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CHAPTER 29
EVOLUTION

NCERT BIOLOGICS ©
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY earth originated from micro-organisms or chemical
Evolutionary Biology is the study of history of life forms on precursors of life present in outer space.
earth. To understand the changes in flora and fauna that have 4. For a long time it was also believed that life came out of
occurred over millions of years on earth, we must know about decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc. This
origin of life, i.e., evolution of earth, stars and universe. was the Theory of Spontaneous Generation.
Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation
ORIGIN OF LIFE demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing
life. He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks, life did not
1. The universe is very old – almost 20 billion years old. come from killed yeast while in another flask open to
Huge clusters of galaxies comprise the universe. air, new living organisms arose from ‘killed yeast’.
Galaxies contain stars and clouds of gas and dust. Spontaneous Generation Theory was
Considering the size of universe, earth is indeed a tiny dismissed once and for all.
spot. The Big Bang theory attempts to explain to us 5. Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England
the origin of universe. proposed that the first form of life could have come
2. Earth was supposed to have been formed from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g.
about 4.5 billion years back. There was no RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was
atmosphere on early earth. Water vapour, methane, preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., formation of
carbondioxide and ammonia released from molten diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.
mass covered the surface. The UV rays from the sun The conditions on earth were – high temperature,
brokeup water into Hydrogen and Oxygen and the volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing
lighter H 2 escaped. Oxygen combined with ammonia CH 4 , NH 3 etc.
and methane to form water, CO 2 and others. The ozone 6. In 1953, S.L. Miller, an American scientist
layer was formed. As it cooled, the water vapour fell as created similar conditions in a laboratory scale. He
rain, to fill all the depressions and form oceans. Life created electric discharge in a closed flask containing
appeared 500 million years after the CH 4 , H 2 , NH 3 and water vapour at 8000C. He
formation of earth, i.e., almost four billion observed formation of amino acids. In similar
years back. experiments others observed, formation of sugars,
3. Some scientists believe that life came from outside. nitrogen bases, pigment and fats. Analysis of meteorite
Early Greek thinkers thought units of life called content also revealed similar compounds indicating
spores were transferred to different planets including that similar processes are occurring elsewhere in space.
earth. ‘Panspermia’ is still a favourite idea for some With this limited evidence, the first part of the
astronomers. Pansermia Theory, states that life on conjectured story, i.e., chemical evolution was more or
less accepted.
 Evolution 973

7. We have no idea about how the first self replicating present at different periods in the history of earth
metabolic capsule of life arose. The first (epochs, periods and eras).
non-cellular forms of life could have 6. The geological history of earth closely
originated 3 billion years back. They would correlates with the biological history of earth.
have been giant molecules (RNA, Protein, A common permissible conclusion is that earth is very
Polysaccharides, etc.). These capsules reproduced old, not thousand of years as was thought earlier but
their molecules perhaps. The first cellular form of life billions of years old.
did not possibly originate till about 2000 million years
ago. These were probably single-cells. All life forms EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION
were in water environment only. This version of a
1. Evidence that evolution of life forms has indeed taken
biogenesis, i.e., the first form of life arose slowly
place on earth has come from many quarters. Fossils
through evolutionary forces from non-living
are remains of hard parts of life-forms found in rocks.
molecules is accepted by majority.
Rocks form sediments and a cross-section of earth’s
crust indicates the arrangement of sediments one over
EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS—A THEORY the other during the long history of earth.
1. Conventional religious literature tells us about the 2. Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of
theory of Special Creation. This theory has different life-forms who probably died during the
three connotations. One, that all living organisms formation of the particular sediment. Some of them
(species or types) that we see today were created as appear similar to modern organisms. They represent
such. Two, that the diversity was always the same extinct organisms (e.g., Dinosaurs).
since creation and will be the same in future also. 3. A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers
Three, that earth is about 4000 years old. All these indicates the geological period in which they existed.
ideas were strongly challenged during the The study showed that life-forms varied over time and
nineteenth century. certain life forms are restricted to certain geological
2. Based on observations made during a sea voyage in a time spans. Hence, new forms of life have arisen at
sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round the world, different times in the history of earth. All this is called
Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms paleontological evidence.
share similarities to varying degrees not only among 4. Embryological support for evolution was also
themselves but also with life forms that existed millions proposed by Ernst Haeckel based upon the observation
of years ago. Many such life forms do not exist any of certain features during embryonic stage common to
more. There had been extinctions of different life forms all vertebrates that are absent in adult. For e.g., the
in the years gone by just as new forms of life arose at embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a
different periods of history of earth. There has been row of vestigial gill slit just behind the head but is
gradual evolution of life forms. functional only in fish and not found in any other adult
3. According to Darwin, any population has built in vertebrates. However, this proposal was disapproved
variation in characteristics. Those characteristics which on careful study performed by Karl Ernst von Baer. He
enable some to survive better in natural conditions noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages
(climate, food, physical factors, etc.) would outbreed of other animals.
others that are less-endowed to survive under such 5. Comparative anatomy and morphology shows
natural conditions. similarities and differences among organisms of today
4. Another word used is fitness of the individual or and those that existed years ago. Such similarities can
population. The fitness, according to Darwin, be interpreted to understand whether common
refers ultimately and only to reproductive ancestors were shared or not. For example whales,
fitness. Hence, those who are better fit in an bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share
environment, leave more progeny than others. These, similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs.
therefore, will survive more and hence are selected by Though these forelimbs perform different functions in
nature. He called it natural selection and these animals, they have similar anatomical structure –
implied it as a mechanism of evolution. all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
5. Alfred Wallace, a naturalist who worked in Malay metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs. Hence,
Archepelago had also come to similar conclusions in these animals, the same structure developed along
around the same time. In due course of time, different directions due to adaptations to different
apparently new types of organisms are recognisable. needs. This is divergent evolution and these
All the existing life forms share similarities and share structures are homologous.
common ancestors. However, these ancestors were
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6. Homology indicates common ancestry. Other examples were picked out by predators. As a result
are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn of industrialisation, the area got polluted and
and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent lichens could not survive. Lichens are sensitive
homology. toward SO 2 pollution specially. Hence, moths
7. Homology is based on divergent evolution whereas that were able to camouflage themselves, i.e.,
analogy refers to a situation exactly opposite. Wings of hide in the background, survived. This
butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not understanding is supported by the fact that in
anatomically similar structures though they perform areas where industrialisation did not occur e.g.,
similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are in rural areas, the count of melanic moths was
a result of convergent evolution - different low. This showed that in a mixed population,
structures evolving for the same function and hence those that can better-adapt, survive and
having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the increase in population size. Remember that
eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of no variant is completely wiped out.
Penguins and Dolphins. One can say that it is the 11. Similarly, excess use of herbicides, pesticides, etc., has
similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar only resulted in selection of resistant varieties in a
adaptive features in different groups of organisms but much lesser time scale. This is also true for microbes
toward the same function. Sweet potato (root against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against
modification) and potato (stem modification) is eukaryotic organisms/cell. Hence, resistant organisms/
another example for analogy. cells are appearing in a time scale of months or years
8. In the same line of discussion, similarities in proteins and not centuries. These are examples of evolution by
and genes performing a given function among diverse anthropogenic action. This also tells us that evolution
organisms give clues to common ancestry. These is not a direct process in the sense of
biochemical similarities point to the same shared determinism. It is a stochastic process (i. e.,
ancestry as structural similarities among diverse having a random probability distribution or
organisms. pattern that may be analaysed satistically but
9. Humans have breed selected plants and animals for may not be predicted precisely) based on
agriculture, horticulture, sport or security. Man has chance events in nature and chance mutation
domesticated many wild animals and crops. This in the organisms.
intensive breeding programme has created breeds that
differ from other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the ADAPTIVE RADIATION
same group. 1. During his journey Darwin went to Galapagos Islands,
10. Another interesting observation supporting evolution there he observed an amazing diversity of creatures. Of
by natural selection comes from England which is particular interest, small black birds later called
discused below: Darwin’s Finches amazed him. He realised that there
(i) In a collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e., were many varieties of finches in the same island. All
before industrialisation set in, it was observed the varieties, he speculated evolved on the island itself.
that there were more white-winged moths on From the original seed-eating features, many other
trees than dark-winged or melanised moths. forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to
However, in the collection carried out from the become insectivorous and vegetarian finches. This
same area, but after industrialisation, i.e., in process of evolution of different species in a given
1920, there were more dark-winged moths in geographical area starting from a point and literally
the same area, i.e., the proportion was reversed. radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is
The explanation put forth for this observation called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches
was that ‘predators will spot a moth against a represent one of the best examples of this
contrasting background’. During postindustria- phenomenon.
lisation period, the tree trunks became dark due 2. Another example is Australian marsupials. A number of
to industrial smoke and soots. Under this marsupials, each different from the other evolved from
condition the white-winged moth did not an ancestral stock, but all within the Australian island
survive due to predators, dark-winged continent. When more than one adaptive
or melanised moth survived. radiation appeared to have occurred in an
(ii) Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of isolated geographical area (representing
almost white-coloured lichen covered the trees - different habitats), one can call this
in that background the white winged moth convergent evolution.
survived but the dark-coloured moth
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3. Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive whether to regard evolution and natural selection as
radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental processes or end result of unknown processes.
mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a 7. It is possible that the work of Thomas Malthus on
corresponding marsupial (e.g., Placental wolf and populations influenced Darwin. Natural selection is
Tasmanian wolf—marsupial). based on certain observations which are factual. For
example, natural resources are limited, populations are
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION stable in size except for seasonal fluctuation, members
of a population vary in characteristics (infact no two
1. Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense would
individuals are alike) even though they look
have started when cellular forms of life with differences
superficially similar, most of variations are inherited
in metabolic capability originated on earth.
etc.
2. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is
8. The fact that theoretically population size will grow
natural selection. The rate of appearance of new forms
exponentially if everybody reproduced maximally (this
is linked to the life cycle or the life span.
fact can be seen in a growing bacterial population) and
3. Microbes that divide fast have the ability to multiply
the fact that population sizes in reality are limited,
and become millions of individuals within hours. A
means that there had been competition for resources.
colony of bacteria (say A) growing on a given medium
Only some survived and grew at the cost of others that
has built in variation in terms of ability to utilise a feed
could not flourish.
component. A change in the medium composition
9. The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was this: he
would bring out only that part of the population (say
asserted that variations, which are heritable and which
B) that can survive under the new conditions. In due
make resource utilisation better for few (adapted to
course of time this variant population outgrows the
habitat better) will enable only those to reproduce and
others and appears as new species. This would happen
leave more progeny. Hence for a period of time, over
within days. For the same thing to happen in a fish or
many generations, survivors will leave more progeny
fowl would take million of years as life spans of these
and there would be a change in population
animals are in years. Here we say that fitness of B is
characteristic and hence new forms appear to arise.
better than that of A under the new conditions.
Nature selects for fitness.
4. One must remember that the so-called fitness is based MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
on characteristics which are inherited. Hence, there 1. What is the origin of variation and how does
must be a genetic basis for getting selected and to speciation occur? Even though Mendel had talked
evolve. Another way of saying the same thing is that of inheritable ‘factors’ influencing phenotype, Darwin
some organisms are better adapted to survive in an either ignored these observations or kept silence.
otherwise hostile environment. Adaptive ability is 2. In the first decade of twentieth century, Hugo
inherited. It has a genetic basis. Fitness is the end deVries based on his work on evening primrose
result of the ability to adapt and get selected (i. e., Oenothera lamarckiana)brought forth the idea of
by nature. Branching descent and natural mutations – large difference arising suddenly in a
selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian population. He believed that it is mutation which
Theory of Evolution. causes evolution and not the minor variations
5. Even before Darwin, a French naturalist Lamarck had (heritable) that Darwin talked about. Mutations are
said that evolution of life forms had occurred but random and directionless while Darwinian variations
driven by use and disuse of organs. He gave are small and directional. Evolution for Darwin
examples of Giraffes who in an attempt to forage leaves was gradual while deVries believed mutation
on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks. caused speciation and hence called it
As they passed on this acquired character of elongated saltation (single step large mutation).
neck to succeeding generations, giraffes, slowly, over
the years, came to acquire long necks. Nobody believes HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
this conjecture any more.
1. In a given population one can find out the frequency of
6. Is evolution a process or the result of a process? The
occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus. This
world we see, inanimate and animate, is only the
frequency is supposed to remain fixed and even remain
success stories of evolution. When we describe the
the same through generations. Hardy-Weinberg
story of this world we describe evolution as a process.
principle stated it using algebraic equations.
On the other hand when we describe the story of life on
earth, we treat evolution as a consequence of a process 2. This principle says that allele frequencies in a
called natural selection. We are still not very clear population are stable and is constant from
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generation to generation. The gene pool (total genes/alleles are added to the new population and
genes and their alleles in a population) these are lost from the old population. There would be
remains a constant. This is called genetic a gene flow if this gene migration, happens multiple
equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic times. If the same change occurs by chance, it is called
frequencies is 1. genetic drift. Sometimes the change in allele
3. Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, frequency is so different in the new sample of
q, etc. In a diploid, p and q represent the frequency of population that they become a different species. The
allele A and allele a. The frequency of AA original drifted population becomes founders and the
individuals in a population is simply p 2 . This is simply effect is called founder effect.
stated in another ways, i.e., the probability that an 7. Microbial experiments show that pre-existing
allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the advantageous mutations when selected will result in
chromosomes of a diploid individual is simply the observation of new phenotypes. Over few generations,
product of the probabilities, i.e., p 2 . Similarly of aa is this would result in speciation. Natural selection is
a process in which heritable variations
q 2 and of Aa is 2pq. Hence, p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1.
enabling better survival are enabled to
This is a binomial expansion of (p+q) 2 . reproduce and leave greater number of
progeny.
8. A critical analysis makes us believe that variation
(a) due to mutation or variation due to
recombination during gametogenesis, or due
to gene flow or genetic drift results in
changed frequency of genes and alleles in
future generation.
9. Coupled to enhance reproductive success, natural
selection makes it look like different population.
(b)
Natural selection can lead to stabilisation (in
which more individuals acquire mean
character value), directional change (more
individuals acquire value other than the mean
character value) or disruption (more
individuals acquire peripheral character
value at both ends of the distribution curve).

