Population and Development

Chapter – III

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Demographic profile
There are nine districts in the state: Bishnupur, Chandel, Churachandpur, Senapati,
Tamenglong, Thoubal, Imphal West, Imphal East and Ukhrul. These are further divided into
38 sub-districts, 33 towns and 2,391 villages (including uninhabited villages)1.The area
covered by each district in Manipur is very small. Table 3.1 shows data related to the total
population, number of households and household size for all-India and Manipur in the year
2001. The household size for Manipur is higher than the all-India household size.

Table 3. 1: Number Of Households, Population And Household Size

India/State Number of households Population Household size
India@ 193,579,954 1,028,610,328 5.30
Manipur@ 375,095 2166788 5.80
Source: Primary Census Abstract : Census of India 2001
Note: @' - Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district
of Manipur

Ethnicity:
The Manipur valley is home to more than two-thirds of its population. The Meiteis, who lived
in the Manipur valley at least since the beginning of the first millennium, have ancient
cultural and political traditions. What was essentially a small clan principality grew into a
powerful monarchical state comprising the valley of Manipur and the surrounding hills
inhabited by the Nagas, Kukis and a few other ethnic groups.

The Meiteis constitute the majority population in the state and are a fairly homogenous
people. They are divided into seven clans (salais): Manganz, Luwang, Khuman, Angom,
Moirang, , Chenglai (Sarang-Leishangthem) and Khaba-Nganba.2 The Muslims, known
locally as Meitei Pangans are an economically significant though small-sized community.
There are no followers of Buddhism in the valley. Buddhist population are found according
to Census Report. Christianity, which was introduced by the British, was embraced only by
the hill tribes. The Meiteis and other non-tribal groups constitute about 66 per cent of the
total population of the state. These groups speak Manipuri3

33 tribal groups are recognised by the Government of India as Scheduled Tribes (STs), seven
Scheduled Castes (SCs), and the Meiteis, the Pangans, and ‘others’ as separate population
categories (Table 3.2). The recognized Naga groups are the Anal, Chiru, Chothe, Kabui,
Kacha Naga, Koireng, Kairao, Lamkang, Mao, Maram, Maring, Monsang, Mayon, Sema and
Tangkhul who together form 18.7 per cent of the state’s population. The Thangal, Liangmei
and Tharao, also recognized as Naga tribes, are yet to be listed as STs. In 2003, the Poumei
were recognized as a separate tribe. The recognized tribes include Thadou, Zou, Vaiphei,
Simte, Paite, Aimol, Gangte, and Ralte. Some groups like the Simte, Suhte and and Ralte
identify themselves as Zomi. Among the other prominent tribes are the Kom and the Hmar.4
Data on the tribal population as enumerated in the 1991 Census is given in Table 3.5.

1
Primary Census Abstract, 2001
2
Lucy Zehol, op cit. p. 43.
3
Lucy Zehol, Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues and Perspective. New Delhi: Regency Publications, p.
41.
4
U. A. Shimray, op cit.

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 Population and Development

Table 3.2: Major Ethnic Groups in Manipur - 1991

Percentage Share to
Ethnic Groups Population Total population
Meiteis, Pangans and
others (non-tribal) 1204616 65.57
Tribals 632533 34.43
Nagas 336161 18.72
Thadou Kukis 121994 6.64
Zomis* 93305 5.07
Hmar 35767 1.95
Kom 13004 0.87
Gangte 12793 0.70
Any Mizos 8240 0.45
Aimol 2108 0.11
Suhte 746 0.04
Purum 388 0.02
Ralte 250 0.01
Total 1837149 100
Note: * Include Paites, Vaipheis, Zous, Tedim Chin and Simtes.
Source: ORGCC, 1991, Special Tables for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Series 13 Manipur, Part IX. Delhi Controller of
Publications

The Scheduled Caste population of Manipur is also counted among the Manipuri-speaking
Meiteis in the Census categories. The largest group of SCs, the Lois, are expert sericulturists.
Other groups include the Dhupi, Muchi, Namasudra, Patni, Sutradhar and Yaithibi. Table 3.5
gives the population of SCs and STs in each district of Manipur and their proportion to the
total population in rural and urban areas.

