June 6, 2022 De La Salle University

Taft Avenue, Manila

GEMATMW:
Mathematics in the
Modern World
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
Part-time Faculty, De La Salle University - Manila
Part-time Faculty, Blyth Academy, Ontario, Canada
Post-Graduate Student, Fanshawe College, Ontario, Canada
von.torio@dlsu.edu.ph

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

The Course Contents

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Course Topics
Status Topics

Completed Mathematics for Efficiency

Completed Mathematics for Digital Communications

Completed Mathematics in Finance

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Course Topics
Status Topics

Completed Mathematics in Natural Sciences and Arts

Completed Mathematics in Decision Sciences

Current
Mathematics as a Language
Module
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Mathematics as a
Language
Essential Questions
1. How can I view Mathematics as a
fundamental tool applicable to a wide range
of disciplines?
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Course Tasks

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Due: June 15, 2022

Course Tasks
Collaborative Work

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Watch the
following
video clip…

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Mathematics as a
Language
Topics:

1. Logic and Reasoning

2. Writing Mathematical Proofs
Adapted from the video
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
presentation of Nocon, 2021
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila Photo by Christopher Sardegna on unsplash.com
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila
Defining Mathematics

★ Math is a process of thinking.

★ Math is a set of problem-
solving tools.
★Math is an art.
★Math is a study of patterns.
★Math is a language.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Math as a language

★A language is a “non-
instinctive” (must be a learned)
system of communication using
symbols possessing arbitrary
(learned) meanings and shared
by a community.
★ Math is the only language
shared by all human beings
regardless of gender, religion, or
culture.
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositions
Is it True or False?

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

What are propositions?

Propositions are complete declarative sentence

that is either true or false, but not both.

Propositional Variables: p, q, r…

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

What are propositions?

Examples

1. Jerusalem is in Israel.
2. The sun rises in the west.
3. 11 + 19 = 30
4. 3
3 = 9

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

What are propositions?

Note:

• Not all sentences are propositions.

• Questions, exclamations, commands, or self-
contradictory sentences can neither be asserted nor
be denied.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

What are propositions?

Non-Examples

1. Is mathematics fun?
2. Hey there!
3. Do not panic.
4. This sentence is false.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

Truth tables are used to
display and determine
the truth value of
propositions and the
validity of their resulting
argument.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

If a proposition is true, its truth value

is true, denoted by T. If it is false, its
truth value is false, denoted by F.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Negation of a proposition
The negation of a given proposition is a proposition that
denies the truth of the given proposition.

Proposition: 𝑝
Negation of 𝑝: not 𝑝 (Symbol: -𝑝)

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Examples
Truth Truth
Proposition Proposition
Value Value

Jerusalem is NOT in
1. Jerusalem is in Israel T F
Israel.

2. 33 = 9 F 33 = 9 T

3. 4 > 1 T 4 > 1 or 4 < 1 F

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

Proposition Truth Value
1. Jerusalem is in Israel T
2. The sun rises in the west. F
3. 11 + 19 = 30 T
4. 33 = 9 F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Connectives

A propositional connective is an operation

that combines two propositions p and q to
yield a new proposition whose truth value
depends only on the truth values of the two
original propositions.
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Compound Propositions

Propositions built up by combining

propositions using propositional
connectives are called compound
propositions.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Binary Propositional
Connectives

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Connectives
Propositional Connective Symbol
Binary
Negation Propositional
“not” Connectives
—
Conjunction “and" ∧
Disjunction “or” ∨
Exclusive or “xor" ⊕
Implication “if-then” / “implies”
Biconditional “if and only if”
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Conjunction of two propositions

A conjunction is a proposition formed by combining two
propositions (called conjuncts) with the word “and” (or
“but”).
Propositions: 𝑝, 𝑞
Conjunction of 𝑝 and 𝑞: 𝑝 and 𝑞 (Symbol: 𝑝∧𝑞)

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Example
Truth
Proposition Symbol
value
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. p T
The sum of the interior angles of triangle is
180 degrees.
q T
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and
the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is p∧q T
180 degrees
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Disjunction of two propositions