(c)
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION
Fig. 29.1 Diagrammatic representation of the operation of 1. About 2000 million years ago (mya) the first
natural selection on different traits : (a) Stabilizing cellular forms of life appeared on earth. The
(b) Bidirectional and (c) Disruptive mechanism of how non-cellular aggregates of giant
macromolecules could evolve into cells with
4. When frequency measured, differs from expected membranous envelop is not known.
values, the difference (direction) indicates the extent of
2. Some of these cells had the ability to release O 2 . The
evolutionary change. Disturbance in genetic
reaction could have been similar to the light reaction in
equilibrium, or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, i.e.,
photosynthesis where water is split with the help of
change of frequency of alleles in a population would
solar energy captured and channelised by appropriate
then be interpreted as resulting in evolution.
light harvesting pigments.
5. Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg
3. Slowly single-celled organisms became multi-cellular
equilibrium. These are—
life forms. By the time of 500 mya, invertebrates
(i) Gene migration or gene flow were formed and active.
(ii) Genetic drift 4. Jawless fish probably evolved around 350
(iii) Mutation mya. Sea weeds and few plants existed
(iv) Genetic recombination probably around 320 mya.
(v) Natural selection 5. The first organisms that invaded land were
6. When migration of a section of population to another plants. They were widespread on land when animals
place and population occurs, gene frequencies change invaded land. Fish with stout and strong fins
in the original as well as in the new population. New
 Evolution 977

could move on land and go back to water. This horse, elephant, dog, etc., are special stories of
was about 350 mya. evolution.
6. In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a 14. The most successful story during evolution is
Coelacanth which was thought to be extinct. These the evolution of human beings with language
animals called lobefins evolved into the first skills and self-consciousness.
amphibians that lived on both land and water. There
are no specimens of these left with us. However, these ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
were ancestors of modern day frogs and salamanders. BEING
7. The amphibians evolved into reptiles. They lay thick
shelled eggs which do not dry up in sun unlike those of 1. About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and
amphibians. Again we only see their modern day Ramapithecus were existing. They were hairy and
descendents, the turtles, tortoises and crocodiles. walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Ramapithecus
was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more
8. In the next 200 millions years or so, reptiles of
ape-like. Few fossils of man-like bones have been
different shapes and sizes dominated on
discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania. These revealed
earth.
hominid features leading to the belief that about 3-4
9. Giant ferns (pteridophytes) were present but they all
mya, man-like primates walked in eastern Africa. They
fell to form coal deposits slowly. Some of the land
were probably not taller than 4 feet but walked up
reptiles went back into water to evolve into
right.
fish like reptiles probably 200 mya (e.g.
2. Two mya, Australopithecines probably lived in East
Ichthyosaurs). The land reptiles were, of course, the
African grasslands. Evidence shows they hunted with
dinosaurs. The biggest of them, i.e., Tyrannosaurus rex
stone weapons but essentially ate fruit. Some of the
was about 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome
bones among the bones discovered were different.
dagger like teeth.
This creature was called the first human-like
10. About 65 mya, the dinosaurs suddenly
being the hominid and was called Homo
disappeared from the earth. We do not know the
habilis. The brain capacities were between
true reason. Some say climatic changes killed them.
650-800cc. They probably did not eat meat.
Some say most of them evolved into birds. The truth
3. Fossils discovered in Java in 1891 revealed the next
may live in between. Small sized reptiles of that era still
exist today. stage, i.e., Homo erectus about 1.5 mya. Homo erectus
had a large brain around 900cc. Homo erectus
11. The first mammals were like shrews. Their
probably ate meat.
fossils are small sized. Mammals were viviparous and
protected their unborn young inside the mother’s body. 4. The Neanderthal man with a brain size of
Mammals were more intelligent in sensing and 1400cc lived in near east and central Asia between
avoiding danger at least. When reptiles came down 1,00,000- 40,000 years back. They used hides to
mammals took over this earth. protect their body and buried their dead.
12. There were in South America mammals resembling 5. Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across
horse, hippopotamus, bear, rabbit, etc. Due to continents and developed into distinct races. During ice
continental drift, when South America joined North age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo
America, these animals were overridden by North sapiens arose. Pre-historic cave art developed about
American fauna. Due to the same continental drift 18,000 years ago. Agriculture came around 10,000
pouched mammals of Australia survived because of years back and human settlements started.
lack of competition from any other mammal.
13. Some mammals live wholly in water. Whales, dolphins,
seals and sea cows are some examples. Evolution of
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Section-A : Questions Based on NCERT Textbook

Origin of Life 4. Under certain conditions, scientist have got cell-like
1. Which of the following is incorrect ? structure but without its true organisation called :
(a) Earth originated about 4.5 billion years back (a) Protists (b) Prokaryotes
(b) The first organisms were chemoautotroph (c) Microbes (d) Coacervates
(c) Experimental proof that some simple molecules 5. For testing Oparin’s hypothesis, Stanley Miller and
like H 2 , NH 3 , CH 4 and H 2O gave rise to amino Harold Urey used H 2 , NH 3 and two other chemicals
acids during origin of life was provided by S.L. which were :
Miller (a) CH 4 and H 2O (b) O 2 and H 2O
(d) Oxygen was absent at the time of origin of earth (c) H 2O and salt (d) O 2 and methane
2. Organic compounds first evolved on earth and required 6. Which of the following is correct ?
for origin of life were : (a) Oparin’s theory is based on the origin of life from
(a) Amino acids and urea pre-existing non-living organic molecules
(b) Nucleic acid (RNA) and protein (b) First photosynthetic organisms to appear on earth
(c) Amino acid and protein were cyanobacteria
(d) Nucleic acid and urea (c) Louis Pasteur demonstrated that life comes only
3. Identify A, B, C, D in the diagrammatic representation from pre-existing cells
of Miller’s experiment : (d) Both (a) and (c)
7. Life cannot originate from inorganic materials now
B because of :
To vacuum (a) High degree of pollution
pump C (b) Low atmospheric temperature
(c) Absence of raw material
A Gases
(d) High atmospheric oxygen
Water out 8. Which of the following is correct according to Oparin
Condenser and Haldane ?
Water in (a) The first form of life came from pre-existing
Water droplets non-living organic molecules (e. g ., RNA, protein)
(b) Formation of life was preceded by chemical
D
Boiling water evolution, i. e., formation of diverse organic
molecules from inorganic constituents
Opti
A B C D (c) Both (a) and (b)
ons
(d) Formation of life was preceded by chemical
(a) CH4, NH3, Electrodes Spark Water
H2O, H2, discharge containing evolution, i. e., formation of diverse inorganic
O2 inorganic molecules from organic constituents
compounds only 9. The most advanced theory of origin of life is that of :
(b) CH4, NH3, Electrodes Spark Water (a) Spontaneous generation
H2O, H2 discharge containing
organic (b) Catastrophic
compounds (c) Haldane and Oparin
(c) CH4, H2O Electrodes Spark Water (d) Theory of special creation
but no H2 discharge containing
organic
10. Read the following statements :
compounds (i) Simple one-celled cyanobacteria originated on
(d) CH4, NH3, Electrodes Infra-red Water earth about 3.5 billion years ago
H2O, H2, rays containing (ii) Approximate age of earth is 4.6 billion years
O3 organic
compounds (iii) The term ‘hot-dilute soup’ was given by Haldane
 Evolution 979