The Census 2001 data in Table 3.3 shows the break-up of the Scheduled Caste (SC) and
Scheduled Tribe (ST) populations.

Table 3.3: Total Population, Population Of Scheduled Castes And Scheduled Tribes And Their Proportions To The Total Population
Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) Proportion of SC Proportion of ST
State CodeIndia/State Total Population
Population Population population population
India@ 1,028,610,328 166,635,700 84,326,240 16.20 8.20
14 Manipur@ 2166788 60,037 741,141 2.80 34.20
Source: Primary Census Abstract: Census of India 2001
Note: @' - Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur

Table 3.4: Tribal Population in Manipur, 1991

Population Percentage Share to
Name of the Group
(in numbers) Total Population
Naga Groups:
Anal 10642 0.58
Angami 308 0.02
Chiru 6032 0.33
Chothe 2571 0.14

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 Population and Development

Kabui 62847 3.42

Kacha Naga 33640 1.83
Koirao 1716 0.09
Koireng 873 0.05
Lamkang 4031 0.22
Mao 76972 4.19
Maram 9592 0.52
Maring 15698 0.85
Monsang 1803 0.10
Moyon 2081 0.11
Sema 111 0.01
Tangkhul 107244 5.84
Other Tribal Groups:
Aimol 2108 0.11
Any Mizo/Lushai 8240 0.45
Gangte 12793 0.70
Hmar 35777 1.95
Kom 13004 0.17
Paite 40792 2.22
Purum 388 0.02
Ralte 250 0.01
Simte 8833 0.48
Suhte 746 0.04
Thadou 121994 6.64
Unclassified Tribes 7777 0.42
Vaiphei 26877 1.46
Zou 16803 0.91
Source: ORGCC, 1991, Special Tables for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Series 13, Manipur Part IX, Delhi: Controller of
Publications

Distribution of population by religion and language:

Hindus constitute 57.67 per cent, Muslims 7.27 per cent, Christians 34.11 per cent, Sikhs
0.07 per cent; Buddhists 0.04 per cent, Jains 0.07 per cent and Others 0.77 per cent of the
total population of the state. The three principal spoken languages in Manipur are Manipuri,
(recognised as a national language in 1992,) Hindi and English. The following is a sample
distribution of 10,000 persons by spoken language: Manipuri 6,043; Nepali 253; Hindi 131;
Bengali 106; Tamil 14; Punjabi 11; Assamese 9 and Urdu 1. A majority of the Muslim
population speak in Manipuri.

Art and Culture

The Cultural heritage of the people living in the valley has two phases viz. the pre-
Vaishnavite and the Vaishnavite phase, dating after the 15th Century A.D. The pre-
Vaishnavite phase produced a number of indigenous forms of Arts including the present
day thang-Ta, Lai-haraoba and indigenous games of Polo and Mukna-Kangjei (wrestling
and hockey), etc. in which thousands of people readily participate with dance, music,
games & sports. The Vaisnavite festivals include Durga-Puja, Govardhan Puja,
Janamasthami Rathajatra and others. The now famous Nata-Sankirtana, Pungcholom and
five traditional Rasa Leelas of Manipur can also be ascribed to this phase.

Similarly the ethnic tribes of the hills, which constitute about one third of the total
population of the state, have a variety of songs, music and dances, mostly ceremonial and
sometimes ritualistic. The different tribes in the state have their own styles of dress,
singing, dancing, rites and rituals including social customs of birth, death and marriages,

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 Population and Development

etc. These distinctive forms of the Art and Culture of different groups have resulted in a
highly diverse and rich cultural heritage.

