Modeling of Multifunctional

Substation Devices

Dr. Alexander Apostolov

Los Angeles, CA

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 Introduction
• IEC 61850 is now an approved
international standard
• It allows the development of a new
generation of distributed applications
• The successful implementation
requires:
• Good understanding of the principles of
the standard (No Ignorance!)
• Teamwork
• Ambition

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 Objects
• An object is “.. a thing that can be seen and
touched; material thing that occupies space .. “.
Webster New World Dictionary of the American Language
• In object-oriented design (OOD) an object is an
abstraction of real world entities and functions in a
problem domain.
• Problem Domain is the application or process that is
being modeled by Object Oriented representation
(Classes and Objects) – power system protection
and control.
• Objects are encapsulated — that is, they contain
both their code and their data, making them more
easier to maintain

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 Classes and Objects
• A class is a template for the creation of
objects, the description of one or more
objects with the same definitions for
information and behavior.

• An object is defined as an instance of a class

• Objects represent information and behavior :
• properties (or components, attributes)
• Data that describe an object
• services (or methods, and events)
• Methods are things you can tell the object to do
• Events are things the object does

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Class Example

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Class Example

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Class Instance Example

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Classes and Objects

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 Substation Communications
Architecture
Substation HMI Substation Computer SCADA Master

Router WAN

Switch Switch

IED IED IED IED IED IED IED

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System Communications
Architecture Traders Analysts

EMS
EMS

SCADA Server Substation j

ISD

Substation WAN
Gateway
Substation i
Substation 1
Switch

Substation 2
IED
IED
IED IED

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 Function Definitions

• Functions in the substation are performed by the

protection, control, monitoring and recording
system.

• A function can be divided into sub-functions and

functional elements.

• The functional elements are the smallest parts of a

function that can exchange data.

• These functional elements in IEC 61850 are called

Logical Nodes

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 Logical Node Groups

• System Logical Nodes LN Group: L

• Logical Nodes for protection functions LN Group: P
• Logical Nodes for protection related functions LN
Group: R
• Logical Nodes for control LN Group: C
• Logical nodes for generic references LN Group: G
• Logical Nodes for interfacing and archiving LN
Group: I
• Logical Nodes for automatic control LN Group: A

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 Logical Node Groups
• Logical Nodes for metering and
measurement LN Group: M
• Logical Nodes for sensors and monitoring
LN Group: S
• Logical Nodes for switchgear LN Group: X
• Logical Nodes for instrument transformers
LN Group: T
• Logical Nodes for power transformers LN
Group: Y
• Logical Nodes for further power system
equipment LN Group: Z

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 Object Models
Relay Object Models

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 Device Functional Hierarchy
IED Functional Hierarchy
Protection Device
IED Identity Function Sub-Function
Control Control

Definite
Over- Ground Pickup Value
time #1
current
Minimum

Maximum

Step
Phase Inverse Time
time delay

Function Negat. Instant. Directio-

Seq. nality
Function

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 IEC 61850 Server Class

IED Functional Hierarchy

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 IEC 61850 Server Class
IED Functional Hierarchy

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IEC 61850 Logical Device Class

IED Functional Hierarchy

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IEC 61850 Logical Node Class
IED Functional Hierarchy

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IEC 61850 Data Class

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Logical Nodes Information
Categories

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 Functional Constraints
• The property of DataAttribute that shows
its use is a Functional Constraint (FC).
• Some more commonly used are:
• CO – control
• SP – set point
• CF – configuration
• DC – description
• SG – setting group
• MX – measurements

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Object Hierarchy
Server

Logical Logical Logical

Device Device Device

Logical Logical Logical

Node Node Node

Data Data Data

Data Data Data

Attribute Attribute Attribute

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Nested DataAttributes

DATA
Instance

DataAttr DataAttr

DAComp DAComp

DAComp DAComp

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Nested DataAttributes

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 Data path example
MMXU1.A.phsB.cVal.mag.f
• MMXU1: instance of LN class MMXU defined in
Part 7-4
• A: instantiation of the Composite DATA class WYE
(defined in 7-3)
• phsB: value of the current in phase B as a Simple
Common DATA class of type CMV (defined in 7-3 )
• cVal: is the complex value of the current in phase
B (of the Common DataAttribute type Vector)
• mag: this object represents the magnitude of the
complex value (type AnalogValue - defined in 7-3)
• f is a DataAttributeComponent which is of the
basic type FLOATING POINT (defined in 7-2)