(iv) Oparin-Haldane’s view on the origin of life was (c) The first life forms on the earth were
experimentally proved by Stanley Miller chemoheterotrophs
(v) The first life on earth originated from non-living (d) More than one option is correct
material has been explained by the theory of 14. Life on earth originated :
abiogenesis (a) In water (b) In air
How many of the above statements are correct ? (c) On land (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) Two (b) Four 15. Coacervates are :
(c) Three (d) Five (a) Protobionts with proteins, polysaccharides and
11. Find the true (T)/ false (F) statements and choose the water
correct option. (b) Inorganic salt aggregates
I. The universe is about 20 billion years old (c) Bilayered lipid with colloidal protein
II. Life appeared 500 million years after the (d) Mesokaryotic cells
formation of earth 16. During early course of evolution of earth, the source of
III. Extra terrestrial origin of life was proposed by the energy was :
‘theory of Panspermia’ which is proved to be (a) Lightening and UV-rays
correct (b) Infra-red rays
IV. The first non-cellular forms of life (e. g ., RNA) (c) Boiling lava
could have originated 3 billion years back
(d) Free ATP
Opti 17. According to the Theory of Special Creation :
I II III IV
ons (a) All living organisms as we see today were created
(a) T F T F as such
(b) Earth is about 4000 years old
(b) T T F T
(c) Diversity was always same since creation and will
(c) F F T T be the same in future
(d) T T F F (d) All of the above three options are true
18. Which of the following is true for Charles Darwin ?
12. Correctly arrange the steps of evolution : (a) He travelled around the world in a sail ship called
I. Prokaryotes H.M.S Beagle
II. Eukaryotes (b) He concluded that existing living forms share
III. Formation of coacervates and microspheres similarities to varying degrees not only among
IV. Formation of inorganic molecules themselves
V. Free atoms (c) Many of the ancestral life forms do exist any more
VI. Formation of simple organic molecules (purine, (d) All of the above
pyrimidine, simple sugar, amino acids) 19. The Miller’s experiment gave the evidence for the
VII. Formation of complex organic compounds theory of :
(nucleic acids, proteins, fats, polysaccharides) (a) Chemical evolution
VIII. Animals (b) Abiogenesis
IX. Plants (c) Biogenesis
(a) V ® IV ® VI ® III ® VII ® I ® II ® VIII ® IX (d) Spontaneous generation
(b) V ® IV ® VI ® VII ® III ® I ® II ® VIII ® IX 20. The first cellular form of life did not possibly originate
(c) V ® VI ® VII ® VIII ® III ® II ® I ® IV ® IX till about ____________ years ago.
(d) V ® IV ® VI ® VII ® III ® I ® II ® IX ® VIII (a) 2000 million (b) 2000 billion
13. Which of the following is correct ? (c) 4500 million (d) 4.5 billion
(a) Life originated in water 21. The leading scientific proponent of catastrophism was :
(b) Eobionts are hypothetical chemical precursor of a (a) George Cuvier (b) Darwin
living cell (c) Lamarck (d) Linnaeus
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22. According to Charles Darwin : (iv) There has been random evolution of life forms
(a) There has been gradual evolution of life forms (v) Individuals adapt to their environment and
(b) Every population has its own characteristics thereby, evolve
features that differ from the characteristics of other How many of the above statements are correct ?
populations (a) Two (b) Five
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) Three (d) Four
(d) He did not believe in ‘descent with modification’ 27. Alfred Wallace, a naturalist :
concept (a) Worked in Malay Archepelago
23. Who gave a definite proof of ‘Life arising from (b) Had conclusion similar to those of Charles Darwin
pre-existing Life’? (c) Believed in fixity of species
(a) Darwin (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Cparin 28. Natural selection is based on the following :
(c) Pasteur (a) Variation exists within populations
(d) Haldane (b) The best-adapted individuals tend to leave more
24. During a study session about evolution, one of the number of offsprings
students remarks “The giraffe stretched its neck while (c) Individuals who survive longer tend to leave more
reaching for higher leaves; its offsprings inherited offsprings than those who die young
longer necks as a result”. Which statement is most (d) All of these
likely to be helpful in correcting this student’s
29. Given a population that contains genetic variation,
misconception?
what is the correct sequence of the following events,
(a) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual under the influence of natural selection ?
disappearance I. Well adapted individuals leave more offsprings
(b) Spontaneous mutation can result in the than do poorly adapted individuals
appearance of new traits II. A change occurs in the environment
(c) Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life III. Genetic frequencies within the population change
are generally not passed through genes
IV. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased
(d) If the giraffes did not have to compete with each survivorship
other, longer necks would not have passed to the
(a) IV ® II ® I ® III (b) IV ® I ® II ® III
next generation
(c) II ® IV ® I ® III (d)II ® IV ® III ® I
25. Charles Darwin was the first person to propose :
30. Which of the following must exist in a population
(a) That evolution occurs
before natural selection can act upon that population ?
(b) That earth is older than a few thousand years
(a) Variations among individuals caused by
(c) That population growth can outpace the growth of environmental factors
food resources
(b) Sexual reproduction
(d) A mechanism for evolution that was supported by
(c) Genetic variation among individuals
evidence
(d) Three of the above options are correct
26. Read the following statements w.r.t. Darwinism :
31. DDT was once considered a ‘silver bullet’ that would
(i) The fitness, according to Darwin, refers
permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead,
ultimately and only to reproductive fitness
DDT is useless against many insects. Which of these
(ii) Any population has built-in variation in would have been required for this pest eradication
characteristics. Those characteristics which effort to be successful in the long run ?
enable some to survive better in natural
(a) Larger doses of DDT should have been applied
conditions would outbreed others that are
(b) The frequency of DDT application should have
less-endowed to survive under such natural
been higher
conditions
(c) None of the individual insects should have
(iii) Those who are better fit in an environment, leave
possessed genomes that made them resistant to
more progenies than others and therefore will
DDT
survive more and hence undergo natural
(d) DDT application should have been continual
selection
 Evolution 981

32. The study of fossils : 36. Homology :

(a) Shows that life-forms varied over time and certain (a) Indicates common ancestory
life forms are restricted to certain geological (b) Includes examples like vertebrate hearts or brains
time-spans (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Shows that new forms of life arose at the same time (d) Is the cause of convergent evolution
in the history of earth 37. Identify the dinosaurs A, B, C and D from the
(c) Confirms the ‘theory of Panspermia’ evolutionary family tree shown :
(d) Confirms the ‘theory of Spontaneous generation’
33. Paleontology :
(a) Includes study of fossils to determine organisms’
evolution A
(b) Is the study of latest geographical changes
(c) Deals with non-cellular evolution B
Pteranodon
(d) Is the study of fossils of Jurassic period
34. Find the true (T)/ false (F) statements w.r.t evolution
and choose the correct option : Crocodilian
I. Comparative anatomy and morphology shows
similarities and differences among organisms of
Archaeopteryx
today and those that existed years ago during
evolution
II. Comparative anatomy and morphology shows
only differences among organisms of today and C
those that existed years ago during evolution D
III. Whales, bats, cheetah and humans share
similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs
IV. Hands of man and wings of bat are homologous Opti
A B C D
ons
organs
(a) Triceratops Stegosaurus Tyrannosaurus Brachio-
Opti saurus
I II III IV
ons
(b) Brachios- Stegosaurus Tyrannosaurus Triceratops
(a) F F T T aurus

(b) T T T T (c) Stegosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus Brachio-

saurus
(c) T F T T
(d) Triceratops Tyranno- Stegosaurus Brachio-
(d) T F F T saurus saurus

38. Which of the following is correct for the structures A

35. Whales, bats, cheetah and humans have humerus,
and B shown in the diagram ?
radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phallanges in
their forelimbs. Hence, in these animals, the same
structure developed along different directions due to
adaptations to different needs. This is :
(a) Divergent evolution and these structures are
analogous
(b) Convergent evolution and these structures are
homologous A
B
(c) Both the case of divergent as well as convergent
evolution simultaneously
(d) Divergent evolution and these structures are Bougainvillea Cucurbita
homologous
 982 NCERT Biology Booster

(a) A and B are homologous structures 43. If two modern organisms are distantly related in an
(b) A and B are analogous structures evolutionary sense, then one should expect that :
(c) A and B exemplify divergent evolution (a) They live in very different habitats
(d) Both (a) and (c) (b) They shared a common ancestor relatively recently
39. Analogous structures : (c) They should be members of same genus
(a) Are the results of convergent evolution (d) They should share fewer homologous structures
(b) Are anatomically different having similar function than two more closely related organisms
(c) Can be exemplified by the eye of octopus and eyes 44. Over evolutionary time, many cave dwelling organisms
of mammals or the flippers of penguins and have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their
dolphins digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs.
(d) Is related to all of the above How can natural selection account for these losses ?
40. Select the analogous structures : (a) The ancestors of these organisms experienced
(a) Wings of butterfly and birds harmful mutations that forced them to find new
habitats that these species had not previously used
(b) Flippers of penguins and dolphins
(b) Under particular circumstances that persisted for
(c) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
long periods, each of these structures presented
(d) More than one option is correct
greater costs than benefits
41. Which of the following is correct for the structures A, B,
(c) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the
C and D shown in the diagram ?
principle of use and disuse
(d) The ancestors of these organisms underwent
spontaneous mutation
45. Sweet potato and potato :
(a) Represent analogous structures
Man Cheetah Whale Bat (b) Exemplify divergent evolution
(c) Belong to the same genus
(d) Both (a) and (c)
46. Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly
supports the common origin of all life on Earth ?
(a) All organisms require energy
(b) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code
(c) All organisms show heritable variation
(d) All organisms have undergone evolution
47. Which of the following gives clue to the common
ancestry for different organisms ?
A B C D
(a) Diverse organisms have similarities in genes and
proteins performing a given function
(a)A, B, C and D are analogous structures (b) Diverse organisms have completely different
(b)A, B, C and D shows divergent evolution protein
(c)A, B, C and D shows convergent evolution (c) Diverse organisms have completely different genes
(d)A, B, C and D are analogous structures which is the (d) Similar organisms may have different genes and
result of divergent evolution proteins
42. Of the following anatomical structures, which one is 48. Which of the following statements most detracts from
homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird ? the claim that human appendix is completely a vestigial
(a) Cartilage in the dorsal fin of a shark organ ?
(b) Bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo (a) The appendix can be surgically removed with no
(c) Bones in the flipper of a whale immediate effects
(d) Bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish (b) The appendix might have been larger in fossil
hominids
 Evolution 983

(c) In a million years, the humans might completely How many of the above statements are correct ?
lack an appendix (a) Three (b) Five
(d) The appendix has a substantial amount of (c) Four (d) Two
defensive lymphatic tissue 53. Which of the following is correct ?
49. Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us (a) Excess use of herbicides, pesticides and antibiotics
that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even has resulted in selection of resistant varieties in a
though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles much lesser time
that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal (b) Resistant organisms/cells appear in a time scale of
fins and tails of Ichthyosaurs and fish are : months or years and not centuries
(a) Homologous (c) Evolution is not a directed process in the sense of
(b) Examples of convergent evolution determinism, it is stochastic process based on
(c) Adaptations to a common environment chance events in nature and chance mutation in
(d) More than one option is correct the organisms
50. What must be true of any organ that is described as (d) More than one option is correct
vestigial ? 54. Evolution by anthropogenic action includes :
(a) It must be analogous to some features in an (a) Natural selection of herbicide and pesticide
ancestor resistant varities of weeds and insects respectively
(b) It must be homologous to some features in an (b) Drug resistant microorganisms
ancestor (c) Antibiotic resistant microbes
(c) It must be both homologous and analogous to (d) All of the above
some features in an ancestor 55. Which of the following is false about coacervates ?
(d) It need be neither homologous nor analogous to (a) They could reproduce
some features in an ancestor (b) They were partially isolated from the surrounding
51. DNA sequences in many human genes are similar to the (c) They could maintain an internal environment
sequence of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The (d) All of these
most likely explanation for this result is that :
56. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany is located in :
(a) Humans evolved from chimpanzees
(a) Lucknow (b) Hyderabad
(b) Chimpanzees evolved from humans
(c) Dehradun (d)New Delhi
(c) Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent
57. The book on evolution by Charles Darwin is :
common ancestor
(a) On the Origin of Species by means of Natural
(d) Convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities
Selection
52. Read the following statements w.r.t. Industrial
(b) Origin of Life
melanism in England.
(c) Chemical Evolution
(i) Before industrialisation (1850s), there were more
(d) Philosophie Zoologique
white-winged moths on trees than dark-winged
58. Tendrils in different plants are examples of :
or melanised moths
(a) Divergent evolution leading to homologous organ
(ii) After industrialisation (1920), there were more
development
dark-winged moths in the same area
(b) Analogous structures
(iii) Dark-winged moths became fitter, after
industrialisation, to survive and reproduce as (c) Convergent evolution leading to homologous
they were better camouflaged organ development
(iv) Before industrialisation, thick growth of almost (d) Homologous structures
white-coloured lichen covered the trees in whose 59. The resemblance between widely different groups due
background the white-winged moths survived but to a common adaptation is :
dark-winged moths were picked by the predators (a) Divergent evolution
(v) In a mixed population of moths, those which (b) Parallel evolution
could better adapt, survived and increased in (c) Retrogressive evolution
population size (d) Convergent evolution
 984 NCERT Biology Booster

60. Choose the odd one w.r.t. vestigial structures in (a) Adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia
humans: showing divergent evolution
(a) Vermiform appendix (b) Adaptive radiation of placental mammals of
(b) Wisdom teeth Australia
(c) Body hair (c) Natural selection
(d) Epiglottis (d) Divergent evolution or convergent evolution
61. Tasmanian wolf is a marsupial while wolf is a placental 66. Placental mammals in Australia has variable forms
mammal. This shows : which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding
(a) Convergent evolution marsupial. This is a case of :
(b) Divergent evolution (a) Adaptive radiation and divergent evolution
(c) Inheritance of acquired character (b) Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution
(d) Parallelism (c) Divergent evolution
62. The presence of different types of beaks in finches of (d) Anthropogenic evolution
Galapagos islands adapted to different feeding habits 67. Weismann cut off tails of mice generation after
provides evidence for : generation but tails neither disappeared nor shortened
(a) Intraspecific variations showing that :
(b) Intraspecific competitions (a) Tail is an essential organ
(c) Interspecific competitions (b) Darwin was correct
(d) Natural selection (c) Mutation theory is wrong
63. According to Lamarckism, long necked giraffes evolved (d) Lamarck was wrong in giving the inheritance of
because : acquired character
(a) Nature selected only long necked animals 68. Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense would
(b) Of stretching of necks by short one over many have started :
generations (a) Before the formation of cellular life-forms
(c) Of mutation (b) When plants and animals were formed
(d) Humans preferred long necked animals (c) When cellular forms of life with differences in
64. The original feature of Darwin’s finches in Galapagos metabolic capability originated on earth
island were adapted for : (d) About 5.5 billion years ago
(a) Honey collecting (b) Insect eating 69. Which of the following is true for biological evolution ?
(c) Seed eating (d) Fish eating (a) The rate of appearance of new life-forms is linked
65. The figure provided shows : to the life cycle or life span
Tasmanian wolf (b) Formation of a new microbial species from the
Sugar glider previous lot requires a short time (e. g ., few days)
but for the same thing to happen in a fish/fowl
would take million of years as life spans of these
Tiger cat animals are in years
Marsupial
(c) The so called ‘fitness’ is based on characteristics
mole which are inherited
(d) More than one option is true
Koala 70. Read the following statements :
Banded
anteater (i) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and
get selected by nature
Marsupial (ii) Some organisms are better adapted to survive in
rat hostile environment
Bandicoot
(iii) Adaptive ability is inherited but has no genetic
basis
Wombat Kangaroo
 Evolution 985