Table 3.5: Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Each District, Their Proportion to Total Population in Rural and Urban Areas and
Their Percentage Distribution in Districts
Scheduled Scheduled
Caste Tribe
population population Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe
as as population in each population in each
Scheduled percentage Scheduled percentage district as percentage district as percentage
Total Caste of total Tribe of total of total SC population of total ST population
State/Districts Total/Rural/Urban Population population population population population of the state of the state
Total 2166788 60037 2.62 741141 32.31 100.00 100.00
MANIPUR Rural 1717928 20802 1.21 705912 41.09 100.00 100.00
Urban 575968 39235 6.81 35229 6.12 100.00 100.00
Total 283621 238 0.15 122791 78.45 0.40 16.57
Senapati Rural 283621 238 0.15 122791 78.45 1.14 17.39
Urban 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 111499 3 0.00 106349 95.38 0.005 14.35
Tamenglong Rural 111499 3 0.00 106349 95.38 0.01 15.07
Urban 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 227905 205 0.09 212482 93.23 0.34 28.67
Churachandpur Rural 227905 205 0.09 212482 93.23 0.99 30.10
Urban 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 118327 210 0.18 108779 91.93 0.35 14.68
Chandel Rural 103365 178 0.17 101608 98.30 0.86 14.39
Urban 14962 32 0.21 7171 47.93 0.08 20.36
Total 364140 33969 9.33 4274 1.17 56.58 0.58
Thoubal Rural 232868 2091 0.90 3268 1.40 10.05 0.46
Urban 131272 31878 24.28 1006 0.77 81.25 2.86
Total 208368 1727 0.83 6143 2.95 2.88 0.83
Bishnupur Rural 133627 1687 1.26 4134 3.09 8.11 0.59
Urban 74741 40 0.05 2009 2.69 0.10 5.70
Total 839258 23685 2.82 45830 5.46 39.45 6.18
Imphal Rural 484265 16400 3.39 20787 4.29 78.84 2.94
Urban 354993 7285 2.05 25043 7.05 18.57 71.09
Total 140778 0 134493 95.54 0.00 18.15
Ukhrul Rural 140778 0 134493 95.54 0.00 19.05
Urban 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2001

Birth Rates, Death Rates and Other Population Averages

The Census 2001 data in Table 3.6 shows data related to basic demographic features of
Manipur and its districts.

Table 3.6: District wise Decadal Growth Rate of Manipur

Population 2001 Decadal growth rate
State/District
Persons Males Females 1981-1991 1991-2001
Senapati 283621 146548 137073 34.09 36.09
Tamenglong 111499 58014 53485 38.51 29.23

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 Population and Development

Churachandpur 227905 117232 110673 30.72 29.36

Chandel 118327 59741 58586 25.81 66.62
Ukhrul 140778 73465 67313 31.74 28.83
Imphal East 394876 198371 196505 44.48 19.49
Imphal West 444382 221781 222601 16.30 16.69
Bishnupur 208368 104550 103818 28.07 15.27
Thoubal 364140 182250 181890 26.83 23.87
Manipur 2293896 1161952 1131944 29.29 24.86
Source: Census of India website, Census 2001 data

The population census, even though it shows growth rates by decade, is unable to provide a
measure of the annual change in the vital rates. The Sample Registration System (SRS),
which is based on a sample survey, provides reliable short-term estimates for birth and death
rates for rural and urban areas separately. It also provides various other measures of fertility
and mortality. The following are the estimates from the SRS for Manipur during the 1990s
(Table 3.7):

Table 3.7: Estimates from the SRS for Manipur during the 1990s
Variables 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Crude Birth Rate 20.00 19.50 20.50 21.70 20.60 19.60 19.70 19.00
Crude Death Rate 5.40 5.60 4.80 6.70 6.70 5.80 5.90 5.30
Natural Growth Rate 14.70 13.90 15.70 15.00 13.90 13.80 13.80 13.70
Infant Mortality Rate 21.70 23.00 26.30 23.80 35.70 28.00 30.00 25.00
Total Fertility Rate NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
(Source: SRS website: SRS bulletin 1999)

According to the latest SRS bulletin, which gives provisional estimates for 2001, the total
birth rate is 18.2 (19 for rural and 15.9 for urban) and the death rate is 5. The birth rates,
death rates, natural increase and infant mortality rates for Manipur are lower than other states
including those in the Northeast. The only other northeastern state with figures lower than
that of Manipur is Mizoram. Tripura has lower birth and death rates but higher infant
mortality rates.

