AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
TEST  1                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                    T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                ROLL NO                              SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                   DATE          ____/____/____     CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                           1X6=06                                           1
I) How many type are possible in equilibrium state?                                        I
  (A) 1                        (B) 2                           (C) 3                      (D) 4
II) The Molar concentration is expressed in ___.                                                            
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                   II
  (A)                          (B)                             (C)                        (D) All   
III) Active mass is represented by ____.                                                                       III
                                                                                                     
  (A)                          (B)                             (C)                        (D)
IV) The color of hydrogen iodide in product is ____.                                        IV
  (A) Purple    
                              (B) Yellow                   (C) Blue                  (D) Colorless 
V) The completion of reaction in lake slime Kiln is due to ____.                    V
  (A) High temp           (B)                         (C)                 (D) All
                                                                                            
                                                                                                
VI) The % of carbon and oxygen in atmosphere is ____.                                            VI
                                                                                   
  (A) 10%                      (B) 90%                         (C) 99%                    (D) 100%
Write short answers of the following                2X7=14                      2
 I) Why the reversible reactions not goes to completion?                                  I
                                                                                                 
II) What is meant by chemical equilibrium state?                                        II
III) Define reversible reaction.                                                               III
                                                                                                        
IV) State law of mass action.                                                                  IV
                                                                                                 
V) Write difference between products and reactants.                                               V
                                                                                                  
                                                                                     
VI) Why at equilibrium state reaction does not stop?                                  VI
VII) Define active mass and also write its unit.                                        VII
Write detailed answers of the following             5X2=10                                    3
1) Write macroscopic characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.                         1
2) Explain law of mass action with example.                                              2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  1                         CHEMISTRY  10th                                             T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                       ROLL NO                                 SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                        DATE        ____/____/____           CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                   1X6=06                                             1
I) The value of         is less than        then the direction of reaction is__                                I
  (A) Reverse direction (B) Forward direction (C) Both                                   (D) All   
II) Numerator is called ____.                                                                                          II
  (A) Products                                
                                                   
                                                     
                                  (B) Reactant's                (C) Denominator            (D) None   
III) The state of equilibrium is ____.                                                                             III
  (A)                             (B)                                (C)                            (D) All   
IV) Which system is required to attained Equilibrium.                                                IV
  (A) Close                      (B) Open                          (C) Both                  (D) None   
V) The substances formed during the chemical reaction are called:                         V
  (A) Element    
                              (B) Radicals        
                                                                               
                                                                                     
                                                                                       
                                                                     (C) Reactants     (D) Products 
VI) The rate of reverse reaction in the begining:                                                     VI
  (A) Slow                      (B) Low                           (C) Moderate               (D) Very fast   
Write short answers of the following                        2X7=14                                      2
 I) What is meant by forward and reverse reaction?                                                    I
II) How dynamic equilibrium established?                                                                II
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                  
III) What is meant by reactants and products?                                                       III
IV) How direction of a reaction can be predicted?                                                    IV
                                                                                             
V) Write two characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.                                                  V
VI) What is meant by          .                                                                                          VI
VII) What is meant by                                                                                                      VII
Write detailed answers of the following                     5X2=10                                      3
1) Differentiate between forward and reverse reaction with example.                                1
                                                                                     
2) Derive an expression for equilibrium constant for general reaction.                            2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  1                          CHEMISTRY  10th                                              T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                         ROLL NO                               SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                           DATE        ____/____/____         CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                    1X6=06                                               1
I) Which gas is used to prepare Ammonia?                                                               I
  (A) Oxygen                  (B) Nitrogen                       (C) Hydrogen             (D) Carbon     
II) Which reation does not completed?                                                                       II
  (A) Reverse                   (B) Reversable                        (C) Forward                   (D) All
                                                  
                                                                                                       
III) The value of       in forward reaction is ____.                                                               III
  (A) Less                     (B) High                          (C) Equal                  (D) Normal      
IV) The value of        depends on ____.                                                                                IV
                                               
  (A) Temperature               (B) Reactents                     (C) Products                  (D) Aquilabrium
                                                  
                                                  
                                                                                                                      
V) When Law of Mass action put forward?                                                                      V
  (A) 1768                      (B) 1868                              (C) 1869                      (D) 1969
VI) Which reaction is represented by two arrows ____.                                                         VI
                                                                                                      
  (A) Reversable                (B) Forward                           (C) Both                  (D) None
                    
                                                                                                        
Write short answers of the following                         2X7=14                    2
 I) Define reversible and irreversible reaction.                                              
                                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                                     
II) What is difference between dynamic and static equilibrium?                              
                                                                                                        II
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                    
III) What is the formula of equilibrium?                                                                              III
IV) What is meant by chemical equilibrium?                                                              IV
V) What is meant by numerator and Denominator?                                                        V
VI) What is meant by extent of reaction?                                                                     VI
VII) If reaction Quotient       of a reaction is more than              , What                          VII
                                                                                                  
     will be the direction of reaction?                                                               
Write detailed answers of the following                      5X2=10                    3
1) Explain reversible reaction with graph and example.                                   1
                                                                                                 
2) Explain the importance of equilibrium constant.                                                                  2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  2                           CHEMISTRY  10th                                        T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                   ROLL NO                                 SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                    DATE         ____/____/____         CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                             1X6=06                                               1
I) PH of neutral substance is always:                                                              PH   I
  (A) 1                          (B) 5                          (C) 7                          (D) 14
II) Natural source of citric acid is;                                                         II
              
  (A) Fats                      (B) Rancid butter              (C) Sour milk           (D) Lemon
                                                                                                   