(iv) Branching descent and natural section are the 76. The diverse types of beaks of Darwin finches adapted to
two key concepts of Darwinian theory of different feeding habits on the Galapagos islands
evolution provides evidence for :
(v) Charles Darwin was influenced by the work of (a) Origin of species by natural selection
Thomas Malthus on populations (b) Origin of species by mutation
Which of the above statements are correct ? (c) Origin of species by competition
(a) (i), (ii), (iv), (v) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) (d) Origin of species by special creation
(c) (i) and (ii) only (d) (ii) and (v) only 77. Which of the following is correct regarding branching
71. Molecular homology deals with : descent and natural selection as the key concepts of
(a) The similarities of base sequence in nucleic acid Darwinian theory ?
and amino acid sequence in proteins present in two
Opti
different organisms ons
Branching descent Natural selection
(b) The similarities of anatomical structures present in
(a) The new life forms which Selection of useful variation
two different organisms
appear arise as branches by nature
(c) The different types of nucleic acids and proteins from the previously
present in different organisms existing life forms
(d) The difference of anatomical structures present in (b) Common ancestry is not Selection of useful variation
the organisms of a species considered true by nature
72. ‘Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’ is explained by : (c) Common ancestry is Existence of variation is not
considered true practical in a population
(a) Theory of natural selection
(d) The new life forms which Existence of variation is not
(b) Recapitulation theory
appear arise as branches practical in a population
(c) Mutation theory from the previously
(d) Theory of Pangenesis existing life forms
73. Which of the following supports the Theory of
78. Find the true (T)/ false (F) statements and choose the
Recapitulation ?
correct option :
(a) Presence of gills in the embryos of all vertebrates
I. Natural selection concept is based on certain
(b) Presence of gill slits in the embryos of all
observations which are factual
vertebrates
II. Charles Darwin asserted that variations, which
(c) Presence of compound eyes in the embryos of all
are heritable and which make resource utilisation
invertebrates
better for few will enable only those to reproduce
(d) All of the above and leave more progeny
74. The Tasmanian wolf, an Australian marsupial is similar III. Hugo de Vries believed that it is mutation which
in appearance to a placental wolf. This is due to the fact causes evolution and not minor variations
that : (heritable) that Darwin talked about
(a) Marsupial and placental wolf are very closely IV. Mutations are random and directional while
related Darwinian variations are small and
(b) These showed divergent evolution non-directional
(c) They underwent similar selection pressure
(d) Marsupium and placenta are vestigial structures Opti
I II III IV
ons
75. Which of the following evidences does not favour the
Lamarckian concept of inheritance of acquired (a) T T T T
characters ? (b) F T F T
(a) Melanization in peppered moth T F F T
(c)
(b) Absence of limbs in snakes
(d) T T T F
(c) Presence of webbed toes in aquatic birds
(d) Lack of pigment in cave-dwelling animals
 986 NCERT Biology Booster

79. Select the correct statement : (a) A = (ii), B = (i), C = (iii), D = (iv)
(a) Organs with similar origin and basic structure but (b) A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iv), D = (iii)
different function are analogous structures (c) A = (i), B = (iv), C = (iii), D = (ii)
(b) Organs with different origin and structure but with (d) A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iii), D = (iv)
similar functions are analogous organs 85. Hugo de Vries studied mutation in:
(c) Organs with different origin and structure but with (a) Oenothera lamarckiana (Evening primrose)
dissimilar function are analogous (b) Pisum sativum (Garden pea)
(d) None of the above (c) Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet pea)
80. Match the columns w.r.t. convergent evolution : (d) Gossypium (Cotton)
Column-I Column-II 86. Most modern breeds of domestic dogs have evolved
(Placental (Australian through :
mammal) marsupial) (a) Artificial selection (b) Natural selection
A. Anteater (i) Spotted cuscus (c) Isolation (d) Adaptive radiation
B. Lemur (ii) Tasmanian tiger cat 87. Charles Darwin was most influenced by :
C. Flying squirrel (iii) Numbat (a) Essay on population by Malthus
D. Bobcat (iv) Flying phalanger (b) Wallace’s theory of origin of species
(c) Weismann’s theory of germplasm
(a) A = (iii), B = (i), C = (iv), D = (ii) (d) Lamarck’s theory of acquired characters
(b) A = (iii), B = (ii), C = (i), D = (iv) 88. The diagrammatic representation of operation of
(c) A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iv), D = (iii) natural selection on different traits is shown. Identify
(d) A = (i), B = (iii), C = (iv), D = (ii) A, B and C.
81. ‘Heterozygote advantage’ (sickle cell anaemia) should
be most closely linked to which of the following ?
(a) Sexual selection C
(b) Stabilising selection
(c) Directional selection
(d) Disruptive selection
Mechanism of Evolution
82. Half life of 14 C is about : B
(a) 2000 years (b) 5730 years
(c) 5730 months (d) 2000 months
83. Haeckel’s recapitulation theory/biogenetic law states :
(a) Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
(b) High rate of reproduction
(c) Alternation of generation
(d) None of these
84. Match the columns : A

Column-I Column-II Opti

A B C
ons
A. Lamarck (i) Theory of inheritance of
acquired characters or the (a) Disruption Stabilisation Directional change
theory of use and disuse of
organ (b) Directional Stabilisation Disruption
change
B. Weismann (ii) Theory of Germplasm
C. Darwin (iii) Theory of Pangenesis (c) Stabilisation Directional change Disruption
D. Hugo de Vries (iv) Mutation theory (d) Disruption Directional change Stabilisation
 Evolution 987

89. Choose the correct option regarding the concept of (c) Natural selection
Darwin and Hugo de Vries : (d) Coevolution
96. The stabilizing type selection promotes the
Opti The concept of The concept of Hugo de
ons Darwin Vries deveopment of :
(a) The intermediate/mean-character
(a) Variations are random Mutations are minor changes
and directionless and directional (b) Mutated organisms
Gradual evolution Saltatory evolution (c) Individuals which acquire peripheral character
(b)
value
(c) Mutational concept Genetic variation concept (d) Individuals which acquire value other than the
(d) Large difference arises Minor variations are mean character
suddenly in a population heritable 97. The diagrammatic represenation of operation of
natural selection is shown. Which of the following
90. Which of the following is correct according to Hugo de
option indicates ‘directional selection’ ?
Vries ?
Number
(a) Saltation cause speciation of
(b) Mutations can be predicted (a) individuals
(c) Natural selection is the cause of evolution but not with the phenotype
mutation Phenotype
(d) Saltation is single step minor mutation Number
91. Which of the following is correct for the of
(b) individuals
Hardy-Weinberg principle ?
with the phenotype
(a) If the allele frequencies of a population are stable Phenotype
then there will be no evolution
Number
(b) The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a of
population) remains constant which is called (c) individuals
genetic equilibrium with the phenotype
Phenotype
(c) Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1
(d) All of these Number
92. The evolutionary trend in which there is general of
(d) individuals
degeneration and loss of organs is : with the phenotype
(a) Retrogressive Phenotype
(b) Stasigenesis
98. Speciation in geographically separated region is :
(c) Progressive
(a) Allopatric (b) Geopatric
(d) More than one option is correct
(c) Sympatric (d) Sibling formation
93. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium gets affected by :
99. Which one is correct formulation of Hardy-Weinberg
(a) Gene migration or gene flow
equation ?
(b) Natural selection and genetic recombination
(a) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1
(c) Genetic drift and mutation
(b) p 2 + pq + q 2 = 1
(d) All of these
94. ‘Mutation Theory’ was proposed by: (c) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 0
(a) Hugo de Vries (b) Lamarck (d) p 2 + pq + q 2 = 0
(c) Darwin (d)Wallace 100. ( p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1, represents an equation
95. In England, after industrialisation (1920), the dark- which can be best applied in :
variety of peppered moth (Biston carbonaria) (a) Population genetics
outnumbered light-variety (Biston betularia) which (b) Mendelian genetics
was due to :
(c) Biometrics
(a) Genetic recombination
(d) Molecular genetics
(b) Reproductive isolation
 988 NCERT Biology Booster

101. In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 belong to 108. If 64% of the individuals in population are homozygous
genotype AA, 480 to Aa and remaining 160 to aa. Based recessive for a character than calculate the percentage
on this data, the frequencey of allele A in the of dominant individuals in this population :
population is : (a) 48% (b) 36%
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.5 (c) 42% (d) 32%
(c) 0.7 (d) 0.4 109. Match the columns w.r.t. natural selection :
102. At a particular locus, frequency of allele D is 0.7 and
Column-I Column-II
that of allele d is 0.3. What would be the frequency of
heterozygoes in a random mating population at A. Disruption (i) More individuals acquire
value other than the mean
equilibrium ? character value
(a) 0.48 (b) 0.42 B. Directional (ii) More individuals acquire
(c) 0.21 (d) 1.4 change peripheral character value
103. An isolated population with equal number of blue-eyed C. Stabilisation (iii) More individuals acquire
and brown-eyed individuals was decimated by mean character value
earthquake only a few brown-eyed individuals survived
(a) A = (ii), B = (iii), C = (i)
to form next generation. The change in gene pool is :
(b) A = (ii), B = (i), C = (iii)
(a) Blocked gene flow
(c) A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iii)
(b) Founder effect
(d) A = (iii), B = (i), C = (ii)
(c) Bottleneck effect
110. The changed frequency of genes and alleles in future
(d) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
generation occurs through :
104. Random unidirectional change in allele frequencies
(a) Mutation
that occur by chance especially in small populations is
(b) Variation due to recombination
known as :
(c) Gene flow or genetic drift
(a) Migration (b) Natural selection
(d) All of these
(c) Mutation (d) Genetic drift
111. Which of the following is correct for bottle neck effect?
105. Choose the wrong statement regarding Hardy-
(a) It is the decrease in genetic variability in a
Weinberg principle.
population
(a) Allele frequencies in a population may be stable
(b) It is the increase in genetic variability in a
and constant from generation to generation
population
(b) Variation due to genetic drift results in changed
(c) It is the presence of constant number of genes and
frequency of genes and alleles in future
their alleles
generations
(d) It is the random beneficial mutation
(c) Genetic recombination helps in maintaining
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 112. Founder effect :
(d) Natural selection can lead to stabilisation, (a) Is the loss of genetic variation in a population
directional change or disruption (b) Occurs when a new population is established by a
106. If 64% of the individuals in a population are very small number of individuals from a
homozygous recessive for a character then calculate population
the percentage of heterozygous individuals in this (c) Occurs when small group of migrants of a
population : population establishes in a new area
(a) 36% (b) 0.04% (d) Is related to more than one option
(c) 0.8% (d) 32% 113. Speciation is :
107. If 64% of the individuals in a population are (a) The formation of more new species from an
homozygous recessive for a character then calculate existing species
the percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in (b) The evolutionary process by which reproductively
this population : isolated biological populations evolve to become
(a) 4% (b) 0.4% distinct species
(c) 0.8% (d) 32% (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) The degeneration of one or more species
 Evolution 989

114. Identify A, B and C in the diagram provided w.r.t. Opti

I II III IV
speciation. ons
(a) T T T T
Steps A B C
Original (b) F T T T
population T F T F
(c)
¯
(d) F F T F

