SECTION 1
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.
Hilary Lodge Retirement House
Manager’s Name – Cathy
Activities programme involving volunteers
Monday evenings: computer training
• Training needed in how to produce (1) __________
Tuesday afternoons: singing
• The home has a (2) __________ and someone to play it
Thursday mornings: growing (3) __________
• The home does not have many (4) __________ for gardening
Once a month: meeting for volunteers and staff
Interview
• Go in on (5) __________ any time
• Interview with assistant called (6) __________
• Address of home: 73 (7) __________ road
Open house days
• Agreed to help on (8) __________
• Will show visitors where to (9) __________
• Possibility of talking to a (10) __________ reporter
SECTION 2
Label the plan below. Write the correct letters A-H next to questions 11-15.
11 Newspapers
12 Computers
13 Photocopier
14 Café
15 Sports books
Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
NEW STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES
Name New responsibility
Jenny Reed Buying for the (16)....................... centre
Phil Penshurst Help with writing (17).......................... for courses
Torn Salisbury Information on topics related to the (18)........................
Saeed Aktar Finding a (19)........................
Shilpa Desai Help with
(20)................................................................................................
SECTION 3
What helped Stewart with each of the following stages in making his training film for museum
employees?
Choose SEVEN answers from options below.
What helped Stewart
A advice from friends
B information on a website
C being allowed extra time
D meeting a professional film maker
E good weather conditions
F getting a better computer
G support of a manager
H help from a family member
I work on a previous assignment
Stages in making the training film for museum employees
21 finding a location
22 deciding on equipment
23 writing the script
24 casting
25 filming
26 editing
27 designing the DVD cover
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Stewart’s work placement: benefits to the Central Museum Association
• His understanding of the Association’s (28) __________
• The reduction in expense
• Increased co-operation between (29) __________
• Continuous (30) __________ which led to a better product
• Ideas for distribution of the film
SECTION 4
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
New Caledonian crows and the use of tools
Examples of animals using tools
• Some chimpanzees use stones to break nuts
• Betty (new Caledonian crow) made a (31) __________ out of wire to move a bucket of food
New Zealand and Oxford experiment
• Three stages: crows needed to move a (32) __________ in order to reach a short stick
Oxford research
• Crows used sticks to investigate whether there was any (33) __________ from an object
• Research was inspired by seeing crows using tools on a piece of cloth to investigate a spider
design
• Barney used a stick to investigate a snake made of (34) __________
• Pierre used a stick to investigate a (35) __________
• Corbeau used a stick to investigate a metal toad
• The crows only used sticks for the first contact
Conclusions of above research
• Ability to plan provides interesting evidence of the birds’ cognition
• Unclear whether this is evidence of the birds’ (36) __________
Exeter and Oxford research in New Caledonia
• Scientist have attached very small cameras to birds’ (37) __________
• Food in the form of beetle larvae provides plenty of (38) __________ for the birds
• Larvae’s specific (39) __________ composition can be identified in birds that feed on them
• Scientists will analyse what the birds include in their (40) __________
PASSAGE 1
The Phoenicians: an almost forgotten people
The Phoenicians inhabited the region of modern Lebanon and Syria from about 3000 BC. They
became the greatest traders of the pre-classical world, and were the first people to establish a
large colonial network. Both of these activities were based on seafaring, an ability the
Phoenicians developed from the example of their maritime predecessors, the Minoans of Crete.
An Egyptian narrative of about 1080 BC, the Story of Wen-Amen, provides an insight into the
scale of their trading activity. One of the characters is Wereket-El, a Phoenician merchant living
at Tanis in Egypt’s Nile delta. As many as 50 ships carry out his business, plying back and forth
between the Nile and the Phoenician port of Sidon.
The most prosperous period for Phoenicia was the 10th century BC, when the surrounding region
was stable. Hiram, the king of the Phoenician city of Tyre, was an ally and business partner of
Solomon, King of Israel. For Solomon’s temple in Jerusalem, Hiram provided craftsmen with
particular skills that were needed for this major construction project. He also supplied materials –
particularly timber, including cedar from the forests of Lebanon. And the two kings went into
trade in partnership. They sent out Phoenician vessels on long expeditions (of up to three years
for the return trip) to bring back gold, sandalwood, ivory, monkeys and peacocks from Ophir.
This is an unidentified place, probably on the east coast of Africa or the west coast of India.
Phoenicia was famous for its luxury goods. The cedar wood was not only exported as top-quality
timber for architecture and shipbuilding. It was also carved by the Phoenicians, and the same
skill was adapted to even more precious work in ivory. The rare and expensive dye for cloth,
Tyrian purple, complemented another famous local product, fine linen. The metalworkers of the
region, particularly those working in gold, were famous. Tyre and Sidon were also known for
their glass.