Land ownership by household type:

Based on NSS, 55th Round data (Tables 3.8a & 3.8b), the patterns of land ownership can be
mapped by type of household defined as follows: non-agriculture (self-employed);
agricultural labour; other labour; agriculture (self-employed) and others. The bulk of the land
is owned either by the agricultural self-employed (cultivators) or by the non-agricultural self-
employed. The average land holdings are small-sized. Only 5 per cent of the non-agricultural
self-employed; 11.5 per cent of the agricultural self employed, and roughly 6 percent of
Others own more than 2 acres of land. A majority of holdings are less than half an acre.

Table 3.8a: Rural Manipur

Land possessed (in acres) 0 0-.25 .25-.5 .5-1 1-2 2 & above TOTAL
Household type
Non-agri(self-emp) 1.32 51.32 18.42 14.47 9.21 5.26 100
Agri labour 0.00 66.13 27.42 4.34 0.00 1.61 100

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 Population and Development

Other labour 0.00 80.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

Agri(self-emp) 0.00 4.89 33.11 28.89 21.56 11.56 100
Others 1.46 26.23 23.36 20.44 21.9 6.57 100
TOTAL 0.54 19.54 29.08 23.37 18.21 8.97 100

Table 3.8b: Urban Manipur

Land possessed
(in acres) 0 0-.01 .01-.05 .05-.1 .1-.5 .5-1 >1 TOTAL
Household type
Self-emp 2.43 15.28 19.79 16.32 17.71 12.15 16.32 100
Salaried class 0.83 10.83 29.17 17.08 20.42 13.75 7.92 100
Casual labour 4.55 13.64 25.00 31.82 15.91 9.09 0.00 100
Others 14.29 12.09 23.08 10.99 24.18 9.89 5.49 100
TOTAL 3.61 13.08 24.06 16.99 19.40 12.18 10.68 100

Land ownership by social group

The data on districts shows that the SC population is concentrated in Imphal and Bishnupur.
The districts of Tamenglong, Chandel and Ukhrul are inhabited by only STs. It is, thus,
difficult to draw immediate conclusions about caste disparities in the way it can be done for
other parts of the country. However, driven by distribution in Imphal and Bishnupur,
significant proportions of SCs and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) own more than 2 acres of
land (22 and 13.5 per cent, respectively) (Tables 3.9a & 3.9b). The corresponding proportions
for STs and Others are approximately 7 per cent.

Table 3.9a: Rural Manipur

Land 0 0-.25 .25-.5 .5-1 1-2 2 & above TOTAL
Possessed
Social Group
ST 0.84 10.58 39.00 23.12 19.50 6.96 100.00
SC 0.00 16.67 8.33 19.44 33.33 22.22 100.00
OBC 0.00 33.11 15.54 22.30 15.54 13.51 100.00
OTHERS 0.52 27.46 24.37 25.39 15.03 6.74 100.00
TOTAL 0.54 19.84 29.03 23.37 18.21 8.97 99.96

Table 3.9b: Urban Manipur

Land 0 0-.01 .01-.05 .05-.1 .1-.5 .5-1 >1 TOTAL
Possessed
Social Group
ST 11.21 2.80 20.56 24.30 26.17 7.48 7.48 100.00
SC 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.77 53.85 7.69 100.00
OBC 0.68 15.02 34.81 17.75 15.70 7.85 8.19 100.00
Others 3.57 15.87 14.29 13.89 20.24 17.06 15.08 100.00
TOTAL 3.61 13.08 24.06 16.99 19.40 12.18 10.68 100.00

Land ownership by religious community

The data in the tables 3.10a and 3.10b indicate that the two major sections are Hindus and
Christians. The others comprise mainly non-Hindu tribal groups. Approximately 11 per cent
of Hindus and 14 per cent of others own more than 2 acres of land.