Initial step of 117. Frequency of a character is increased when it is :

speciation
¯ (a) Dominant (b) Recessive
(c) Adaptable (d)Inheritable
(Genetic (New niche
(Barrier polymorphism) entered) 118. The major defect of Darwinism was :
formation) (a) Non-description of survival of fittest
Evolution of
reproductive (b) Non-description of reason for variation
isolation, New (c) Non-description of inheritance of fittest
distinct species (d) Non-description of over-production of young ones
formation
(Within (In adjacent 119. Closely related, morphologically similar,
(In isolation) population) niche) reproductively isolated sympatric populations are
designated as :
Opti (a) Clones
A B C
ons
(b) Sibling species
(a) Allopatric Parapatric Sympatric speciation (c) Clines
speciation speciation
(d) Demes
(b) Parapatric Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation
120. Hybrid breakdown is failure of :
speciation
(a) Hybrid zygote to develop into offspring
(c) Parapatric Sympatric Allopatric speciation
speciation speciation (b) Hybrid adult to produce fertile offspring
(d) Allopatric Sympatric Parapatric speciation (c) Fusion of ova and sperms of two species
speciation speciation (d) Hybrid to survive for a long time
121. Genetic drift is found in :
115. The example(s) of allopatric speciation is :
(a) Small population with or without mutated genes
(a) Darwin’s finches having different feeding habits in
(b) Large population with random mating
the Galapagos islands
(c) Animal population only
(b) Isolation of Australian marsupials
(d) Plant population only
(c) Both (a) and (b)
122. Genetic drift :
(d) Different types of polyploids formed from a species
(a) Is an orderly change in gene frequency
within the same geographical location
(b) Has nothing in common with inbreeding
116. Find out which of the following statements are
true(T)/ false (F) and choose the correct option ? (c) Is random change in gene frequency
I. Genetic drift is a random change in gene (d) Produces greatest fluctuations in large populations
frequency 123. Gene flow is :
II. Gene pool of a population tends to remain stable (a) Transfer of genes between genetically distinct but
if the population is large, without large scale interbreeding populations
mutations, without migration and with random (b) Transfer of genes from females to males of an
mating organism
III. Sewall-Wright effect is genetic drift (c) Transfer of genes from outside to chromosomes
IV. Lederberg replica plating experiment explains (d) Transfer of genes from sperm to egg
that mutations are preadaptive change
 990 NCERT Biology Booster

124. Sympatric speciation is caused by : 134. Darwinism explains all, except :

(a) Genetic isolation (a) Variations are inherited from parents to the
(b) Interbreeding offsprings through genes
(c) Geographical isolation (b) Within each species there are variations
(d) Reproductive isolation (c) Organisms tend to produce more offsprings than
125. Gene pool of a population tends to remain stable if the can survive
population is large, without large scale mutation, (d) Organisms with better traits that overcome
without migration and with : competition are best suited under the environment
(a) Natural selection 135. The biologist popularly known as ‘Darwin of 20th
(b) Reduction in predators century’ was :
(c) Random mating (a) Ernst Mayr (b) Linnaeus
(d) Moderate environmental changes (c) Diener (d) Whittaker
126. Transfer of genes from one gene pool to another is : 136. Find the true (T)/ false (F) statements and choose the
(a) Gene flow (b) Mutation correct option.
(c) Speciation (d) Genetic drift I. Increase in melanised moths after
127. Reproductive isolation is : industrialisation in Great Britain is a proof of
(a) Breeding in isolation natural selection
(b) Inability of interbreeding II. Genetic drift changes allelic frequency in future
generations
(c) Intraspecific breeding
III. Change in allelic frequency leads to Hardy-
(d) Ability of interbreeding
Weinberg equilibrium
128. The concept of genetic drift was introduced by :
IV. More individuals acquiring mean character value
(a) Sewall Wright (b) Hardy-Weinberg
cause disruption
(c) G.G. Simpson (d) Julian Huxley
129. Chances of elimination of alleles from a small Opti
I II III IV
population is an example of : ons
(a) Adaptation (b) Selection pressure (a) T F T F
(c) Genetic drift (d) Adaptation (b) F F T T
130. The initiating force of evolution is :
(c) T T T T
(a) Natural selection (b) Variations
(c) Adaptation (d) Competition (d) T T F F
131. According to Modern Synthetic theory the unit of
evolution is : 137. Suppose in three population of birds : Population A has
(a) Species (b) Population 10 birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and
nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which ten
(c) Individual (d) Genus
are brown. Population C has 30 birds, of which three
132. Mutations are considered raw materials of evolution
are brown. Which population is most likely to be
because they :
subject to the bottle neck effect?
(a) Cause death of organisms
(a) Population A
(b) Contribute to new variations
(b) Population B
(c) Are stable
(c) Population C
(d) Are random
(d) They are all equally likely
133. Change in frequency of alleles in a population results in
138. Suppose in three populations of birds : Population A
evolution as proposed by :
has 10 birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait)
(a) de Vries theory
and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which
(b) Darwin theory ten are brown. Population C has 30 birds, of which
(c) Hardy-Weinberg principle three are brown. In which population would it be least
(d) Lamarck’s theory likely that an accident would significantly alter the
frequency of the brown allele?
 Evolution 991

(a) Population A (a) III ® I ® V ® II ® IV

(b) Population B (b) III ® I ® II ® V ® IV
(c) Population C (c) III ® II ® I ® V ® IV
(d) They are all the same (d) III ® I ® II ® IV ® V
139. Natural selection changes allele frequencies because 144. Match the columns :
some _________ survive and reproduce more
Column-I Column-II
successfully than others :
(a) Alleles (b) Loci A. Neopilina (i) A connecting link between
Annelida and Mollusca
(c) Individuals (d) Species
B. Peripatus (ii) A connecting link between
140. Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe Fishes and Amphibians
storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, C. Ornithorhynchus (iii) A connecting link between
illustrating : Reptiles and Mammals
(a) Stabilising selection D. Lepidosiren and (iv) A connecting link between
(b) Disruptive selection Protopterus Annelida and Arthropoda
(c) The bottleneck effect
(a) A = (i), B = (iv), C = (ii), D = (iii)
(d) Frequency dependent selection
(b) A = (iii), B = (ii), C = (i), D = (iv)
141. Which of the following is correct ?
(c) A = (i), B = (iv), C = (iii), D = (ii)
(a) Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry in which an
(d) A = (ii), B = (i), C = (iv), D = (iii)
edible species resembles an inedible one
145. Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between :
(b) Mullerian mimicry is a form of mimicry in which
(a) Reptiles and birds
two or more inedible or unpalatable species
resemble each other (b) Fishes and amphibians
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) Reptiles and amphibians
(d) Viceroy butterfly (edible) and monarch butterfuly (d) Mammals and birds
(inedible) is a typical example of Mullerian 146. Choose the odd one out w.r.t. connecting link :
mimicry (a) Limulus (b) Protopterus
(c) Lepidosiren (d) Echidna
Brief Account of Evolution
147. Find the true (T)/ false (F) statements and choose the
142. Match the columns : correct option
Column-I Column-II I. Archaeopteryx is the missing link because it is a
fossil and has characters between birds and
A. Cretaceous (i) Amphibians dominant,
origin of reptiles, extensive reptiles
forests of vascular plants II. Origin of first mammals occurred about 220
B. Jurassic (ii) Age of fishes, origin of million years ago
amphibians III. Dinosaurs first appeared during Jurassic period
C. Carboniferous (iii) Angiosperms appear, IV. Most of the fossils occur in sedimentary rocks
dinosaurs disappear
D. Devonian (iv) Dinosaurs and Opti
gymnosperms dominate I II III IV
ons

(a) A = (iii), B = (iv), C = (i), D = (ii) (a) T T T T

(b) A = (iii), B = (ii), C = (iv), D = (i) (b) F T F T
(c) A = (i), B = (ii), C = (iii), D = (iv) T T F T
(c)
(d) A = (iii), B = (iv), C = (ii), D = (i)
(d) T F T F
143. Correctly arrange the evolution of modern horse :
I. Mesohippus II. Merychippus
III. Eohippus IV. Equus
V. Pliohippus
 992 NCERT Biology Booster

148. Mammals occur on land, air and water. It is : 151.

(a) Adaptive radiation

Million years
ago (mya)
(b) Microevolution
Period
(c) Convergent evolution
(d) Adaption
149. Which one provides correct sequence of events in
origin of new species according to Darwinism ?
I. Natural selection
II. Variation and their inheritance A
III. Survival of the fittest
IV. Struggle for existence
(a) IV ® II ® III ® I B
(b) II ® III ® I ® IV
(c) III ® IV ® I ® II
(d) I ® II ® III ® IV
150. Identify the geological time periods marked as A, B, C
C
and D :

Opti
A B C D
ons

(a) Cretaceous Jurassic Permian Carboniferous

(b) Cretaceous Permian Jurassic Carboniferous

(c) Cretaceous Permian Jurassic Cretaceous

(d) Cretaceous Triassic Tertiary Carboniferous

152. Match the columns :

Column-I Column-II
A. 500 mya (i) Sea weeds existed
Opti
A B C D B. 350 mya (ii) Invertebrates were formed and
ons
active
(a) Cretaceous Carboniferous Jurassic Silurian C. 320 mya (iii) Reptiles of different shapes and
sizes dominated
(b) Silurian Jurassic Cretaceous Carboniferous
D. 200 mya (iv) Jawless fishes evolved
(c) Cretaceous Jurassic Carboniferous Silurian
(a) A = (ii), B = (i), C = (iv), D = (iii)
(d) Jurassic Silurian Carboniferous Cretaceous
(b) A = (iii), B = (ii), C = (i), D = (iv)
(c) A = (iv), B = (ii), C = (i), D = (iii)
(d) A = (ii), B = (iv), C = (i), D = (iii)
 Evolution 993

153. Fishes with stout and strong fins could move on land 161. Choose the correct statement :
and go back to water. This phase of evolution occurred (a) Homo erectus probably ate meat
about : (b) Australopithecus were meat eaters
(a) 350 mya (b) 200 mya (c) Homo habilis probably ate meat
(c) 65 mya (d) 150 mya (d) All of these
154. Which of the following is correct ? 162. Find the true (T) / false (F) statements and choose the
(a) Lobefined fishes evolved into the first amphibians correct option :
(b) Ichthyosaurs (fish-like marine reptiles) evolved I. Agriculture came around 10,000 years back and
about 200 mya human settlement started
(c) Tyrannosaurus rex was about 20 feet in height and II. The Neanderthal man with a brain size 1000 cc
had huge fearsome dagger like teeth lived near east and central asia between
(d) More than one option is correct 1,00,000–40,000 years back
155. Identify the correct match w.r.t convergent evolution : III. During ice-age between 75,000–10,000 years ago
(a) Anteater — Numbat modern Homo sapiens arose, pre-historic art
(b) Bobcat — Spotted cuscus developed 18,000 years ago
(c) Anteater — Spotted cuscus IV. Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across
(d) Tasmanian tiger cat — Wolf continents and developed into distinct races
156. Dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth about : Opti
I II III IV
(a) 200 mya (b) 65 mya ons
(c) 25 mya (d) 500 mya (a) T T T T
157. Steller’s sea cow :
(b) T F T F
(a) Was a herbivore mammal
(b) Is a type of fish (c) F F T T
(c) Is a type of amphibian (d) T F T T
(d) Was carnivore bird
163. Choose the correct statement for the skull type A and B
Origin and Evolution of Human
shown in the diagram :
158. Humans appeared on Earth in which epoch ?
(a) Pleistocene (b) Miocene
(c) Oligocene (d) Eocene
159. The first ‘human-being like’ (hominid) creature was :
(a) Dryopithecus (b) Ramapithecus
(c) Australopithecus (d) Homo habilis
160. Read the following statements : A B
(i) Ramapithecus was more man-like while
Dryopithecus was more ape-like (a) A is the skull of a baby chimpanzee and B is the
(ii) About 2 mya Australopithecus probably lived in skull of an adult human
East African grasslands (b) Evolutionarily A is more advance than B
(iii) Australopithecus hunted with stone weapons but (c) Cranial capacity of A is 1200–1600 cc
essentially ate fruit (d) A is the skull of an adult chimpanzee
(iv) The Homo erectus (fossil discovered in Java) 164. Fossil man expert in making cave paintings and tools
evolved about 1.5 mya was :
(v) The brain capacity of Homo habilis were between (a) Cro-Magnon man (b) Java man
650-800 cc. (c) Neanderthal man (d) Peking man
How many of the above statements are correct ? 165. The cranial capacity of Homo sapiens sapiens is :
(a) Five (b) Four (a) 1400–1600 cc (b) 390–510 cc
(c) Two (d) Three (c) 800–1200 cc (d) 650–800 cc
 994 NCERT Biology Booster