III) Arrhenius put forward acid base concept in;                                                           
                                                                                                        
                                                                                                             III
                                                                                                                   
  (A) 1786                       (B) 1787                       (C) 1790                       (D) 1878
IV) Acids have taste;                                                                                             IV
  (A) Sweetish                  (B) Saltish                   (C) Bitter                  (D) Sour   
V) ___acid caused acidity of stomach;                                                       ____   V
  (A) Hydrochloric   (B) Oxalic acid                (C) Nitric acid             (D) Sulphuric acid    
VI) A reaction between an acid and base produce;                                            VI
  (A) Salt & gas    (B) Salt & water               (C) Salt & base          (D) Salt & acid      
Write short answers of the following                  2X7=14                      2
 I) What is difference between Lewis base and conjugate base?                              
                                                                                             
                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                             
                                                                                                           
                                                                                                           
II) What is indicators? Write name of any two indicators.                                  II
III) Describe two important characteristics of salts.                                             III
IV) Define amphoteric and give example.                                                       IV
                                                                                                              
V) Differentiate between basic salts and acidic salts?                                         V
                                                                                     
VI) Write four characteristics of acids.                                                                VI
VII) What is meant by aducket?                                                                                VII
Write detailed answers of the following               5X2=10                     3
                                                                                                              
1) Explain Lowery-Bronsted concept of acids and bases.                                            
                                                                                              
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                          
2) Write the uses of acids.                                                                              2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  2                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                        T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                ROLL NO                                SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                 DATE        ____/____/____          CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                           1X6=06                                             1
I) Water is a ____.                                                                                                I
  (A) Weak electrolyte         (B) Natural compound          (C) Strong electrolyte         (D) Non electrolyte
                                                                              
II) The Latin word acidus means:                                                                       II
  (A) Sweet                   (B) Salt                     (C) Sour                     (D)   
III) The Lewis bas from following is:                                                        III
  (A)                          (B)                           (C)                            (D)
IV) The word Acid is derived from ____.                                                                        IV
  (A) Acidus                 (B) Litmus paper            (C) Acidity                  (D) All     
V) Bases changed the red litmus paper into:                                                
                                                                                                                 V
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                       
  (A) Green                   (B) Blue                     (C) Red                     (D) None 
VI) The conjugate base of         acid is called:                                                              VI
  (A)                          (B)                           (C)                            (D)
Write short answers of the following                2X7=14                                      2
 I) What is meant by acidity and how it is treated?                                     I
II) What is meant by acidic and basic radical?                                                        II
III) How ammonia act as Lewis base?                                                          III
IV) Write name of two methods for preparation of salt.                                       IV
V) Write four physical properties of bases.                                                      V
                                                                                                            
VI) Differentiate between conjugate acid and conjugate base?                               VI
                                                                                  
VII) What is meant by PH scale?                                                                              PH  VII
Write detailed answers of the following             5X2=10                                      3
1) Describe three methods for the preparation of soluble salts.                      1
2) Describe Lewis theory for acids and Basis with example.                                            2
                                                                                                 
                                                                                    
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  2                         CHEMISTRY  10th                                               T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                      ROLL NO                                  SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                            DATE      ____/____/____         CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                 1X6=06                                              1
I) Which acid is present in Sour milk?                                                                  I
  (A) Lactic acid       
                             (B) Formic acid                  (C) Citric acid            (D) Butyric acid    
II) Which acid is present in urine?                                                                          II
  (A) Formic acid        (B) Citric acid                
                                                         
                                                                    (C) Uric acid             (D) All   
III) Mineral is ____ acid.                                                                                         ___  III
  (A) Hydrochloric   (B) Nitric                             (C) Sulphuric              (D) All   
IV) Neutral compounds are ____.                                                                                  IV
  (A) Acid                      (B) Base                             (C) Salts                     (D) Solutions 
                                                                                                               
V) ____ changed acid neutral.                                                                            ___   V
  (A) Acidus                  (B) Alkyl                       (C) Salt                    (D) All   
VI) Tartaric acid is present in____.                                                                                 VI
  (A) Apple                    (B) Mango                          (C) Orange                  (D) Urine   
Write short answers of the following                      2X7=14                                       2
 I) What is meant by auto ionization of water?                                                                  I
II) What is PH meter and write its use.                                                                  PH  II
III) Write the reaction of acid with two metals.                                                III
IV) Write the precaution to prevent from acidity.                                                    IV
V) What is meant by self ionization?                                                                         V
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                    
VI) What work performs by analytical chemist?                                                                       VI
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                              
VII) Define mixed salts.                                                                                 VII
Write detailed answers of the following                   5X2=10                                       3
1) Explain the Lewis acid and base concept.                                                        1
2) Write the uses of acid.                                                                                       2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  3                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                      T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                             ROLL NO                                   SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                DATE         ____/____/____           CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                        1X6=06                                                 1
I) The quantity of carbon in lignite is:                                                               I
  (A) 50%                      (B) 60%                     (C) 70%                          (D) 80%
II) Pitch is black residue of ____.                                                                         II
  (A) Coal gas              (B) Coal                  (C) Coal tar                (D) Coke    
III) Chemical formula of Urea is;                                                                             III
  (A)                          (B)                         (C)                              (D)
                                                                                             
                                                                                                
                                                                                                  
IV) Now Number of discovered elements are;                                                IV
  (A) 16                       (B) 90                      (C) 118                          (D) 140
V) General formula of Alkanes is;                                                                           V
                                                                                                                     