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Common data classes for
measurand information
• Measured value (MV)
• Complex measured value (CMV)
• Sampled value (SAV)
• WYE
• Delta (DEL)
• Sequence (SEQ)
• Harmonic value (HMV)
• Harmonic value for WYE (HWYE)
• Harmonic value for Delta (HDEL)

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 Metering and Measurement
Logical Nodes
• Differential measurements Name: MDIF
• Harmonics or interharmonics Name: MHAI
• Non phase related harmonics or interharmonics
Name: MHAN
• Metering Name: MMTR
• Non phase related Measurement Name: MMXN
• Measurement Name: MMXU
• Sequence & imbalance Name: MSQI
• Metering Statistics Name: MSTA

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Measured values attributes in
MMXU
N ame Type Description
PPV DEL Phase to phase voltages
PhV WYE Phase to ground voltages
A WYE Phase currents
W WYE Phase active power (P)
VAr WYE Phase reactive power (Q )
VA WYE Phase apparent power (S)
TotW MV Total Active Power (Total P)
TotVAr MV Total Reactive Power (Total Q )
TotVA MV Total Apparent Power (Total S)
TotPF MV Average Power factor (Total PF)
Hz MV Frequency
PF WYE Phase power factor
Z WYE Phase Impedance

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Protection Logical Nodes

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Protection Logical Nodes

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Logical Nodes Data

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Setting Data

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Overcurrent Protection LN
PTOC

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Setting Attributes

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Services

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Distributed Applications

F3
PD1 PD2
LD1 LN1 LD1 LN1

LN2 LN2
F1
LN3 LN3
F2
LN4 LN4

LNn LNn

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Measuring Functions
Decomposition

Substation
Level IARC IHMI

Bay
Level MMTR MMXU

Process
Level TVTR TCTR

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Multifunctional IED Object
Model
Server
LN1

LN2
LD1
LN3

LN4

LNn

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Multifunctional IED Object
Model
PQM IED
HV LD1 LN(i)

hv MMXU1

MMTR1

MMHI1

MSTA1

mv MMXU2

MMHI2

MSTA2
MV

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Multifunctional IED Object
Model

Server
LD1

LD2

LD3

LD4

LD5

LD6

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 Distance Function
Line Impedance

Setting Criteria Distance VT Supervision

Fault Faulted Directional Distance Compensation Power

Detection Phase Detection Charact. Swing
Selection Detection

Polarized ΔV, ΔI dZ/dt ΔI/dt

I> V< Z< ΔV ΔI K0 I0mut CCVT Ich Iload

V V0 V2 I0 SIR

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 Distance Function
Distance
Zone

Characteristic

Load
Complex Encroachment Simple

Rbl rbl LXbl Lxbl Ohm Ohm Mho

Ohm

Direction Rbl Xbl rbl xbl Mho

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Load Encroachment
Load
Encroachment

Rbl rbl LXbl Lxbl Ohm

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Distance Zone Settings –
Configuration Model

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Distance Zone Settings –
Characteristic Model

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Distance Zone Settings –
Characteristic Model

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 Mho Characteristic Model
Polar Reach
PoRchMod Module
X
PoRchAng Polar Reach Angle

Reverse Offset
OfsMod Module

ReaRchAng Reverse Offset

OfsAng Angle

ReaRchMod Resistive Reach

RisRchMod Module
PoRchMod
Resistive Reach
RisRchAng Angle
PoRchAng Reactive Reach
RisRchAng ReaRchMod Module
OfsMod RisRchMod R Reactive Reach
ReaRchAng Angle

OfsAng PlrMth Polarizing Method

PlrVal Polarizing Value

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 Quadrilateral Characteristic
Model
X PRisRch Positive Resistive Reach

PRisAng1 Positive Resistive Angle 1

Z
PRisAng2 Positive Resistive Angle 2

PReaRch Positive Reactance Reach

PReaAng1 Positive Reactance Angle 1

PReaAng2 Positive Reactance Angle 2

NRisRch Negative Resistive Reach

PRisAng1 Negative Resistive Angle 1

PCharAng PRisAng2 Negative Resistive Angle 2

r NReaRch Negative Reactance Reach

R NReaAng1 Negative Reactance Angle 1
NCharAng
NReaAng2 Negative Reactance Angle 2

PCharAng Positive Characteristic Angle

x Negative Characteristic Angle
NCharAng
z

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