166. The correct sequence of stage in evolution of modern 172. The continent where maximum fossils of pre-historic
man (Homo sapiens sapiens) is : man have been found is :
I. Homo erectus (a) Asia (b) Africa
II. Neanderthal man (c) Europe (d) America
III. Modern man 173. What evidence suggests that chimpanzee is more
IV. Australopithecus closely related to humans than other hominid apes ?
V. Cro-Magnon man (a) DNA of sex chromosomes only
(a) IV ® II ® I ® III ® I (b) Chromosome morphology only
(b) IV ® I ® II ® V ® III (c) Fossil remains
(c) IV ® II ® III ® I ® V (d) DNA of both autosomes and sex chromosomes
(d) IV ® V ® III ® I ® II 174. The hominid fossils discovered in Java in 1891
167. The common origin of man and chimpanzee is best revealed a stage in human evolution which was called :
shown by : (a) Homo erectus (b) Dryopithecus
(a) Chromosomes (b) Binocular vision (c) Australopithecus (d) Homo habilis
(c) Cranial capacity (d) Dental formula 175. During course of evolution which part of brain has
168. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal man was : shown maximum increase in size :
(a) 1300–1600 cc (b) 1100 cc (a) Fore-brain (b) Hind-brain
(c) 1200 cc (d) 850 cc (c) Mid-brain (d) All of these
169. The living modern man, i. e., Homo sapiens sapiens 176. Total amount of DNA in human diploid cell is not very
evolved about : dissimilar from that of chimpanzee but the diploid
(a) 25,000 years ago (Holocene) number of chromosomes in chimpanzee is :
(b) 1,00,000–34,000 years ago (Pleistocene) (a) 44 (b) 48
(c) 1.5 mya (Pleistocene) (c) 46 (d) 50
(d) 2.5 mya (Pliocene) 177. The most apparent change during the evolutionary
history of Homo sapiens is traced in :
170. Which of the following has highest cranial capacity :
(a) Shortening of jaws
(a) Homo erectus
(b) Loss of body hair
(b) Homo neanderthalensis
(c) Walking upright
(c) Homo sapiens fossilis
(d) Remarkable increase in brain size
(d) Homo sapiens sapiens
178. The most successful story during evolution is the
171. Pre-historic man who gave a proper burial to the dead
evolution of:
for the first time was :
(a) Humans with the property of self-consciousness
(a) Peking man
(b) Humans with language skills
(b) Java man
(c) Skull in animals
(c) Cro-Magnon man
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neanderthal man
 Evolution 995

Answers (Section-A)

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (c) 69. (d) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (d) 89. (b) 90. (a)
91. (d) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (a) 97. (c) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (a)
101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (c) 104. (d) 105. (c) 106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (d)
111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (c) 114. (d) 115. (c) 116. (a) 117. (c) 118. (b) 119. (b) 120. (b)
121. (a) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (d) 125. (c) 126. (a) 127. (b) 128. (a) 129. (c) 130. (b)
131. (b) 132. (b) 133. (c) 134. (a) 135. (a) 136. (d) 137. (a) 138. (b) 139. (c) 140. (a)
141. (c) 142. (a) 143. (b) 144. (c) 145. (a) 146. (a) 147. (c) 148. (a) 149. (a) 150. (c)
151. (a) 152. (d) 153. (a) 154. (d) 155. (a) 156. (b) 157. (a) 158. (a) 159. (d) 160. (a)
161. (a) 162. (d) 163. (d) 164. (a) 165. (a) 166. (b) 167. (a) 168. (a) 169. (a) 170. (c)
171. (d) 172. (b) 173. (d) 174. (a) 175. (a) 176. (b) 177. (d) 178. (d)
996 NCERT Biology Booster

Section-B : Questions from NCERT Exemplar

1. Which of the following is used as an atmospheric 9. Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of
pollution indicator? moving from:
(a) Lepidoptera (b) Lichens (a) Land to water
(c) Lycopersicon (d) Lycopodium (b) Dry land to wet land
2. The theory of spontaneous generation stated that: (c) Fresh water to sea water
(a) Life arose from living forms only (d) Water to land
(b) Life can arise from both living and non-living 10. Viviparity is considered to be more evolved because:
(c) Life can arise from non-living things only. (a) The young ones are left on their own
(d) Life arises spontaneously, neither from living nor (b) The young ones are protected by a thick shell
from the non-living. (c) The young ones are protected inside the mother’s
3. Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes are body and are looked after they are born leading to
the examples of: more chances of survival
(a) Reverse evolution (b) Artificial selection (d) The embryo takes a long time to develop
(c) Mutation (d) Natural selection 11. Fossils are generally found in:
4. Palaeontological evidences for evolution refer to the: (a) Sedimentary rocks
(a) Development of embryo (b) Igneous rocks
(b) Homologous organs (c) Metamorphic rocks
(c) Fossils (d) Any type of rock
(d) Analogous organs. 12. For the MN-blood group system, the frequencies of M
5. The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and man and N alleles are 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. The
are similar in structure, because: expected frequency of MN-blood group bearing
(a) One organism has given rise to another organisms is likely to be :
(b) They share a common ancestor (a) 42% (b) 49%
(c) They perform the same function (c) 9% (d) 58%
(d) The have biochemical similarities 13. Which type of selection is industrial melanism
observed in moth, Biston bitularia:
6. Analogous organs arise due to:
(a) Stabilising (b) Directional
(a) Divergent evolution
(c) Disruptive (d) Artificial
(b) Artificial selection
(c) Genetic drift 14. The most accepted line of descent in human evolution
is:
(d) Convergent evolution
(a) Australopithecus ® Ramapithecus ® Homo sapiens
7. ( p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1 represents an equation ® Homo habilis
used in: (b) Homo erectus ® Homo habilis ® Homo sapiens
(a) Population genetics (b) Mendelian genetics
(c) Ramapithecus ® Homo habilis ® Homo erectus ®
(c) Biometrics (d) Molecular genetics Homo sapiens
8. Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an (d) Australopithecus ® Ramapithecus ® Homo erectus
example of: ® Homo habilis ® Homo sapiens.
(a) Adaptive radiation 15. Which of the following is an example for link species?
(b) Transduction (a) Lobe fish (b) Dodo bird
(c) Pre-existing variation in the population (c) Sea weed (d) Tyrannosaurus rex
(d) Divergent evolution
 Evolution 997

16. Match the scientists listed under column “I” with ideas organic molecules. The primitive earth conditions
listed column “II”. created include:
(a) Low temperature, volcanic storms, atmosphere
Column I Column 2II
rich in oxygen
(i) Darwin M. abiogenesis (b) Low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
(ii) Oparin N. use and disuse of organs atmosphere
(iii) Lamarck O. continental drift (c) High temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing
atmosphere
(iv) Wagner P. evolution by natural selection
(d) High temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
(a) i=M; ii=P; iii=N; iv=O atmosphere containing CH 4 , NH 3 etc.
(b) i=P; ii=M; iii=N; iv=O 18. Variations during mutations of meiotic recombinations
(c) i=N; ii=P; iii=O; iv=M are:
(d) i=p; ii=O; iii=N; iv=M (a) Random and directionless
(b) Random and directional
17. In 1953 S. L. Miller created primitive earth conditions
in the laboratory and gave experimental evidence for (c) Random and small
origin of first form of life from preexisting non-living (d) Random, small and directional

Answers (Section-B)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a)
 998 NCERT Biology Booster

Section-C : Assertion-Reason Type Questions

Instructions :
1. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion then mark (a).
2. If both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (b).
3. If assertion is true but reason is false, then mark (c).
4. If both assertion and reason are false statements then mark (d).

1. A: Coacervates are believed to be the precursors of life. 10. A: Fitness is the end result of ability to adapt and get
R: Coacervates were self-duplicating aggregates of selected by nature.
proteins surrounded by lipid molecules. R: Some organisms are better adapted to survive in an
2. A: The earliest organisms that appeared on earth were otherwise hostile environment.
non-green and presumably anaerobes. 11. A: According to Lamarck the rate and survival of
R: The first autotrophic organisms were the organisms are different due to variations.
chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen. R: Lamarck gave the theory of pangenesis.
3. A: Natural selection is the outcome of difference in 12. A: Sickle cell anaemia in malaria endemic area is an
survival and reproduction among individual that example of directional selection.
shown variation in one or more traits. R: Individuals for sickle cell anaemia have defective
R: Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to become more gene in X-chromosomes.
common. Less adaptive ones become less common 13. A: Australian marsupials can be taken as an example
or dissappear. of adaptive radiation.
4. A: Comparative biochemistry provides a strong R: A number of marsupials, evolved from an ancestral
evidence in favour of common ancestory of living stock, but all within the Australian island continent.
beings. 14. A: Analogous structures are a result of convergent
R: Genetic code is universal. evolution.
5. A: Human ancestors never used their tails so that tail R: Different structures evolving for the same function
expression gene has disappeared in them. and hence having similarity.
R: Lamarck’s theory of evolution is popularly called 15. A: Evolution is not occurring at all at present.
theory of continuity of germplasm. R: Evolution takes a very short time.
6. A: Darwin’s finches show a variety of beaks suited for 16. A: Evolution is not a directed process in the sense of
eating large seeds, flying insects and cactus seeds. determination.
R: Ancestral seed eating stock of Darwin’s finches R: It is stochastic process based on chance events in
radiated out from South American mainland to nature and chance mutation in the organisms.
different geographical areas of Galapagos islands 17. A: DNA was the first genetic material which evolved
where they found competition free new habitat. on earth.
7. A: Gene flow increases genetic variations. R: Cyanobacteria evolved earlier than heterotrophic
R: Random introduction of new alleles into recipient bacteria.
population and their removal from donor 18. A: Branching descent and natural selection are the two
population affect allele frequency. key concepts of Darwinion theory.
8. A: Among primates, chimpanzee is closest relative to R: Hardy-Weinberg’s equilibrium is not affected by
the present day humans. Darwinian natural selection.
R: The banding pattern of autosomes 3 and 6 of 19. A: Continental drift caused survival of pouched
humans and chimapanzee is remarkably similar. mammals of Australia.
9. A: From evolutionary point of view, human gestation R: It was due to lack of competition from any other
period is believed to be shortening. mammal.
R: One major evolutionary trend in humans has been 20. A: Human beings possess the property of language
the larger head undergoing relatively faster growth skills and self-consciousness.
in the foetal stage. R: Chimpanzee are also animals with the property of
self-consciousness.
 Evolution 999

Answers (Section-C)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
1000 NCERT Biology Booster

Section-D : Brainstormer
1. Why it is unlikely that humans will undergo speciation two different colour patterns and both are very
in the future? distateful to their predators. There also exist two more
(a) The human species has exhausted nearly all of its butterfly species, C and D, that exhibit very similar
genetic potential colour patterns as that of A and B, respectively, but
(b) Migration among population is high highly palatable. The frequency distribution of these
(c) Natural selection is no longer operating on humans butterflies is shown in the two graphs below :
(d) The environment of earth is being controlled and

Frequency

Frequency
stabilised 0.5 0.5
2. Darwin and Wallace convinced most of their
contemporaries that evolution had occurred. They did
this primarily by relying on evidence from which area A B C D
of study? In one situation, butterflies of species A become much
(a) Paleontology more common than species B. What is the most likely
(b) Developmental biology effect of this on species C and D after many
generations?
(c) Geographic distribution
(d) Behaviour Frequency

Frequency
0.5 0.5
3. If one gamete in five carries a recessive allele, what
(a) (b)
must be the frequency of the homozygous recessive
genotype in a population at Hardy-Weinberg
C D C D
equilibrium?
(a) 16% (b) 20%
Frequency