These were the main products which the Phoenicians exported. In addition, as traders and
middlemen, they took a commission on a much greater range of precious goods that they
transported from elsewhere.
The extensive trade of Phoenicia required much book-keeping and correspondence, and it was in
the field of writing that the Phoenicians made their most lasting contribution to world history.
The scripts in use in the world up to the second millennium BC (in Egypt, Mesopotamia or
China) all required the writer to learn a large number of separate characters – each of them
expressing either a whole word or an element of its meaning. By contrast, the Phoenicians, in
about 1500 BC, developed an entirely new approach to writing. The marks made (with a pointed
tool called a stylus, on damp clay) now attempted to capture the sound of a word. This required
an alphabet of individual letters.
The trading and seafaring skills of the Phoenicians resulted in a network of colonies, spreading
westwards through the Mediterranean. The first was probably Citium, in Cyprus, established in
the 9th century BC. But the main expansion came from the 8th century BC onwards, when
pressure from Assyria to the east disrupted the patterns of trade on the Phoenician coast.
Trading colonies were developed on the string of islands in the centre of the Mediterranean –
Crete, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, Ibiza – and also on the coast of north Africa. The African colonies
clustered in particular around the great promontory which, with Sicily opposite, forms the
narrowest channel on the main Mediterranean sea route. This is the site of Carthage.
Carthage was the largest of the towns founded by the Phoenicians on the north African coast, and
it rapidly assumed a leading position among the neighbouring colonies. The traditional date of its
founding is 814 BC, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was probably settled a little over
a century later.
The subsequent spread and growth of Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean, and
even out to the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Spain, was as much the achievement of Carthage as
of the original Phoenician trading cities such as Tyre and Sidon. But no doubt links were
maintained with the homeland, and new colonists continued to travel west.
From the 8th century BC, many of the coastal cities of Phoenicia came under the control of a
succession of imperial powers, each of them defeated and replaced in the region by the next: first
the Assyrians, then the Babylonians, Persians and Macedonian Greeks. In 64 BC, the area of
Phoenicia became part of the Roman province of Syria. The Phoenicians as an identifiable
people then faded from history, merging into the populations of modern Lebanon and northern
Syria.
Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The Phoenician’s trading activities
1 The Phoenicians’ skill at……………………………….helped them to trade.
2 In an ancient story, a…………………………………..from Phoenicia, who lived in Egypt,
owned 50 ships.
3 A king of Israel built a…………………………………….using supplies from Phoenicia.
4 Phoenicia supplied Solomon with skilled…………………………….
5 The main material that Phoenicia sent to Israel was……………………………
6 The kings of Phoenicia and Israel formed a business………………………………….in order
to carry out trade.
7 Phoenicians carved………………………………………., as well as cedar.
8 The Phoenicians also earned a………………………………………. for shipping goods.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 Problems with Assyria led to the establishment of a number of Phoenician colonies.
10 Carthage was an enemy town which the Phoenicians won in battle.
11 Phoenicians reached the Atlantic ocean.
12 Parts of Phoenicia were conquered by a series of empires.
13 The Phoenicians welcomed Roman control of the area.
PASSAGE 2
The Hollywood Film Industry
A This chapter examines the ‘Golden Age’ of the Hollywood film studio system and explores
how a particular kind of filmmaking developed during this period in US film history. It also
focuses on the two key elements which influenced the emergence of the classic Hollywood
studio system: the advent of sound and the business ideal of vertical integration. In addition to its
historical interest, inspecting the growth of the studio system may offer clues regarding the kinds
of struggles that accompany the growth of any new medium. It might, in fact, be intriguing to
examine which changes occurred during the growth of the Hollywood studio, and compare those
changes to contemporary struggles in which production companies are trying to define and
control emerging industries, such as online film and interactive television.
B The shift of the industry away from ‘silent’ films began during the late 1920s. Warner Bros.’
1927 film The Jazz Singer was the first to feature synchronized speech, and with it came a period
of turmoil for the industry. Studios now had proof that ‘talkie’ films would make them money,
but the financial investment this kind of filmmaking would require, from new camera equipment
to new projection facilities, made the studios hesitant to invest at first. In the end, the power of
cinematic sound to both move audiences and enhance the story persuaded studios that talkies
were worth investing in. Overall, the use of sound in film was well-received by audiences, but
there were still many technical factors to consider. Although full integration of sound into
movies was complete by 1930, it would take somewhat longer for them to regain their stylistic
elegance and dexterity. The camera now had to be encased in a big, clumsy, unmoveable
soundproof box. In addition, actors struggled, having to direct their speech to awkwardly-hidden
microphones in huge plants, telephones or even costumes.