  (A)                          (B)                         (C)                              (D)
VI) The bond energy of C - C bonds is;                                                              C - C  VI
  (A)                          (B)                         (C)                              (D)
Write short answers of the following             2X7=14                                     2
 I) What is difference between molecular and structural formula?                           
                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                        
II) Write classification of coal.                                                               II
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                   
III) Write two uses of organic compounds.                                                           III
                                                                                                                
IV) What is bromine water test? Explain with an example.                        IV
                                                                                                 
V) What is destructive distillation? Write name of its products.                                       V
                                                                                              
                                                                         
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                             
                                                                                                               
VI) Define functional group and also give two examples.                         VI 
VII) What is meant by condensed and electronic formula?                                                   VII
                                                                                   
                                                                                                        
Write detailed answers of the following          5X2=10                                3
1) Write a note on Catenation with example.
                                                                                                             
                                                                                           1
2) Write down any four general characteristics of organic compounds.                        2
                                                                                                           
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  3                             CHEMISTRY  10th                                               T.MARKS  30
     NAME                                                     ROLL NO                                     SECTION
 TEST TYPE               8TH DIVISION WISE                     DATE           ____/____/____            CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                   1X6=06                                                 1
I) Alkynes is called ____.                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                                
  (A) Olphins      
                         (B) Paraphins       
                                                                (C) Aliphatic        
                                                                                                      (D) Cyclic 
                                                                                                                       
II) Organic compounds are consists.                                                                                  II
                                                                                                                            
  (A) Metallic bond   
                           (B) Covalent bond                 (C) Ionic bond                (D) All
                                                      
                                                                                                               
III) The coal tar black waste is called ____.                                                                III
  (A) Lignite                  (B) Pitch                          (C) Mat                           (D) Pet   
IV) Which organic compound is prepared firstly?                                                         IV
                                                                                                                
  (A) Carbon                  (B) Oxygen                        (C) Hydrogen       (D) Amuniam synaid     
V) The word organic means:                                                                                       V
                                                                                                                    
  (A) Chemistry                (B) Vital force    
                                                                    (C) Acid                          (D) None   
VI) The name of superior class of coal is ____.                                                                 VI
  (A) Lagnite                  (B) Pet                            (C)                      (D) All   
Write short answers of the following                        2X7=14                                          2
 I) What is meant by molecular formula and give example.                                                                       I
                                                                                                       
II) Organic compounds are poor conductor of electricity. Why?                                         
                                                                                                             II
                                                                                              
III) Write use of two types of coal.                                                                  III
IV) Define organic chemistry.                                                                                         IV
                                                                                                                             
V) Write condensed formula of any two hydrocarbons.                                              
                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                    V
                                                                                                                 
VI) What is vital force theory? Who put it forward?                                                     VI
VII) What is meant by cyclic compounds?                                                                  
                                                                                                                          VII
Write detailed answers of the following                     5X2=10                         3
     Write down the characteristics of homologous series of organic
1)                                                                                              1
                                                                                                               
     compounds.
2) Write down the uses of organic compounds.                                                                2
                                                                                                                     
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  3                          CHEMISTRY  10th                                      T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                ROLL NO                                  SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                  DATE         ____/____/____           CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                            1X6=06                                                1
I) First organic compound is prepared by:                                                                         I
                                                                                                                      
  (A) Kolbe                    (B) Wholler             (C) Jabir bin hayan      (D) Jacob 
II) The _____ percentage of methane in natural gass:                                                    
                                                                                                      
                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                II
  (A) 10%                         (B) 85%                     (C) 90%                         (D) 95%
III) The formula of alkynes is:                                                                                  III
  (A)                             (B)                         (C)                             (D)        
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                  
IV) The functional group of alcohol is:                                                                      IV
                                                                                                               
  (A)                             (B)                         (C)                             (D) All   
V) Open chain compound are called:                                                                   V
  (A) Aliphatic                 (B) Benzene               (C) Cyclic                      (D) None
                                                                              
                  
                                                                                                  
VI) The moleculer formula of butane is:                                                                                 VI
                                                                                                          
  (A)                             (B)                         (C)                             (D)
Write short answers of the following                 2X7=14                                         2
 I) What is meant by open chain and closed chain compounds?                 I
 II) Define catination.
                                                                                                     
                                                                                       II
                                                                                                       
III) What is meant by fillings solution test?                                        III
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                   
IV) What is meant by ester functional group?                                        IV
                                                                                                
 V) Write down two general characteristics of organic compounds.                     V
                                                                                                   
VI) What is meant by molecular formula? Give example.                             VI
VII) Write down the names of types of formulas of organic compounds.             VII
                                                                                                   
Write detailed answers of the following              5X2=10                     3
                                                                                                 
                                                                                               
1) Write a note on classification of organic compounds.                                             1
                                                                                         
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                  
2) Write a note on isomerism and multipul bonding.                                              2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  4                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                               T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                     ROLL NO                                    SECTION
 TEST TYPE             8TH DIVISION WISE                     DATE        ____/____/____             CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                 1X6=06                                                   1
I) Chemical formula of chloroform.                                                                           I
  (A)                           (B)                                (C)                              (D)
II) Which one of the following hydrogen molecules is saturated hydrocarbone?                 
                                                                                                                        II
                                                                                                             
  (A)                           (B)                                (C)                              (D)
III) Among the following substitution reaction is characteristics of;                    III
  (A) Alkanes    
                              (B) Alkenes     
                                                                 (C) Alkynes                   (D) None     
IV) Oxidation of alkenes forms;                                                                                         
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                     IV
                                                                                                                                   