Frequency
(c) 60% (d) 4% 0.5 0.5
4. The use of Hardy-Weinberg equation for a population (c) (d)
shows that:
(a) Immigration of new mating type can be accounted C D C D
for
7. Read the following statements :
(b) The result of breeding over a number of generation
(i) Diversifying (disruptive) selection is a mode of
can be predicted
natural selection that favours variants of
(c) The proportion of phenotype is 3 : 1 opposite extremes over intermediate forms
(d) More than one option is applicable (ii) In the evolution of life on Earth, the early
5. Which of the following would be best to demonstrate primitive cells that were present must have
Lamarckian evolution? obtained their energy by glycolysis and
(a) The discovery of a fossil that is anatomically fermentation
partway between a reptile and a human (iii) Darwin’s theory of evolution was highly
influenced by the Mendel’s crossing
(b) The tails of laboratory mice were cut off and the
experiments with peas
progeny from such mice were born without tails
(iv) Hardy-Weinberg’s principle can be used to
(c) Bacteria causing infectous diseases becoming interpret whether evolution has occurred in a
resistant to repeated doses of antibiotics population or not
(d) The discovery of a series of fossils that showed a (v) The half-life of carbon-14 is approximately 5730
progression in anatomical features years
6. The environment in which a species lives exerts Which of the above statements are correct ?
selective pressure on its individuals. In a patch of (a) (i), (ii) (b) (iii), (iv)
forest, many different species of butterflies exist. (c) (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) (d) (i), (ii), (iv), (v)
Among these, two butterfly species, A and B exhibit
 Evolution 1001

8. Mouth parts of insects belonging to different genera (c) Have low speciation rates
show the same basic structure such as labra, (d) Are geolocially very young
mandibles, maxillae and labia. This is indicative of : 10. Which of the following is appropriately related to
(a) Convergent evolution genetic drift phenomenon?
(b) Adaptive radiation I. Chance occurrence
(c) Either (a) or (b) II. Directional
III. Random change in allele frequency
(d) Both (a) and (b)
IV. Fixation or elimination of alleles
9. Oceanic islands are often called ‘natural laboratories (a) I, II, III, IV
for evolutionary studies’. This is because they :
(b) I, III, IV
(a) Are isolated from other land masses
(c) III and IV only
(b) Are ecologically very similar
(d) I and II only

Answers (Section-D)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
1002 NCERT Biology Booster

Section-E : Latest Previous Years Questions

1. Which one of the following experiments suggests that (d) Each species is reproductively isolated from every
simplest living organisms could not have originated other species
spontaneously from non-living matter ? 7. de Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution
(a) Larvae could appear in decaying organic matter while working on :
(b) Meat was not spoiled, when heated and kept (a) Oenothera lamarckiana
sealed in a vessel (b) Drosophila melanogaster
(c) Microbes did not appear in stored meat (c) Pisum sativum
(d) Microbes appeared from unsterilized organic (d) Althea rosea
matter
8. The name of Norman Borlaug is associated with :
2. Character which is closely related to human evolution:
(a) Green revolution (b) White revolution
(a) Disappearance of tail
(c) Yellow revolution (d) Blue revolution
(b) Binocular vision
9. Potato and sweet potato :
(c) Flat nails
(a) have edible parts which are homologous organs
(d) Reduction in size of Jaws
(b) have edible parts which are analogous organs
3. Which one of the following phenomena supports
(c) have been introduced in India from the same place
Darwin’s concept of natural selection in organic
(d) are two species of the same genus
evolution ?
(a) Production of ‘Dolly’, the sheep by cloning 10. Improvement of human race by controlled selective
breeding between individuals with desirable
(b) Development of organs from ‘stem cells’ for organ
characters is called :
transplantation
(a) Eugenics (b) Euthenics
(c) Development of transgenic animals
(c) Inbreeding (d) None of these
(d) Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects
11. Praying mantis is a good example of :
4. Homo sapiens have evolved in :
(a) Mullerian mimicry (b) Warning colouration
(a) Paleocene (b) Pleistocene
(c) Social insects (d) Camouflage
(c) Oligocene (d) Miocene
12. Which one of the following amino-acids was not found
5. There are two opposing views about origin of modern to be synthesized in Miller’s experiment ?
man. According to one view Homo erectus in Asia (a) Glycine (b) Aspartic acid
were the ancestors of modern man A study of variation
(c) Glutamic acid (d) Alanine
of DNA however suggested African origin of modern
13. An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is
man. What kind of observation of DNA variation could
the occurrence of :
suggest this ?
(a) Homologous and vestigial organs
(a) Greater variation in Asia than in Africa
(b) Analogous and vestigial organs
(b) Similar variation in Africa and Asia
(c) Homologous organs only
(c) Variation only in Asia and no variation in Africa
(d) Homologous and analogous organs
(d) Greater variation in Africa than in Asia
14. Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era is characterised by:
6. Which of the following is not true for a species ?
(a) Gymnosperms are dominant plants and first birds
(a) Members of a species can interbreed appear
(b) Variations occur among members of a species (b) Radiation of reptiles and origin of mammal like
(c) Gene flow does not occur between the populations reptiles
of a species
 Evolution 1003

(c) Dinosaurs become extinct and angiosperms (c) Speciation through reproductive isolation
appear (d) Random creation of new species
(d) Flowering plants and first dinosaurs appear 24. Among the human ancestors the brain size was more
15. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as : than 1000 cc in :
(a) Phylogeny (b) Ancestry (a) Homo neanderthalensis
(c) Palaeontology (d) Ontogeny (b) Homo erectus
16. The first modern birds appeared during the : (c) Ramapithecus
(a) Cretaceous period (d) Homo habilis
(b) Jurassic period 25. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the
(c) Triassic period same species if they :
(d) Carboniferous period (a) can reproduce freely with each other and form
17. The early stage human embryo distinctly possesses : seeds.
(a) Gills (b) Gill slits (b) have more than 90 percent similar genes.
(c) External ear (pinna) (d) Eye brows (c) look similar and possess identical secondary
metabolities
18. Sickle cell anemia has not been eliminated from the
African population because : (d) have same number of chromosomes
(a) It is controlled by recessive genes 26. The Finches of Galapagos islands provide an evidence
(b) It is not a fatal disease in favour of :
(a) Special Creation
(c) It provides immunity against malaria
(b) Evolution due to Mutation
(d) It is controlled by dominant genes
(c) Retrogressive Evolution
19. Which of the following is a living fossil ?
(a) Mirabilis jalapa (b) Dalbergia sisoo (d) Biogeographical Evolution

(c) Ginkgo biloba (d) Pinus longifolia 27. What is common to whale, seal and shark ?
(a) Seasonal migration
14 12 æ 1 ö
20. The fossil bone has a C ratio , which is ç ÷ of
C: (b) Thick subcutaneous fat
è 16 ø
that in a living animal bone. If the half-life of 14 C is (c) Convergent evolution
5730 years, then the age of the fossil bone is : (d) Homoiothermy
(a) 11460 years (b) 17190 years 28. Adaptive radiation refers to :
(c) 22920 years (d) 45840 years (a) Adaptations due to Geographical isolation
21. Random genetic drift in a population probably results (b) Evolution of different species from a common
from : ancestor
(a) Highly genetically variable individuals (c) Migration of members of a species to different
(b) Constant low mutation rate geographical areas
(c) Large population size (d) Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of
(d) Interbreeding within this population environments
22. Which of the following factors help in evolution but is 29. When two species of different genealogy come to
not considered the basic factor for evolution? resemble one other as a result of adaptation, the
(a) Isolation (b) Adaptation phenomenon is termed :
(c) Variation (d) Mutation (a) Divergent evolution (b) Microevolution
23. One of the important consequences of geographical (c) Co-evolution (d) Convergent evolution
isolation is : 30. The concept of chemical evolution is based on :
(a) No change in the isolated fauna (a) Crystallization of chemicals
(b) Preventing speciation (b) Interaction of water, air and clay under intense
heat
1004 NCERT Biology Booster

(c) Effect of solar radiation on chemicals microspheres) as envisaged in the abiogenic origin of
(d) Possible origin of life by combination of chemicals life ?
under suitable environmental conditions (a) They were partially isolated from the
31. Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth surroundings
proves that : (b) They could maintain an internal environment
(a) The true black melanic forms arise by a recurring (c) They were able to reproduce
random mutation (d) They could separate combinations of molecules
(b) The melanic form of the moth has no selective from the surroundings.
advantage over lighter form in industrial area 38. Which one of the following scientist’s name is correctly
(c) The light- form moth has no selective advantage matched with the theory put forth by him ?
either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted (a) de Vries – Natural selection
area.
(b) Mendel – Theory of pangenesis
(d) Melanism is pollution-generated feature
(c) Weismann – Theory of continuity of Germplasm
32. Which one of the following statements is correct ? (d) Pasteur – Inheritance of acquired character
(a) Stem cells are specialized cells
39. Which one of the following pairs of items correctly
(b) There is no evidence of the existence of gills during belongs to the category of organs mentioned against it:
embryogenesis of mammals
(a) Nephridia of earthworm and malpighian tubules
(c) All plant and animal cells are totipotent of Cockroach ¾® Excretory organs
(d) Ontogeny repeats phylogeny (b) Wings of honey bee and wings of crow ¾®
33. Dinosaurs became extinct in which the following Homologous organs
periods ? (c) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
(a) Permian (b) Jurassic ¾® Analogous organs
(c) Cretaceous (d) Triassic (d) Nictitating membrane and blind spot in human
34. Darwin’s Finches are an excellent example of : eye ¾® Vestigial organs
(a) Brood parasitism (b) Connecting links 40. Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita are
(c) Adaptive radiation (d) Seasonal migration examples of :
35. In the developmental history of mammalian heart, it is (a) Vestigial organs
observed that it passes through a two chambered fish (b) Retrogressive evolution
like heart, three chambered frog like heart and finally (c) Analogous organs
four chambered stage. To which hypothesis can this (d) Homologous organs
above statement be approximated ? 41. Which is the correct order of increasing geological time
(a) Biogenetic law scale for a hypothetical vertebrate evolution ?
(b) Hardy Weinberg law (a) Coenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambrian
(c) Lamarck’s principle (b) Coenozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Precambrian
(d) Mendelian principle (c) Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic Coenozoic
36. Select the correct statement from the following : (d) Precambrian, Coenozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic
(a) Mutations are random and directional 42. Point mutation involves :
(b) Darwinian variations are small and directionles (a) Deletion
(c) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and (b) Insertion
gets selected by nature (c) Change in single base pair
(d) All mammals except whales and camels have (d) Duplication
seven cervical vertebrae 43. In the case of peppered moth (Biston betularia) the
37. Which one of the following is incorrect about the black-coloured form became dominant over the
characteristics of protobionts (coacervates and light-coloured form in England during industrial
revolution. This is an example of :
 Evolution 1005

(a) Inheritance of darker colour character acquired 48. If Darwin’s theory of pangenesis shows similarity with
due to the darker environment theory of inheritance of acquired characters then what
(b) Natural selection whereby the darker forms were shall be correct according to it ?
selected (a) Useful organs become strong and developed while
(c) Appearance of the darker coloured individuals due useless organs become extinct. These organs help
to very poor sunlight in struggle for survival
(d) Protective mimicry (b) Size of organs increase with ageing
44. Darwin’s finches are a good example of : (c) Development of organs is due to willpower
(a) Convergent evolution
(d) There should be some physical basis of inheritance
(b) Industrial melanism
(c) Connecting link 49. Occurrence of endemic species in South America and
Australia is due to :
(d) Adaptive radiation
(a) Extinction of these species from other regions
45. The most apparent changes during the evolutionary
(b) Continental separation
history of Homo sapiens is traced in :
(c) Absence of terrestrial route to these places
(a) Walking upright
(d) Retrogressive evolution
(b) Shortening of Jaws
(c) Remarkable increase in the brain size 50. What was the most significant trend in the evolution of
modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors ?
(d) Loss of body hair
(a) Increasing cranial capacity
46. Given below are Four statements (A-D) each with one
or two blanks. Select the option which correctly fills up (b) Upright posture
the blanks in two statements : (c) Shortening of jaws
(A) Wings of butterfly and birds look alike and are the (d) Binocular vision
results of (i) evolution
51. Evolution of different species in a given area starting
(B) Miller showed that CH 4 , H 2 , NH 3 and (i) , when from a point and spreading to other geographical areas
exposed to electric discharge in flask resulted in is known as :
formation of (ii) .
(a) Migration
(C) Vermiform appendix is a (i) organ and an (ii)
(b) Divergent evolution
evidence of evolution.
(D) According to Darwin evolution took place due to (c) Adaptive radiation
(i) and (ii) of the fittest. (d) Natural selection
Options : 52. Which of the following options gives one correct
(a) (A) – (i) convergent example each of convergent evolution and divergent
(B) – (i) oxygen, (ii) nucleosides evolution >
(b) (B) – (i) water vapour, (ii) amino acids Convergent
Divergent evolution
(C) – (i) functional, (ii) anatomical evolution
(c) (C) – (i) vestigial, (ii) anatomical (a) Bones of forelimbs of Wings of butterfly and
vertebrates birds
(D) – (i) mutations, (ii) multiplication
(d) (D) – (i) small variations, (ii) survival (b) Thorns of Bougainvilla Eyes of Octopus and
and tendrils of Cucurbita Mammals
(A) – (i) convergent
47. Appearance of dark-coloured peppered moth among (c) Eyes of octopus and Bones of forelimbs of
mammals vertebrates
the light-coloured ones as a result of increased
industrial pollution is an example of : (d) Thorns of Bougainvilla and Wings of butterflies and
tendrils of Cucurbita birds
(a) Disruptive selection (b) Stabilising selection
(c) Directional selection (d) None of these
1006 NCERT Biology Booster