C Vertical integration is the other key component in the rise of the Hollywood studio system.
The major studios realized they could increase their profits by handling each stage of a film’s
life: production (making the film), distribution (getting the film out to people) and exhibition
(owning the theaters in major cities where films were shown first). Five studios, ‘The Big Five’,
worked to achieve vertical integration through the late 1940s, owning vast real estate on which to
construct elaborate sets. In addition, these studios set the exact terms of films’ release dates and
patterns. Warner Bros., Paramount, 20th Century Fox, MGM and RKO formed this exclusive
club. ‘The Little Three’ studios – Universal, Columbia and United Artists – also made pictures,
but each lacked one of the crucial elements of vertical integration. Together these eight
companies operated as a mature oligopoly, essentially running the entire market.
D During the Golden Age, the studios were remarkably consistent and stable enterprises, due in
large part to long-term management heads – the infamous ‘movie moguls’ who ruled their
kingdoms with iron fists. At MGM, Warner Bros, and Columbia, the same men ran their studios
for decades. The rise of the studio system also hinges on the treatment of stars, who were
constructed and exploited to suit a studio’s image and schedule. Actors were bound up in seven-
year contracts to a single studio, and the studio boss generally held all the options. Stars could be
loaned out to other production companies at any time. Studio bosses could also force bad roles
on actors, and manipulate every single detail of stars’ images with their mammoth in-house
publicity departments. Some have compared the Hollywood studio system to a factory, and it is
useful to remember that studios were out to make money first and art second.
E On the other hand, studios also had to cultivate flexibility, in addition to consistent factory
output. Studio heads realized that they couldn’t make virtually the same film over and over again
with the same cast of stars and still expect to keep turning a profit. They also had to create
product differentiation. Examining how each production company tried to differentiate itself has
led to loose characterizations of individual studios’ styles. MGM tended to put out a lot of all-
star productions while Paramount excelled in comedy and Warner Bros, developed a reputation
for gritty social realism. 20th Century Fox forged the musical and a great deal of prestige
biographies, while Universal specialized in classic horror movies.
F In 1948, struggling independent movie producers and exhibitors finally triumphed in their
battle against the big studios’ monopolistic behavior. In the United States versus Paramount
federal decree of that year, the studios were ordered to give up their theaters in what is
commonly referred to as ‘divestiture’ – opening the market to smaller producers. This, coupled
with the advent of television in the 1950s, seriously compromised the studio system’s influence
and profits. Hence, 1930 and 1948 are generally considered bookends to Hollywood’s Golden
Age.
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from
the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The power within each studio
ii The movie industry adapts to innovation
iii Contrasts between cinema and other media of the time
iv The value of studying Hollywood’s Golden Age
v Distinguishing themselves from the rest of the market
vi A double attack on film studios’ power
vii Gaining control of the industry
viii The top movies of Hollywood’s Golden Age
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
20 After The Jazz Singer came out, other studios immediately began making movies with
synchronized sound.
21 There were some drawbacks to recording movie actors’ voices in the early 1930s.
22 There was intense competition between actors for contracts with the leading studios.
23 Studios had total control over how their actors were perceived by the public.
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
each answer.
THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIOS
Throughout its Golden Age, the Hollywood movie industry was controlled by a handful of
studios. Using a system known as (24)……………………………… , the biggest studios not
only made movies, but handled their distribution and then finally showed them in their own
theaters. These studios were often run by autocratic bosses – men known as (25)
………………………………… , who often remained at the head of organisations for decades.
However, the domination of the industry by the leading studios came to an end in 1948, when
they were forced to open the market to smaller producers – a process known as (26)
…………………………
PASSAGE 3
Left or right?
A Creatures across the animal kingdom have a preference for one foot, eye or even antenna. The
cause of this trait, called lateralisation, is fairly simple: one side of the brain, which generally
controls the opposite side of the body, is more dominant than the other when processing certain
tasks. This does, on some occasions, let the animal down: such as when a toad fails to escape
from a snake approaching from the right, just because its right eye is worse at spotting danger
than its left. So why would animals evolve a characteristic that seems to endanger them?
B For many years it was assumed that lateralisation was a uniquely human trait, but this notion
rapidly fell apart as researchers started uncovering evidence of lateralisation in all sorts of
animals. For example, in the 1970s, Lesley Rogers, now at the University of New England in
Australia, was studying memory and learning in chicks. She had been injecting a chemical into
chicks’ brains to stop them learning how to spot grains of food among distracting pebbles, and
was surprised to observe that the chemical only worked when applied to the left hemisphere of
the brain. That strongly suggested that the right side of the chicks brain played little or no role in
the learning of such behaviours. Similar evidence appeared in songbirds and rats around the
same time, and since then, researchers have built up an impressive catalogue of animal
lateralisation.