Table 3.10a: Rural Manipur

Land 0 0-.25 .25-.5 .5-1 1-2 2 & above TOTAL
Possessed
Religion
Hindu 0.00 30.77 19.23 24.13 15.38 10.49 100.00

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 Population and Development

Islam 0.00 29.63 29.63 22.22 11.11 7.41 100.00

Christianity 0.85 10.20 39.38 23.23 19.55 6.30 100.00
Others 0.00 20.59 17.65 20.59 26.47 14.71 100.00
TOTAL 0.54 19.34 29.08 23.37 18.21 8.97 100.00

Table 3.10b: Urban Manipur

Land 0 0-.01 .01-.05 .05-.1 .1-.5 .5-1 >1 TOTAL
Possessed
Religion
Hindu 2.30 17.24 24.37 12.87 18.16 13.33 11.72 100.00
Islam 3.70 7.41 14.81 14.81 29.63 25.93 3.70 100.00
Christianity 10.68 2.91 23.30 24.27 25.24 5.83 7.77 100.00
Others 2.00 7.00 26.00 28.00 16.00 10.00 11.00 100.00
TOTAL 3.61 13.08 24.06 16.99 19.40 12.18 10.68 100.00

Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) by social group

This data (Tables 3.11a & 3.11b) reflects caste disparities more sharply than any indicator
previously mentioned. This is the first time that the NSS has provided data specifically
related to OBCs. In earlier data sets, there was only a three-way division between SCs, STs,
and Others. The Others, which includes non SC-ST-OBC Hindus, or loosely speaking, upper
castes, and OBCs have significantly greater proportions in the uppermost MPCE segment
than either SC or ST groups. The converse is true at the lower end of the MPCE segment,
suggesting that a caste disparity in consumption expenditures is present in Manipur. This is
indicative of the caste disparity in income, but reliable figures are unavailable to confirm this.

Table 3.11a: Rural Manipur

MPCE (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 471-521 521-591 591-702 >702 TOTAL
Social Group
ST 27.78 13.33 12.73 14.72 9.72 12.50 4.17 100.00
SC 0.00 19.44 27.78 19.44 22.22 8.33 2.78 100.00
OBC 4.73 11.49 11.49 19.59 24.32 14.19 14.19 100.00
OTHERS 4.64 15.46 13.92 9.28 18.04 20.10 18.56 100.00
TOTAL 15.72 16.26 13.55 14.50 15.45 14.63 9.39 100.00

Table 3.11b: Urban Manipur

MPCE (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 601-682 682-751 751-942 >942 TOTAL
Social Group
ST 16.82 11.21 14.02 13.08 9.35 14.95 20.56 100.00
SC 23.08 7.69 7.69 15.38 15.38 7.69 23.08 100.00
OBC 9.56 12.97 13.31 20.14 20.14 16.72 7.17 100.00
OTHERS 19.05 20.24 15.48 10.71 12.70 14.68 7.14 100.00
TOTAL 14.59 15.34 14.14 15.34 15.49 15.49 9.62 100.00

MPCE by religious community

The data in the tables 3.12a & 3.12b clearly establishes the disparity between the Hindu and
Christian sections of the population. Relatively, the disparity between Hindus and Muslims is
not as sharp for Manipur as it is for certain other parts of the country. As mentioned earlier,
the Christians are concentrated in the hills amongst tribals.

Table 3.12a: Rural Manipur

Mpce (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 471-521 521-591 591-702 >702 TOTAL
Religion
Hindu 4.53 14.63 13.59 13.24 18.82 17.77 17.42 100.00
Islam 0.00 7.41 11.11 11.11 33.33 22.22 14.31 100.00

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 Population and Development

Christianity 28.25 18.64 12.71 14.41 9.04 12.71 4.24 100.00

Others 4.41 14.71 17.65 22.06 26.47 8.82 5.88 100.00
Total 15.72 16.26 13.25 14.50 15.45 14.63 9.89 100.00

Table 3.12b: Urban Manipur

Mpce (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 601-682 682-751 751-942 >942 TOTAL
Religion
Hindu 13.10 16.32 16.09 13.10 17.01 15.63 8.74 100.00
Islam 29.63 18.52 3.70 22.22 7.41 14.81 3.70 100.00
Christianity 15.53 11.65 13.59 13.59 9.71 16.50 19.42 100.00
Others 16.00 14.00 9.00 25.00 17.00 14.00 5.00 100.00
Total 14.59 15.34 14.14 15.34 15.49 15.49 9.62 100.00