53. The process by which organisms with different (c) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of Cucurbita
evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic (d) Flippers of Dolphin and Legs of Horse
adaptation in response to a common environmental 60. Which of the following is correct sequence regarding
challenge, is called : evolution of reptile ?
(a) Adaptive radiation (a) Lizard ® Crocodile ® Snake ® Tuatara
(b) Natural selection (b) Crocodile ® Snake ® Tuatara ® Lizard
(c) Convergent evolution (c) Lizard ® Snake ® Tuatara ® Crocodile
(d) Non-random evolution (d) Lizard ® Tuatara ® Snake ® Crocodile
54. According to Darwin, the organic evolution is due to : 61. Correct sequence of classification of Homo erectus is :
(a) Reduced feeding efficiency in one species due to (a) erectus ® Homo ® Primata ® Chordata ®
the presence of interfering species Animalia
(b) Intraspecific competition (b) Animalia ® Chordata ® Primata ® Homo ®
(c) Interspecific competition erectus
(d) Competition with closely related species (c) Animalia ® Chordata ® Primata ® erectus ®
55. Variation in gene frequencies within populations can Homo
occur by chance rather than by natural selection. This (d) Animalia ® Primata ® Chordata ® erectus ®
is reffered to as : Homo
(a) Genetic load (b) Genetic flow 62. Which of the following is closest to humans ?
(c) Genetic drift (d) Random mating (a) Gibbon (b) Gorilla
56. The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different (c) Homo erectus (d) Dryopithecus
patterns of structure, yet they perform similar 63. Which of the following had the smallest brain
function. This is an example of : capacity?
(a) Analogous organs that have evoluted due to (a) Homo sapiens
divergent evolution
(b) Homo neanderthalensis
(b) Homologous organs that have evolved due to
(c) Homo habilis
convergent evolution
(d) Homoerectus
(c) Homologous organs that have evoluted due to
divergent evolution 64. Which is the most common mechanism of genetic
(d) Analogous organs that have evolved due to variation in the population of a sexually reproduction
convergent evolution organism :
(a) Chromosomal aberrations
57. S.L. Miller, an American scientist created electric
discharge experiment in a closed flask containing CH 4 , (b) Genetic drift
H 2 , NH 3 and water vapour at what temperature ? (c) Recombination
(a) 400º C (b) 800º C (d) Transduction
(c) 200º C (d) 1000º C 65. Following are the two statements regarding the origin
58. Forelimbs of cat used in walking; forelimbs of whale of life :
used in swimming and forelimbs of bats used in flying (A) The earliest organisms that appeared on the earth
are an example of : were non-green and presumably anaerobes
(a) Analogous organs (B) The first autotrophic organisms were the
(b) Adaptive radiation chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
(c) Homologous organs Of the above statements which one of the following
options is correct ?
(d) Convergent evolution
(a) (A) is correct but (B) is false
59. Which one of the following are analogous structures?
(b) (B) is correct but (A) is false
(a) Wings of Bat and Wings of Pigeon
(b) Gills of Prawn and Lungs of Man
 Evolution 1007

(c) Both (A) and (B) are correct (c) Stabilizing followed by disruptive as it stabilizes
(d) Both (A) and (B) are false the population to produce higher yielding cows
66. Which of the following structures is homologous to the (d) Stabilizing selection as it stabilizes this character
wing of a bird ? in the population
(a) Dorsal fin of a shark 69. The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of
(b) Wing of a moth many vertebrates is an example of :
(c) Hind limb of rabbit (a) Homology

(d) Flipper of whale (b) Analogy

(c) Convergent evolution
67. Analogous structures are a result of :
(a) Divergent evolution (d) Adaptive radiation

(b) Convergent evolution 70. Among the following sets of examples for divergent
evolution, select the incorrect option :
(c) Shared ancestry
(a) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah
(d) Stabilizing selection
(b) Heart of bat, man and cheetah
68. Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk
(c) Brain of bat, man and cheetah
output represents :
(a) Directional as it pushes the mean of the character (d) Eye of octopus, bat and man
in one direction
(b) Disruptive as it splits the population into two, one
yielding higher output and the other lower output

Answers (Section-E)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (d)
 1008 NCERT Biology Booster

Hints

Section-A
1. (b) The first organisms were chemoheterotroph. 73. (b) Gills are not found in the embryos of all
6. (d) First photosynthetic organisms to appear on earth vertebrates. Compound eyes are not found in
were photoautotrophic bacteria and not embryos of all invertebrates.
cynobacteria or blue green algae. 75. (a) The case of peppered moth is an example of
7. (d) When life originated on earth, it had reduced natural selection.
environment, which is important for the 78. (d) Mutations are random and directionless while
formation of organic molecules from inorganic Darwian variations are small and directional.
ones. 89. (b) Evolution for Darwin was gradual while de Vries
Now, due to high atmospheric O 2 this is not believed mutation caused speciation and hence
possible. called it saltation, i. e., single step large mutation.
13. (d) Options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. 101. (a) According to the question,
21. (a) Theory of catastrophism was given by Cuvier 360
p 2 ( AA) =
according to which after a gap of certain period, 1000
called age, the world undergoes a catastrophism, p 2 (AA) = 0.36
i. e., sudden calamity which kills almost all the \ p(A) = 0.6
living organisms and then God creates a new set of 102. (b) According to the question,
life forms from inorganic matter. D(p) = 0.7
23. (c) Louis Pasteur gave a definite proof of life arising d(q) = 0.3
from pre-existing life using microbes and \ 2pq(Dd) = 2 ´ 0.7 ´ 0.3
sterilisation methods. For this, he performed the = 0.42
‘swan-neck flask’ experiment. 103. (c) Genetic Drift/Sewall Wright Effect/ Non-
26. (d) Statement (iv) is incorrect. Actually, there has Directional Factor : Natural selection is not the
been gradual evolution of life forms. only force responsible to bring about changes in
27. (d) ‘Fixity of species’ means that all species remained gene frequencies. There is a role of chance or
unchanged throughout the history of earth. genetic drift also. Genetic drift causes the change
40. (d) Option (a) and (b) are correct. in gene frequency by chance in a small population.
41. (b) The structures depicted in the diagram are Genetic drift has two sub-divisions :
examples of homologous organs showing
Bottle neck effect Founder effect
divergent evolution due to adaptation to different
needs. It is the sharp reduction in the It is the loss of gnetic variation
45. (a) Sweet potato is a modified storage adventitious size of a population due to that occurs when a new
environmental events (flood, population is established by a
root and potato is a modified storage stem.
earthquake etc.) or human very small number of
49. (d) Options (b) and (c) are correct. activities which leads to the individuals from a larger
53. (d) Options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. decrease in genetic variability population.
55. (a) Coacervates did not have lipid outer membranes. in a population.
So, could not reproduce.
61. (a) Placental mammals have exhibited adaptive
radiations in evolving into varieties of placental 105. (c) Genetic recombination affects Hardy-Weinberg
mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a equilibrium.
corresponding marsupial, e. g ., placental wolf and 106. (d) According to the question,
64
Tasmanian wolf marsupial. P2 = = 0.64
69. (d) Options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. 100
70. (a) Statement (iii) is wrong. If correct, it should be— p = 0.8
genetic basis is inherited but not adaptive ability. Q q = 0.2
72. (b) ‘Ontogeny recaepitulates phylogeny’ is explained \ 2 pq = 2 ´ 0.8 ´ 0.2 = 0.32 or 32 %
by Recapitulation theory given by Ernst Haeckel.
 Evolution 1009

107. (a) According to the question, 154. (d) Options (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
64 155. (a) Convergent evolution of Australian marsupials
q2 = = 0.64
100 and placental mammals :
\ q = 0.8
Q p = 0.2 Placental mammals Australian marsupials
\ p 2 = 0.04 or 4 % Mole Marsupial mole
108. (b) According to the question, Anteater Numbat (anteater)
64 Mouse Marsupial mouse
q2 = = 0.64
100 Lemur Spotted cuscus
\ p = 0.8 Flying squirrel Flying phalanger
\ q = 0.2
Bobcat Tasmanian tiger cat
Frequency of dominant individuals =p 2 + 2 pq
Wolf Tasmanian wolf
= 0.04 + 2 ´ 0.2 ´ 0.8
= 0.04 + 0.32 162. (d) The Neanderthal man had a brain size of 1400 cc.
= 0.36 or 36% 166. (b) The Living Modern Man
112. (d) Options (a),(b) and (c) are correct. (Homo sapiens sapiens)
116. (a) The replica plate experiment by Lederberg ­
suggested that new enviroment does not induce Cro-magnon Man
the mutation, it only selects the pre-adaptive (Homo sapiens fossilis)
mutations that occurred earlier. ­
117. (c) Adaptive character will adapt in different Neanderthal Man
conditions thereby have increased frequency (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
whereas dominant character will dominate only ­
the recessive expression. Erect Man
146. (a) Protopterus and Lepidosiren are connecting links (Homo erectus)
between the fishes and amphibians. ­
Echidna is a connecting link between reptiles and First Ape Man
mammals. (Australopithecus)
147. (c) Dinosaurs first appeared during Triassic period of
Mesozoic era.

Section-B
1. (b) Lichens do not grow in areas having atmospheric \2 pq( MN ) = 2 ´ 0.7 ´ 0.3
pollution, specially SO 2 pollution. So, lichens are = 0.42 or 42%
atmospheric pollution indicators. 13. (b) It is a type of directional selection. In this type, the
9. (d) Life actually originated in the ocean about 3.8 population changes towards one particular
billion years ago. direction. Selection favours small or large sized
11. (a) Among the three major types of rock individuals and more individuals of this type will
(sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), fossils be present in the next generation. Example :
are most commonly found in sedimentary rocks. Industrial melanism in peppered moth, evolution
Sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and of DDT resistant mosquitoes etc.
pressure that do not destroy fossil remains.
12. (a) According to the question
p ( M ) = 0.7
q( N ) = 0.3
 1010 NCERT Biology Booster

Section-C
1. (c) Coacervates are believed to be the precursor of balanced by the gain resulting from successful
life. Coacervates do not have lipid outer reproduction by heterozygote in malaria prone
membranes and can not reproduce/self-duplicate. areas. Thus, sickle cell anaemia is a type of
9. (d) Human gestation period has lengthened as balancing/stabilising selection.
compared to other primates. 17. (d) RNA was the first genetic material to evolve.
11. (d) Lamarck gave the theory of inheritance of 20. (c) Self-consciousness means responding to stimuli,
acquired characteristics. According to this theory, planning future, thinking of past analysing and
if an organism changes during life in order to acting accordingly, which is found only in humans
adapt to its environment, those changes are and no other organisms.
passed on to the offsprings.
12. (d) The loss of deleterious recessive genes through the
deaths of homozygotes (Hb s Hb s ) is being

Section-D
3. (d) According to the question frequency will increase (more than the initial
1 value). Since, species B becomes less common
q = = 0.2
5 than A so, the frequency of species D will fall
\ q = ( 0.2) 2
2
(even more than the initial value).
= 0.04 or 4 %
6. (c) As species A becomes more common than B so, it
will be advantageous to species C and its