conclusion :
1. First focal length of convex lens(F1) =21 cm
2. Second focal length of convex lens (F2) =21 cm
3. From above, is the lens used in the experiment a symmetric lens ? yes.
If yes then lens is symmetry lens.
Page 12 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. :1
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Title of the Experiments: To study mitosis and meiosis.
Requirements of Experiments : Permanent slides of mitosis and
meiosis, Compound microscope .
Diagram of experiment setup :
Stages of mitosis
Stages of meiosis
Observation : Main differences between mitosis and meiosis: -
Mitosis Meiosis
1. It occurs in somatic cells and 1. It occurs in germ cell .
stem cells. .
2. Two new cells are formed (2n) 2.four haploid new cells are formed
(4n)
3. Mitosis completed through two 3.Meiosis completed through two
steps 1. Karyokinesis (nuclear stages , meiosis I and Meiosis II
division) 2. Cytokinesis (
cytoplasmic division).
4. karyokinesis completed through 4.Meiosis I has Prophase I,
steps Prophase, Metaphase, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Anaphase, Telophase Telophase I steps, and Meiosis II
has Prophase II, Metaphase II,
Anaphase II, Telophase II steps
Page 13 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Inference / conclusion :
1. Due to mitosis the number of chromosomes in the cell doubles
and then reduce to original. therefore , this division occurs in cells.
2. Due to meiosis the number of chromosomes in the cell reduce to
half therefore , this division occurs in cells.
Page 14 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. :2
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Title of the Experiments: To study binary fission in Amoeba and Budding
in Hydra with the help of permanent slides.
Requirements of Experiments : Compound microscope, permanent slides
showing binary fission in Amoeba and Budding in Hydra.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Observations:
A: Binary fission in Amoeba :
1. At the begining , parent cell of amoeba gets elongated.
2. Nucleus gets oval shape.
3. A notch is developed at the site of division.
4. Two small daughter cells of Amoeba are formed.
B: Budding in hydra :
1. A small outgrowth is seen on the body of Hydra.
2. It becomes multicellular due to enough growth.
3. This outgrowth detaches in the form of bud having moutj and tentacles.
Inference/conclusion :
Amoeba and Hydra reproduce by Asexual reproduction method.
Page 15 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. :3
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Title of the Experiments: To study the reproductive system in Hibiscus
flower .
Requirements of Experiments : Hibiscus flower, forcep, blade, simple
microscope .
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Whorl Number of Structure function
component
Calyx five Green sepals Protection in bud
form
Corolla five Red petals Attraction of
insects
Androecium Innumerable Anthers , To produce pollen
stamens filaments grains
Gynoecium three Ovary,style,stigma Fertilization
Inference /conclusion :
1. Androecium from flower is male whorl, while Gynoecium is female whorl.
2. Male gamete from Pollen grains and egg cell from ovule, these two haploid cell unite
to form a diploid zygote. Thus the process of seed and fruit formation begins.
3. flower is the Reproductive organ of plants.
Page 16 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. : 4
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Title of the Experiments: To study Human Reproductive System .
Requirements of Experiments : Models of Male reproductive system and
Female reproductive system.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Sr. Name of the organ in Male function
reproductive system
1 Testes Produces testosterone , contains numerous
seminiferous tubules, Germinal epithelium
present in the tubules divide by meiosis to
produce sperms.
2 Different tubular structures Sperms travels from one tubule to next . in this
interval they are nourished and made mature for
fertilization.
3 Accessory glands Secretion released in urethra . all secretions
along with mature sperms is called semen.
4 Urethra passing through Penis Penis transfer the semen during intercourse.
Urethra is common passage for sperms and urine
Sr. Name of the organ in function
Female reproductive
system
1 Ovaries Produce ova, secretes female harmones
2 Oviduct Transport of ovum to ureters .
3 Uteres Development of foetus , birth process
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science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
4 Vagina Passage for intercourse, acts as birth canal,
passage for menstrual flow
Inference/conclusion:
1. Male reproductive system produces haploid gametes called sperms .
2. Ovary Female reproductive system produces haploid gametes called ovum. .
3. Sperm and ovum unite to form a diploid (2n) zygote and afterwards it develops into
human embryo.
