NPTEL Online Certification Courses Indian

Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Hydraulic Engineering
Assignment- Week 4

Number of questions: 12 Total mark: 12 X 1 = 12

QUESTION 1:
For which of the following flows Blasius equation is used?
a. Laminar flow
b. Turbulent flow in rough pipes
c. Turbulent flow in smooth pipes for any Reynolds number
d. Turbulent flow in smooth pipes for Re < 105

Correct Answer: d. Turbulent flow in smooth pipes for Re < 105

Detailed Solution: Blasius equation is used turbulent flow in smooth pipes for Re < 105.

QUESTION 2:
The momentum thickness of a boundary layer is
𝛿𝑢 𝑢
a. ∫0 (1 − 𝑈) 𝑑𝑦
𝑈

𝛿𝑢 𝑢 2
b. ∫0 (1 − 𝑈) 𝑑𝑦
𝑈

𝛿 𝑢
c. ∫0 (1 − 𝑈) 𝑑𝑦

𝛿𝑢
d. ∫0 𝑑𝑦
𝑈

𝛿𝑢 𝑢
Correct Answer: a. ∫0 (1 − 𝑈) 𝑑𝑦
𝑈

𝛿𝑢 𝑢
Detailed Solution: Momentum Thickness = ∫0 (1 − 𝑈) 𝑑𝑦
𝑈

QUESTION 3:
 In a laminar boundary layer, the velocity distribution can be assumed to be given, in usual
1
𝑢 𝑦 7
notations, as 𝑉 = (𝛿 ) , which one of the following is the correct expression for the displacement
thickness (𝛿 ∗ ) for this boundary layer?

a. 𝛿∗ = 𝛿

b. 𝛿 ∗ = 𝛿/2

c. 𝛿 ∗ = 𝛿/4

d. 𝛿 ∗ = 𝛿/8

Correct Answer: d. 𝛿 ∗ = 𝛿/8

1
∗ 𝛿 𝑢 𝛿 𝑦 7
Detailed Solution: 𝛿 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑉) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (1 − (𝛿 ) ) 𝑑𝑦

= 𝛿/8

QUESTION 4:
A smooth plate 2 m wide and 2.5 m long is towed in oil (sp. gr. = 0.8) at a velocity of 1.5 m/s along
its length. Find the thickness of boundary layer at the trailing edge of the plate. (Take kinematic
viscosity of oil = 10–4 m2/s)

a. 0.0645 m
b. 0.0605 m
c. 0.0615 m
d. 0.0625 m

Correct Answer: a. 0.0645m

Detailed Solution: Given: B = 2 m; L = 2.5 m; Sp. gravity = 0.8; U = 1.5 m/s, ʋ = 10–4 m2/s.

Thickness of boundary layer, 𝛿𝐿

𝑼𝑳 1.5 X 2.5
Re = 𝝂 = =37500
𝟏𝟎−𝟒

Since Re is less than 5 × 105 , so the boundary layer at the trailing edge is laminar, and Blasius
equation gives,

5𝑥
𝛿𝑥 =
𝑅𝑒𝑥
At the trailing edge x = L,
5 𝑋 2.5
∴ 𝛿𝐿 = = 0.0645 m
37500

QUESTION 5:
The displacement thickness is
a. the layer in which the loss of energy is minimum
b. the layer which represents reduction in momentum caused by the boundary layer
c. the thickness upto which the velocity approaches 99% of the free-stream velocity
d. the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the free-stream is displaced
on account of formation of boundary layer

Correct Answer: d. the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the free-stream
is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer

Detailed Solution: The displacement thickness is distance measured perpendicular to the

boundary by which the free-stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.

QUESTION 6:
𝑢 𝑦
What is the Energy thickness for the boundary layer with velocity distribution =𝛿.
𝑈

a. 𝛿/6

b. 𝛿/2

c. 3𝛿/2

d. 𝛿/4

Correct Answer: d. 𝛿/4

𝛿𝑢 𝑢2
Detailed Solution: Energy thickness, =∫0 (1 − 𝑈 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑈
 𝛿𝑦 𝑦2
=∫0 (1 − 𝛿2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝛿/4
𝛿

QUESTION 7:
The separation of boundary can be prevented by

a. providing small divergence in a diffuser

b. providing a trip-wire ring in the laminar region for the flow over a sphere

c. providing a bypass in the slotted wing

d. all of the above

Correct Answer: d. all of the above.

Detailed Solution: The separation of boundary can be prevented by providing small divergence in
a diffuser, a trip-wire ring in the laminar region for the flow over a sphere and by providing a bypass
in the slotted wing

QUESTION 8:

The boundary layer exists in which of the following?

a. Flow of real fluids

b. Flow of ideal fluids

c. Flow over flat surfaces only

d. Pipe-flow only.

Correct Answer: a. Flow of real fluids

Detailed Solution: The boundary layer exists flow of real fluids.

QUESTION 9:
A turbulent boundary layer occurs over a flat plate practically right from the leading edge.
a. it is possible for the surface to be hydrodynamically rough upstream and yet hydrodynamically
smooth downstream.
b. it is possible for the surface to be hydrodynamically smooth upstream and yet
hydrodynamically rough downstream.
c. if the flow is rough on the upstream it will have to be rough on the downstream also.
d. if the plate has roughness projections it will behave as rough plate

Correct Answer: c. if the flow is rough on the upstream it will have to be rough on the downstream
also
Detailed Solution: A turbulent boundary layer occurs over a flat plate practically right from the
leading edge if the flow is rough on the upstream it will have to be rough on the downstream also

QUESTION 10:
𝑢𝑥 𝑦 1/7
The velocity profile for a turbulent boundary layer is given by = (𝛿 ) for 𝑦 ≤ 𝛿. The shape
𝑈
factor for turbulent boundary layer shall be

a. 7/9

b. 9/7

c. 7/8

d. 7/12

Correct Answer: b. 9/7

𝑢𝑥 𝑦 1/𝑚
Detailed Solution: For turbulent boundary layer velocity distribution = (𝛿 )
𝑈

𝛿∗ 𝑚+2
Shape factor =
𝜃 𝑚
𝛿∗ 7+2 9
= =7
𝜃 7
QUESTION 11:
The laminar sublayer exists

a. only in laminar boundary layers

b. in all turbulent boundary layers
c. only in smooth turbulent boundary layers
d. only in rough fully developed turbulent boundary layers

Correct Answer: b. in all turbulent boundary layers

Detailed Solution: The laminar sublayer, also called the viscous sublayer, is the region of a mainly
turbulent flow that is near a no-slip boundary and in which the flow is laminar.

QUESTION 12:
Ageing of pipes implies which of the following?
a. decrease in the value of friction factor
b. Increase in absolute roughness linearly with time and hence friction factor
c. Pipe becoming smoother with time
d. All of the above.

Correct Answer: b. Increase in absolute roughness linearly with time and hence friction factor

Detailed Solution: Ageing of pipes implies increase in absolute roughness linearly with time and
hence friction factor.

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