  (A) Glycol                (B) Glyoxal                    (C) Formic acid              (D) Oxalic acid         
V) ____ use for ripening of fruits;                                                                 V
                                                                                                                 
  (A) Propane                 (B) Ethyne
                                                  
                                                            (C) Ethane 
                                                                                                            
                                                                                                   (D) Ethene 
VI) Which one of these is a saturated hydrocarbon?                                                                    VI
                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                             
  (A)                           (B)                                (C)                              (D)
Write short answers of the following                      2X7=14                   2
                                                                                                            
 I) What is difference between straight chain and branched chain?                            
                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                          
II) Write name and general formula of unsaturated hydrocarbons.                         
                                                                                                                         II
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                             
III) Explain halogenation reaction of alkenes.                                                                                III
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                               
                                                                                                        
IV) How many types of open chain hydrocarbons?                                                   IV
                                                                                                       
V) Why alkenes are reactive?                                                                               V
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                        
VI) What is meant by hydrogenation of vegetable oil?                                             VI
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                        
VII) Write the two uses of estelian.                                                                 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                              VII
Write detailed answers of the following                   5X2=10                                   3
1) Write down three chemical reactions of alkenes.                                                              1
                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                          
2) Write the uses of Methane and Ethane.                                                                      
                                                                                                                  2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  4                            CHEMISTRY  10th                                                        T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                       ROLL NO                                             SECTION
 TEST TYPE                  8TH DIVISION WISE                   DATE          ____/____/____                    CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                   1X6=06                                                          1
I) The important component of natural gas is:                                                                            I
                                                  
               
  (A) Ethane                    (B) Methane 
                                                               (C) Alkanes          
                                                                                                             (D) Alkynes    
II) The important source of petroleum is:                                                                                      II
       Ogranic compound           Inorganic compound                       Hydro carbons
   (A)                        (B)                                    (C)                                       (D) All   
         
              
                                      
                                                                     
                                                                             
III) Alkynes are also called ____.                                                                                        ___   III
  (A) Alkanes     
                    
                                  (B) Alkenes    
                                                    
                                                                    (C) Acetylene             
                                                                                               
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                              (D) All   
IV) The simplest alkane is:                                                                                                    IV
                                                                                
                                                                                      
  (A) Ethane                    (B) Ethyl                         (C) Methane                             (D) Methyl 
                                                                                                                        
                                                                         
V) The important source of alkanes is:                                                                                         V
                                                                                                                                       
  (A) Petroleum                 (B) Natural Gas               (C) Both                              (D) None    
VI) In hydrocarbons, how many bonds are formed by carbon atoms?                                                  VI
                                                                                                                             
  (A) Two                        (B) Three                        (C) Four                                (D) Six    
Write short answers of the following                        2X7=14                                                   2
 I) What is meant by exchange reaction?                                                                            I
II) Write down two physical properties of alkynes.                                                                    II
                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                     
III) What is meant by combustion?                                                                                        III
                                                                                                                                  
IV) Write down one method to prepare alkenes.                                                                              IV
                                                                                                                                      
V) Write down two physical properties of hydrocarbons.                                                                 V
                                                                                                                             
VI) Which is the simplest alkyne and write its formula?                                                           VI
VII) What is meant by saturated hydrocarbons?                                                                                                  VII
                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                    
Write detailed answers of the following                     5X2=10                                                   3
1) Explain the types of open chain hydrocarbons.                                                         1
2) Write any two methods of preparation of Alkynes.                                                               2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  4                              CHEMISTRY  10th                                                    T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                       ROLL NO                                            SECTION
 TEST TYPE                 8TH DIVISION WISE                      DATE        ____/____/____                   CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                   1X6=06                                                          1
I) Saturated hydrocarbons are also called _____.                                                            ____                    I
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                  
  (A) Alkenes    
                   
                                   (B) Alkynes                   (C) Alkanes      
                                                                                                            (D) All   
II) Fundamental organic compounds are:                                                                                          II
                                                                                                                                  
  (A) Carbon                     (B) Hydrogen                (C) Hydrocarbons              (D) In organic compound
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                          
III) The first member of alkanes is:                                                                                       III
                                                                                                                                  
  (A) Ethane      
                                 (B) Propane                    (C) Butane                             (D) Methane 
                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                               
IV) The combination of chlorine in alkanes is called:                                                   ___ 
                                                                                                                          IV
                                                                                                                        
                                                                                            
  (A) Hydrogenation                (B) Halogenation          (C)                                      (D) All
                           
                                
                                                          
                                                                        Hydro halogenation 
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                      
                                                                                               
                                                                                                                       
V) The important source of alkanes is:                                                                                            V
                                                                                                                                          
  (A) Petroleum                  (B) Natural gas              (C) Both                             (D) None   
VI) ____is used to ripe the fruits.                                                                           VI
                                                                                                                       
  (A) Propane                       (B) Ethyne                       (C) Ethane                            (D) Ethene  
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                             
Write short answers of the following                        2X7=14                                       2
 I) Write down two sources of alkanes.                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                            
II) What is meant by halogenation?                                                                                                II
                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                       
III) Write down two uses of methane and ethane each.                                                                  
                                                                                                                    III
IV) What is meant by marsh gas?                                                                                             IV
V) What is radiation reaction and give example?                                                                    V
VI) Why alkanes are also called paraffins?                                                                        
                                                                                                                                VI
                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                      
VII) How dichloromethane forms from chlorine?                                                                   VII
                                                                                                                 
Write detailed answers of the following                     5X2=10                   3
                                                                                                             