Page 18 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. : 5
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Title of the Experiments: To study the characteristics of non – chordate animals
(a) Earthworm (b) cockroach
Requirements of Experiments : Preserved specimens of Earthworm and Cockroach.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Earthworm
Kingdom Animalia
subkingdom Non-chordata
phylum Annelida
Example Earthworm ( Scientific Name : PHERETIMA POSTHUMA)
characteristics 1.Long cylindrical and metamerically segmented body covered with
cuticle
2. its called friends of farmer as it dwells the land and makes it
loose .
Page 19 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Cockroach
Kingdom Animalia
subkingdom Non chordata
phylum Arthopoda
Example Cockroach ( Scientific Name : PERIPLLANETA AMERICANA))
Chracteristics 1. Cockroach is a terrestrial and nocturnal insects.
2. Head ,thorax and abdomen are the three main body parts .
cockroach has three pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of
wings.
Page 20 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. : 6
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Title of the Experiments: To study the characteristics of chordate
animals a. Fish, B. Pigeon .
Requirements of Experiments : live or preserved specimens of
Fish and Pigeon.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Dorsal fin Caudal fin
Nostril
Mouth Anal fin
Pelvic fin
Readings in Observations table:
Fish
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
subphylum vertebata
class Pisces
Example Rohu fish ( Scientific Name : LABEO ROHITA)
Chracteristics 1.fish is cold blooded animal with a spindle shaped
body to minimize water resiatance .
2.Fish braeaths with gills.
Page 21 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Pigeon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
subphylum vertebata
class Aves
Example Pigeon ( Scientific Name : COLUMBA LIVIA)
characteristics 1. pigeon body is covered with feathers . forelimbs are
modified into wings. Heart has four compartments.
2.pigeon has hallow bones and air bags inside the body .
thus is aerial adaptation.
Page 22 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. : 7
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Title of the Experiments: To study the physical and chemical properties of Acetic
(Ethanoic ) acid.
Requirements of Experiments : test tube , test tube stand.
Chemicals: Acetic acid, red and blue litmus solutions , sodium bicarbonate.
Diagram of experiment setup :
Readings in Observations table:
Sr.no. Test Observations Inference
Odour 0dour like vinegar Acetic acid has vinegar like
1 odour.
Solubility of water Acetic acid soluble in water. Soluble or miscible in water.
2
Blue litmus solution Acetic acid is acidic in nature.
3 Blue colour of litmus
change to red
Red litmus solution
Does not change in colour
a. Reaction with sodium Colourless and ouderless Carbon dioxide gas is evolved
4 bicarbonate gas bubbled evolved. when Acetic acid reacts with
b. Pass this gas through At first time turns milky sodium bicarbonate.
lime water. , but if the gas is
allowed to pass for
some more time,the
lime water becomes
colourless again
Page 23 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
Science &Technology PRACTICAL Part -2
PRACTICAL NO. : 8
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Title of the Experiments: to study the characteristics of
microbes that are industrially useful .
Requirements of Experiments : compound microscope ,and
permanent slides of streptococcus thermophillis, lactobacillus
acidophillus , saccharomyces cerevisiae , acetobacter.
Diagram of experiment setup :
streptococcus thermophillis lactobacillus acidophillus
saccharomyces cerevisiae acetobacter
Readings in Observations table:
Sr.no. Name of the microbe Type characteristics
Page 24 of 25
science and technology practical part 1 & 2 , std 10th @8149166563 suhas patil ,rtvm, Aurangabad .
1 Streptococcus thermophillis Lactic acid It is found in fermented
bacterium milk products. It is
generally used in
production of yogurt,
mozzarella cheese.
It turns sugar lactose
vvinto lactic acid.
2 Lactobacillus Acidophillus Probiotic in It is occurs in the human
nature and animal
gastrointestinal tract and
mouth. Commercially
used in dairy products.
3 saccharomyces cerevisiae Species of It is source of vitamins and
yeast ( fungus) minerals. They also aid in
breaking down fats,
protein and
carbohydrates for quick
supply of energy.
4 Acetobacter Acetic acid It has ability to convert
Bacteria ethanol to acetic acid. It
lives wherever sugar
fermentation occurs . it is
used for action on wines
and ciders.
Inference / Conclusion: Industrial uses of microbes when
microbiology is used for commercial purposes as well as
economic, social and environmental related processes , then it
is called industrial microbiology. By research on various
microbes , various product are produced on large scale by
industrial microbiology.
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