Sex Ratio
Since 1931, the sex ratio, which is defined as the number of females per 1000 males, is on the
decline in Manipur. The data in Table 3.14 shows child mortality estimates for 1981 by sex,
rural area and urban area.
Table 3.13: Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Males) of Manipur in 2001 Census
Sex Ratio
District/State
Total Rural Urban
Senapati 935 935 0
Tamenglong 922 922 0
Chrachandpur 944 944 0
Chandel 981 983 964
Ukhrul 916 961 0
Imphal Union 998 984 1017
Imphal East 991 978 1024
Imphal West 1004 991 1014
Bishnupur 993 994 991
Thubal 998 995 1004
Manipur 974 963 1009

Table 3.14: Child Mortality Estimates in Manipur by Sex and by Rural and Urban in 1981
Q(1) Q(2) Q(3) Q(5)
T/R/V Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total 31 33 41 39 45 43 51 50
Rural 34 30 42 42 48 46 56 54
Urban 23 40 39 29 38 35 40 39
Notes: q(1), q(2),q(3), q(5) denote denotes the number of live births per 1000 at ages 1,2, 3,5 respectively.
Source: SRS website

It indicates that up to the age of 1 year, female child mortality is higher than male. This is
especially true for urban areas. For all other ages (up to 2, 3 and 5 years), female child
mortality is lower than that of males, which is the natural pattern only in the absence of social
discrimination.

Death rates by age and sex:

Table 3.15 indicates age-specific death rates by age group for the year 1993. This reinforces
the point made earlier in the chapter that the female death rate for all age groups is lower than
the male death rate. Discrimination against women may not be serious enough to reflect in
higher death rates for women in any age group.

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 Population and Development

Table 3.15: Crude death rates and age-specific death rates Table 3.16: Sex Ratio in Urban and Rural Areas of Manipur
in Manipur, 1993
Age Death Rates Year Rural Urban
Male Female Total 1952 1039 633
0-4 12.50 5.00 9.00 1961 1018 985
5-14 1.10 1.20 1.20 1971 980 980
14-49 2.50 2.20 2.40 1981 971 969
50+ 35.10 17.80 26.60 1991 951 975
CDRs 7.40 4.30 5.80 2001 967 1009
Source: SRS website Source: Census

This means that the sex ratio at birth may be the factor for the decline in sex ratio. However,
since the figures for the sex ratio at birth are unavailable, the data related to the mean number
of children ever born for the year 1993 will have to be considered.

Table 3.17: Age-standardized Number of Children Ever Born for Currently Married Women, According to Sex and Background
Characteristics, Manipur and Sex Ratio
Children Ever Born
Background characteristics Male Female Total Sex ratio Sex ratio
1981 census
15-19 0.30 0.20 0.50 667
20-24 0.60 0.80 1.40 1333
25-29 1.30 1.30 1.20 923
30-34 1.70 1.70 1.70 1000
35-39 2.40 2.40 2.10 875
40-44 2.80 2.80 2.20 786
45-49 2.80 2.80 2.40 857
Residence
Urban 1.70 1.50 3.10 882 921
Rural 1.80 1.70 3.50 944 913
Education
Illiterate 2.10 1.90 4.00 905
Literate, < Middle Complete 1.80 1.60 3.50 889
Middle school complete 1.40 1.40 2.80 1000
High School &above 1.20 1.20 2.40 1000
Total 1.80 1.60 3.40 889
Source: SRS website

The data in Table 3.17 indicates that the mean number of male children ever born is higher
than that of female children for all age groups and backgrounds. This disparity may be a
cause of the declining sex ratio in the state. This can be probed further by micro-level studies.

It is also possible that these figures are a result of under-enumeration of female children
and/or double-counting of male children. Prima facie evidence for this is also provided by the
fact that the sex ratio for rural areas is higher than that for urban areas. However, this may not
be a complete explanation because for 2001, the urban sex ratio is higher than the rural sex
ratio (Table 3.16).

References
Census of India website: http://www.censusindia.net
National Sample Survey, unit level data purchased from the NSS.
Sample Registration System website: http://www.censusindia.net/srs21.html

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 Population and Development

Singh, W. Kumar (2001): “Declining sex ratio in Manipur – an explanation”,

http://www.indianeconomics.org/material/A-J+11.pdf
Singh, M. Amarjeet (2003): Combating Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS in Manipur,
http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2003/combatingdrugs19_4.htm
http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDi
splay.cfm&ContentID=9665

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