                                                                                                            
1) Write a note on classification of organic compounds.                                                                       1
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                
                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                           
                                                                                       
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                  
2) What is meant by functional groups? Write notes on the functional                 2
                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                  
    groups of I)Alcohols II) Ether linkage III) Catonic group                        III    II   I 
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  5                       CHEMISTRY  10th                                                 T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                         ROLL NO                                  SECTION
 TEST TYPE             8TH DIVISION WISE                         DATE       ____/____/____             CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                               1X6=06                                                    1
I) General formula of carbohydrates is;                                                                     I
  (A)                           (B)                                  (C)                               (D)
II) Essential components of every living all are;                                                                             II
                                                                                                                 
  (A) Enzymes                   (B) Cell wall                        (C) Nucleic acid                  (D) Lipids  
                                                                                         
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                     
III) Which are disaccharide?                                                                                             III
  (A) Starch                 (B) Sucrose                       (C) Fructose     
                                                                                                    (D) Glucose     
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                         
IV) Plants produces by the photosynthesis process;                                                       IV
                                                                                                                   
  (A) Maltose                (B) Sucrose                       (C) Fructose      
                                                                                                    (D) Glucose     
V) Building block of lipids are;                                                                                            V
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                          
                                                          
  (A) Carboxilic         (B) Fatty acids                      (C) Alcohols                      (D) Minacids acid
                                                        
                                                                                                                     
VI) Eye inflammation is caused by the deficiency of vitamin;                                     VI
  (A) Vitamin A     A        (B) Vitamin B     B               (C) Vitamin C      C           (D) Vitamin D     D
Write short answers of the following                    2X7=14                                             2
 I) Write down the two properties of discaccharides.                                                     I
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                     
II) Why ten aminoacids assential for us?                                                             II
III) Write uses of vitamin D.                                                                             D  III
IV) What are triglacerides? Give their general formula.                                               IV
V) Define water soluble vitamins.                                                                           V
VI) Write difference between proteins and aminoacids.                                                           VI
                                                                                                        
VII) What is intra venus therapy?                                                                               VII
Write detailed answers of the following                 5X2=10                                             3
1) Give uses of carbohydrates.                                                                         1
2) Write a note on DNA.                                                                                         DNA  2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  5                      CHEMISTRY  10th                                          T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                      ROLL NO                           SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                        DATE      ____/____/____       CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                1X6=06                                        1
I) Protein is composed by ____ amino acid molecules:                                                   
                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                  
  (A) 100                      (B) 1000                           (C) 10000                  (D) 20000
II) Which cells are formed by enzymes?                                                                      II
  (A) Dead                  (B) Live                        (C) Both               (D) None    
III) General formula of glucose is:                                                                         III
  (A)                          (B)                                (C)                        (D)
IV) Reducing sugars are called:                                                                            IV
  (A) Poly saccharide  (B) Oligo saccharide  (C) Mono saccharide  (D) All           
V) Amino acid link with each other by:                                                              V
                                                                                        
                                                                                         
                                                                                          
  (A) Acid                     (B) Polymers                       (C) Peptide linkage   (D) Cells 
                                                  
                                                
VI) Protein is changed into _____:                                                                 ___    VI
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
  (A) Oxygen                 (B) Amino acid                 (C) Nitrogen            (D) All   
Write short answers of the following                     2X7=14                                 2
 I) What is nucleic acid?                                                                                       I
                                                                                                      
II) Write characteristics of oligosaccharides.                                                 II
III) How is galatin obtained?                                                                         III
IV) What are carbohydrates? Also give example.                                IV
                                                                                           
V) What is meany by non-essential and essential amino acids.            V
                                                                                             
                                                                                                    
VI) What are disadvantages of fat soluble vitamins?                        VI
VII) What is meant by reducing sugars?                                                            VII
Write detailed answers of the following                  5X2=10                                 3
1) Write a note on Oligosaccharides.                                                                       1
2) Discuss the importance of carbohydrates in our body.                                   2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  5                          CHEMISTRY  10th                                     T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                ROLL NO                               SECTION
 TEST TYPE              8TH DIVISION WISE               DATE         ____/____/____        CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                          1X6=06                                            1
I) There are _____ types of aminoacids.                                                              ___    I
  (A) 10                       (B) 20                       (C) 30                         (D) 40
II) Genetic information is transferred by _____.                                                        II
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                
  (A) Lipids                (B) Carbohydrates  (C) Nuclic acid                   (D) Proteins 
                                                                                                           
                                                                                 
                                                                                                        
               
III) One nucleotide is composed of _____ components.                                           III
  (A) 3                        (B) 4                        (C) 6                          (D) 8
IV) Which one of the following is triglyceride?                                               IV
  (A) Carbohydrates   (B) Protein                 (C) Lipds    
                                                                           
                                                                                          (D) Vitamins   
V) Monosaccharides are _____ in water.                                                         ____    V
  (A) Soluble                (B) Insoluble            (C) Both                   (D) None   
VI) The name of sugar present in milk is _____.                                                   VI
  (A) Caltose               (B) Sucrose               (C) Starch                  (D) Maltose
                
                   
Write short answers of the following               2X7=14                                  2
 I) Differentiate between proteins and lipids.                                                      
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                                 
II) Why monosaccharides are called reducing sugars?                                      II
III) Write down two uses of proteins.                                                            III
IV) Write down uses of carbohydrates.                                                          IV
V) Describe characteristics of polysacharides.                                                V
VI) Write structure of DNA.                                                                     DNA  VI
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
VII) Why ten aminoacids assential for us?                                                 VII
Write detailed answers of the following            5X2=10                                     3
1) Write a note on Deoxyribonucleic acid.                                                             1
                                                                                        