C In some animals, lateralisation is simply a preference for a single paw or foot, while in others
it appears in more general patterns of behaviour. The left side of most vertebrate brains, for
example, seems to process and control feeding. Since the left hemisphere processes input from
the right side of the body, that means animals as diverse as fish, toads and birds are more likely
to attack prey or food items viewed with their right eye. Even humpback whales prefer to use the
right side of their jaws to scrape sand eels from the ocean floor.
D Genetics plays a part in determining lateralisation, but environmental factors have an impact
too. Rogers found that a chicks lateralisation depends on whether it is exposed to light before
hatching from its egg – if it is kept in the dark during this period, neither hemisphere becomes
dominant. In 2004, Rogers used this observation to test the advantages of brain bias in chicks
faced with the challenge of multitasking. She hatched chicks with either strong or weak
lateralisation, then presented the two groups with food hidden among small pebbles and the
threatening shape of a fake predator flying overhead. As predicted, the birds incubated in the
light looked for food mainly with their right eye, while using the other to check out the predator.
The weakly-lateralised chicks, meanwhile, had difficulty performing these two activities
simultaneously.
E Similar results probably hold true for many other animals. In 2006, Angelo Bisazza at the
University of Padua set out to observe the differences in feeding behaviour between strongly-
lateralised and weakly-lateralised fish. He found that strongly-lateralised individuals were able to
feed twice as fast as weakly-lateralised ones when there was a threat of a predator looming above
them. Assigning different jobs to different brain halves may be especially advantageous for
animals such as birds or fish, whose eyes are placed on the sides of their heads. This enables
them to process input from each side separately, with different tasks in mind.
F And what of those animals who favour a specific side for almost all tasks? In 2009, Maria
Magat and Culum Brown at Macquarie University in Australia wanted to see if there was general
cognitive advantage in lateralisation. To investigate, they turned to parrots, which can be either
strongly right- or left-footed, or ambidextrous (without dominance). The parrots were given the
intellectually demanding task of pulling a snack on a string up to their beaks, using a co-
ordinated combination of claws and beak. The results showed that the parrots with the strongest
foot preferences worked out the puzzle far more quickly than their ambidextrous peers.
G A further puzzle is why are there always a few exceptions, like left-handed humans, who are
wired differently from the majority of the population? Giorgio Vallortigara and Stefano
Ghirlanda of Stockholm University seem to have found the answer via mathematical models.
These have shown that a group of fish is likely to survive a shark attack with the fewest
casualties if the majority turn together in one direction while a very small proportion of the group
escape in the direction that the predator is not expecting.
H This imbalance of lateralisation within populations may also have advantages for individuals.
Whereas most co-operative interactions require participants to react similarly, there are some
situations – such as aggressive interactions – where it can benefit an individual to launch an
attack from an unexpected quarter. Perhaps this can partly explain the existence of left-handers
in human societies. It has been suggested that when it comes to hand-to-hand fighting, left-
handers may have the advantage over the right-handed majority. Where survival depends on the
element of surprise, it may indeed pay to be different.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
A lateralisation is more common in some species than in others.
B it benefits a population if some members have a different lateralisation than the majority.
C lateralisation helps animals do two things at the same time.
D lateralisation is not confined to human beings.
E the greater an animal’s lateralisation, the better it is at problem-solving.
F strong lateralisation may sometimes put groups of animals in danger.
27 In the 1970s, Lesley Rogers discovered that
28 Angelo Bisazza’s experiments revealed that
29 Magat and Brown’s studies show that
30 Vallortigara and Ghirlanda’s research findings suggest that
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Lesley Rogers’ 2004 Experiment
Lateralisation is determined by both genetic and (31)………………………… influences. Rogers
found that chicks whose eggs are given (32)……………………………. during the incubation
period tend to have a stronger lateralisation. Her 2004 experiment set out to prove that these
chicks were better at (33)………………………………than weakly lateralized chicks. As
expected, the strongly lateralised birds in the experiment were more able to locate (34)
……………………… using their right eye, while using their left eye to monitor an imitation
(35)……………………………located above them.
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
36 description of a study which supports another scientist’s findings
37 the suggestion that a person could gain from having an opposing lateralisation to most of the
population
38 reference to the large amount of knowledge of animal lateralisation that has accumulated
39 research findings that were among the first to contradict a previous belief
40 a suggestion that lateralisation would seem to disadvantage animals