2) Write a note on the types of vitamins.                                                              2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  6                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                     T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                   ROLL NO                            SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                     DATE        ____/____/____      CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                           1X6=06                                          1
I) Cause of global warming is ___.                                                                               I
                                                                                                      
  (A)                          (B)                           (C)                        (D)   
II) PH of acid rain is about;                                                                     PH   II
  (A) 2                         (B) 4                          (C) 6                       (D) 6.5
                                                                                                       
III) The earth atmosphere is getting hotter because of;                                      
                                                                                               III
  (A) CO                        (B)                            (C)                         (D)
IV) Which gas protect earth's from U.V radiation?                                IV
  (A)                           (B)                            (C) CO                      (D)
V) Our planet earth consists of ___ natural systems.                                       V
                                                                                            
  (A) 2                         (B) 3                          (C) 4                       (D) 6
VI) The formula of ozone is ___.                                                                           VI
  (A) CO                        (B) O                          (C)                         (D)
Write short answers of the following                2X7=14                   2
                                                                                        
 I) Give example of primary and secondary pollutants of air.                        I
                                                                                        
II) Write two effects of acid rains.                                                             II
                                                                                                               
III) Name the major constituent of troposphere.                                                               III
                                                                                              
IV) Why acid rains damages buildings?                                                           IV
V) Define Ozone and ozone hole.                                                            V
VI) What is meant by global warming?                                                                            VI
                                                                                                  
VII) Write effects of       .                                                                                   VII
Write detailed answers of the following             5X2=10                                   3
1) Describe three effects of global warming.                                                             1
                                                                                        
2) Explain effects of acid rain.                                                                  2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  6                         CHEMISTRY  10th                                         T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                    ROLL NO                                SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                         DATE       ____/____/____        CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                              1X6=06                                              1
I) All air crafts fly in_____:                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                 
  (A) Mesosphere 
                            (B) Troposphere     
                                                               (C) Stratosphere     
                                                                                              (D) Thermosphere 
                                                                                                                   
II) Which gas acts like green house walls?                                                  II
  (A)                            (B)                              (C)                           (D) H
III) How many factors tells                                                                   III
  (A) 3                          (B) 4                            (C) 6                         (D) 8
                                                                                                                     
IV) The height of stratosphere is:                                                                                     IV
                                                                                                            
  (A) 0-12km                     (B) 12-50km                      (C) 50-85km                   (D) 85-120km
                                                                                                                       
V) The basic factors of troposphere are:                                                                               V
                                                                                                         
  (A) Nitrogen                (B) Oxygen                     (C) Both                  (D) All   
VI) Cause of global warming is ___.                                                                                     VI
                                                                                                            
  (A)                           (B)                             (C)                          (D)   
Write short answers of the following                   2X7=14                                       2
 I) What is ozone? Give its formula.                                                                             I
                                                                                                                        
II) Write name of two important atmosphereic gases.                                                        II
                                                                                                                      
III) Explain troposphere and stratosphere.                                                          III
                                                                                                                     
IV) How ozone layer forms in stratosphere?                                                                   IV
                                                                                                             
V) What is meant by green house effect?                                                                    V
VI) Write down two sources of oxides of carbons.                                                VI
                                                                                                    
VII) What is meant by primary and secondary pollutants?                                        VII
                                                                                                      
Write detailed answers of the following                5X2=10                                       3
1) Write the source of oxides of carbon.                                                         1
2) Describe three effects of ozone depletion.                                                 2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  6                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                      T.MARKS  30
    NAME                                                 ROLL NO                             SECTION
 TEST TYPE             8TH DIVISION WISE                  DATE        ____/____/____       CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                            1X6=06                                           1
                                                                                                           
I) Mesosphere ranges from 50km to______:                                                ___50Km 
                                                                                                            I
  (A) 12Km                        (B) 50Km                    (C) 60Km                     (D) 85Km
II) When was Ozone hole discovered?                                                                     II
  (A) 1880                        (B) 1980                    (C) 1996                     (D) 1999
III) Allotropic form of oxygen is:                                                                        III
  (A) Ozone                  (B) Hydrogen           (C) Chlorine              (D) All    
IV) How much increase in atmospheric temperature is every year?                                             IV
                                                                                         
  (A)                             (B)                         (C)                          (D)
                                                                                                                  
V) The height of thermosphere is:                                                                                 V
                                                                                                         
  (A) 0-12km                      (B) 12-50km                 (C) 50-85km                  (D) 85-120km
VI) The life gas for plants is:                                                                     VI
  (A)                             (B)                         (C) H                        (D) All   
Write short answers of the following                 2X7=14                                    2
 I) Write down two effects of global warming.                                                               I
                                                                                             
                                                                                                              
II) Define incineration.                                                                              II
III) Write down effects of sulphur dioxide on environment.                                   III
                                                                                                           
IV) Write down variations of temperature in troposphere.                                        IV
                                                                                                            
V) What is meant by atmosphere?                                                                              V
                                                                                                 
VI) Define ozone layer and where does Ozone layer present?                             VI
                                                                                                         
VII) Define pollutants and write the names of its types.                                  VII
                                                                                                            
Write detailed answers of the following              5X2=10                                    3
1) Write a note on the effects of acid rain.                                                     1
                                                                                                               
2) Write a note on troposphere and stratosphere.                                                                2
                                                                                                    
                                                                                            
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  7                        CHEMISTRY  10th                                    T.MARKS  30
    NAME                                                ROLL NO                             SECTION
 TEST TYPE           8TH DIVISION WISE                   DATE       ____/____/____        CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                            1X6=06                                           1
I) How many percentage to water containes oceans?                                      I
  (A) 67%                        (B) 77%                      (C) 87%                     (D) 97%
II) Which disease cause liver inflamation?                                                    II
  (A) Hepatits                   (B) Cholera                  (C) Jaundice                (D) Typhoid  
                   
                                                                                                    
III) The % age of drinkable water on earth is                                               III
                                                                                     
  (A) 0.02%                      (B) 0.2%                     (C) 2.0%                    (D) 5.0%
IV) Boiling point of water is                                                                        IV
  (A)                            (B)                          (C)                         (D)
V) Sodium zeolite is resin of                                                                             V
  (A)                            (B)                          (C)                         (D)
VI) Which disease causes bone and tooth damage?                                   VI
  (A) Hepatits     
                              (B) Fluorosis            (C) Jaundice             (D) Cholera   
Write short answers of the following                 2X7=14                                 2
 I) Why water molecule is polar in nature?                                                                         I
                                                                                                  
II) What is water hardness? Write name of its types.                                          II
III) Write note on fluorosis and typhoid.                                                     III
                                                                                                       
IV) What are domestic effluents?                                                                                  IV
                                                                                                         
                                                                                               
                                                                                                             
V) Write effects of temporary hardness of water.                                           V
VI) How pesticides causes water pollution?
                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                  VI
                                                                                                              
                                                                                        
VII) State Clark method.                                                                             VII
Write detailed answers of the following              5X2=10                                    3
1) Describe methods for removal of permanent hardness of water.                      1
2) Explain industrial effluents.                                                            2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  7                           CHEMISTRY  10th                                      T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                  ROLL NO                                SECTION
 TEST TYPE             8TH DIVISION WISE                  DATE        ____/____/____          CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                              1X6=06                                             1
                                                                                               
I) Which one of the following is not air pollutions?                                           I
                                                                                                  
  (A)                             (B) CO                        (C)                           (D)
II) Which ion cause water hardness?                                                                    II
  (A)                             (B)                           (C)                           (D)
III) Temporary hardness is bacause of;                                                            III
  (A)                             (B)                           (C)                           (D)
                                                                                                                     
IV) Sodium zeolite is resin of;                                                                              
                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                       IV
  (A) Viruses                 (B) Bacteria                 (C) Worms      
                                                                                             (D) All   
V) Human body consists of ______ water.                                                             V
  (A) 60%                         (B) 70%                       (C) 80%                       (D) 90%
VI) Vibrus collar is a cause of _____.                                                               ____  VI
                                                  
  (A) Diarrhea                    (B) Dysentery               (C) Cholera                   (D) Hook worm 
                                                                         
Write short answers of the following                   2X7=14                              2
 I) What is meant by capillary action?                                                                I
                                                                                                                
II) Write down two disadvantages of hard water.                                                    II
III) Write down the method to remove permanent hardness.                                                        III
                                                                                                           
                                                                                                           
                                                                                              
IV) Write down two effects of water pollution.                                                           IV
V) What is meant by Crypto sporidium?                                                               V
VI) Write down two characteristics of water.                                                              VI
VII) Why the water molecule is polar?                                                                                  VII
                                                                                                      
Write detailed answers of the following                5X2=10                    3
                                                                                                     
1) What are domestic effluents?                                                                   1
                                                                                                       
2) Write a note on the removal of temporary hardness.                                       2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  7                         CHEMISTRY  10th                                              T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                       ROLL NO                                 SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                           DATE     ____/____/____           CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                                1X6=06                                                 1
I) Hook worm affects:                                                                                                 I
  (A) Liver                      (B) Stomach                      (C) Small intestine   (D) Large intestine       
II) Used water is called:                                                                                         II
  (A) Waste water   (B) Normal water                      (C) Hard water           (D) All   
                                                                                                                       
III) Heat capacity of water is:
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                       III
  (A)                             (B)                                (C)                            (D)
IV) The formula of slaked lime is:                                                                            IV
  (A)                             (B)                                (C)                            (D)
V) When                  is heated then it become:                                                               V
  (A)                             (B)                                (C)                            (D)
VI) Which disease causes bone and tooth damage?                                            VI
  (A) Hepatits      
                               (B) Fluorosis                  (C) Jaundice                (D) Cholera     
Write short answers of the following                     2X7=14                                          2
                                                                                                                  
 I) What is meant by diarrhea and dysentery?                                                                    I
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                            
II) What is meant by leaching process?                                                                            II
                                                                                                                           
III) Why sugar and alcohol dissolve in water?                                                      III
IV) Write the causes of water hardness.                                                                  IV
                                                                                                                 
V) Write the disadvantages of detergents.                                                                             V
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                
VI) Why are pesticides used?                                                                                              VI
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                    
VII) Differentiate between soft water and hard water.                                                       VII
                                                                                                    
Write detailed answers of the following                  5X2=10                                          3
1) Write a note on polar nature of water.                                                                     1
2) What is meant by agriculture effluents?                                                                 2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  8                          CHEMISTRY  10th                                      T.MARKS  30
   NAME                                                ROLL NO                                 SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                 DATE            ____/____/____       CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                            1X6=06                                                 1
I) Matte is mixture of:                                                                                            I
  (A)                             (B)                          (C)                           (D)
II) When                   is heated if forms.                                                                 II
  (A) CaO                         (B)                          (C)                           (D)
III) Formula of Urea is:                                                                                           III
  (A)                             (B)                          (C)                           (D)
IV) How many units are in Pakistan for manufacturing of Urea?                                IV
  (A) 3                           (B) 6                        (C) 9                         (D) 12
V) The impurities associated with the minerals are known as;                                         V
  (A) Compounds               (B) Gangue                   (C) Ores                      (D) Metallurgy  
                                                                                                                  
                                                                          
VI) Ammonia is prepared by;                                                                                     VI
      Haber's process           Solvay's process                     Bayer's process               Flotation process
  (A)                       (B)                                (C)                           (D)
                                                                                
Write short answers of the following                 2X7=14                     2
 I) What is metallurgy also describe importance of metals?                                                     I
                                                                                                        
                                                                                      
II) How Ammonia is recovered is solvay's process?                                 II
III) What is ammonical liquor?                                                                            III
IV) What is residual oil? Name its two fractions.                                             IV
                                                                                             
V) What is meant by bessemerization?                                                                                 V
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                               
                                                                                                   
VI) State roasting.                                                                                     VI
VII) Differentiate between minerals and ores.                                                              VII
                                                                                                     
Write detailed answers of the following              5X2=10                               3
                                                                                                              
1) Write the detail of smelting by diagram and chemical reaction.                         1
                                                                                                              
2) Write a detailed note on Ammonia Solvay process.                                            2
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
      TEST  8                          CHEMISTRY  10th                                          T.MARKS  30
     NAME                                                    ROLL NO                              SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                       DATE       ____/____/____         CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                              1X6=06                                             1
I) Golden hairs consist of ____ compounds.                                                          I
                                               
                                                 
                                                  
  (A) Copper                  (B) Titanium                 (C) Iron                    (D) Molybdenum 
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  
II) Chalko pyrite is an ore of ____.                                                                   ___    II
                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                 
  (A) Iron                   (B) Copper                      (C) Silver                  (D) Aluminum  
III) Preparation of urea consists of:                                                                            III
  (A) Two steps            (B) Three steps               (C) Four steps           (D) Five steps   
IV) The formula of ammonia gas is:                                                                              IV
  (A) NH                        (B)                               (C)                           (D)
V) Bluster copper is _____ percent pure.                                                               %   V
                                                                                                                  
  (A) 98%                       (B) 99%                           (C) 99.9%                     (D) 100%
VI) The process of obtaining metals from ores is called:                                                           VI
                                                                                                               
                                                                                                   
  (A) Science                 (B) Metallurgy
                                                       
                                                            (C) Concentration        
                                                                                          
                                                                                            (D) All  
Write short answers of the following                   2X7=14                                      2
 I) What are ores? Write two examples.                                                   (Ores)   I
II) Write procedure of preparation of ammonical brine.                                              II
III) Write down the names of raw materials used for manufacture of Urea.                  
                                                                                             III
                                                                                           
IV) Write down the names of different fractions of petroleum.                                                   IV
                                                                                                                  
V) What is difference of crude oil and residual oil?                                              V
                                                                                           
VI) Write two advantages of Solvay process.                                                        VI
VII) Define fractional distillation.
                                                                                                             
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                         VII
                                                                                                                  
Write detailed answers of the following                5X2=10                                      3
   How metal is extracted from concentrated ore? write its                                                       
1)                                                                                      
                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                   1
   chemical process.
   Explain the froth flotation and electromagnetic separation                                      
2)                                                                         
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                  2
   method with the help of diagram.
  AL-HAMD Evening Science Academy Choti Zareen
        TEST  8                         CHEMISTRY  10th                                       T.MARKS  30
     NAME                                                 ROLL NO                               SECTION
 TEST TYPE            8TH DIVISION WISE                      DATE       ____/____/____        CHECKED BY
Circle the Correct Option                             1X6=06                                              1
I) _____ is obtained by Solvay process.                                                            I
  (A) Sodium chloride             (B) Sodium carbonate           (C) Both                 (D) None   
                                   
II) Sindh alkalis was established in:                                                                          II
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                             
  (A) 1965                        (B) 1966                       (C) 1970                     (D) 1988
III) Where is Imperial chemical industry?                                                               III
  (A) Lahore                   (B) Karachi                 (C) Jehlum                  (D) Islamabad     
IV) Technology is considered as a result of _____.                                                      IV
                                                        
  (A) Science                     (B) Engineering            (C) Both                 (D) None
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                  
V) Nitro genesis fertilizer is:                                                                                  V
                                                                                                        
  (A) Ammonia                   (B) Urea                    (C) Petroleum             (D) All   
VI) Formula of Urea is;                                                                                             VI
  (A)                             (B)                            (C)                          (D)
Write short answers of the following                  2X7=14                     2
                                                                                                         
 I) Write the method of electromagnetic separation.                                      I
                                                                                                 
                                                                                                  
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                        
II) Define metallurgy and write the names of different steps.                                                    II
                                                                                                            
                                                                                  
III) Write the chemical composition of petroleum.                                                   III
IV) Shortly explain the Froth flotation process.                                                              IV
                                                                                             
V) How roasting is performed?                                                                       V
VI) Write the names of different metallurgical operations.                                                     VI
                                                                                                           
                                                                                               
VII) Differentiate between crude oil and residual oil.                                           VII
                                                                                          
Write detailed answers of the following               5X2=10                                       3
1) How urea is prepared? Explain by flow sheet diagram.                               1
     What is meant by fractional distillation? Write a note on                  
                                                                                    
                                                                                              
                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                         2
2)
                                                                                                       
                                                                                                    
     the fractional distillation of petroleum.