A disjunction is a proposition formed by combining two
propositions (called disjuncts) with the word “or” (or
“either-or”).
Propositions: 𝑝, 𝑞
Disjunction of 𝑝 and 𝑞: 𝑝 or 𝑞 (Symbol: 𝑝∨𝑞)

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Example
Truth
Proposition Symbol
value
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. p T
The sum of the interior angles of triangle is
180 degrees.
q T
A triangle is a polygon with three sides or the
sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 p∨q T
degrees
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Implication (Conditional Proposition)

An implication is a proposition that claims a given
proposition (called the antecedent) entails another
proposition (called the consequent). Implications are also
known as conditional propositions.
It is false if p is true
Implication: If p then q. and q is false. The
Symbol: 𝑝⇒𝑞 rest of the cases
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila are true…
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Implication (Conditional Proposition)

Example
If everyone wears a mask, then we can
𝑝 𝑞 prevent the spread of COVID-19.

𝑝 Everyone wears a mask. (Hypothesis/

Antecedent)
We can prevent the spread of COVID-19.
𝑞 (Conclusion/Consequent)
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Biconditional Proposition

A biconditional proposition is the conjunction of two

implications formed by exchanging their antecedents and
consequents.

Biconditional: p if and only if q.

Symbol: 𝑝 𝑞

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Biconditional Proposition
Example
A triangle is equilateral if and only if all of
𝑝 𝑞 its sides are equal.

𝑝 A triangle is equilateral.

𝑞 All the sides of the triangle are equal.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Exclusive or (Either but not both)

Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be two propositions. The exclusive disjunction

(exclusive OR) of 𝑝 and 𝑞 forms a compound proposition that
true if and only if 𝑝 and 𝑞 have different truth values.

Exclusive or: p xor q.

Symbol: 𝑝⊕𝑞
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T F

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T F

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T F

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T F

T F T

F T T

F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Connectives
Propositional Connective Symbol
Negation “not” —
Conjunction “and" ∧
Disjunction “or” ∨
Exclusive or “xor" ⊕
Implication “if-then”
Biconditional “if and only if”
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Negation

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Table (Negation)

p -p

T F

F T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T

T F

F T

F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila
Truth Table (Summary)
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

T T T T F T T

T F F T T F F

F T F T T T F

F F F F F T T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Creating Truth tables
Practice…

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila
Create the Truth Table for (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p).

p q (p ⇒ q) (q ⇒ p) (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)

T T

T F

F T

F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Conditional Propositions

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Conditional Propositions

The proposition q p is called the converse of p q.

The proposition -p -q is called the inverse of p q.
The proposition -q -p is called the contrapositive of
p q.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Euler Diagrams
diagrammatic means of representing sets and
their relationships

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila
𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry Potter books.

𝑞: You like fantasy stories.

𝑝→𝑞

If you have read all 7 Harry Potter

books, then you like fantasy stories.
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Euler Diagrams

If you have read all 7 Harry

Potter books, then you like
fantasy stories.

𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry

𝑝→𝑞
Potter books.
Conditional
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
𝑞: You like fantasy stories.
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Euler Diagrams

p If you like fantasy stories,

then you have read all 7
q Harry Potter books.

𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry

Potter books.
Converse
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
𝑞: You like fantasy stories.
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Euler Diagrams
If you have not read all 7
Harry Potter books, then
-
you do not like fantasy
stories.
-
𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry
-𝑝→-𝑞
Potter books.
Inverse
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
𝑞: You like fantasy stories.
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Euler Diagrams
If you do not like fantasy
-p stories, then you have not
read all 7 Harry Potter
-q books.

𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry

-q → -p Potter books.
Contrapositive
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
𝑞: You like fantasy stories.
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Tautology,
Contradiction,
Contingency

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Tautology

A compound proposition that is always true, no matter

what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it
are, is called a tautology.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Tautology (Example)

p -p -p ∨ -p

T F T Tautology

F T T
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Contradiction

A compound proposition that is always false, no matter

what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it
are, is called a contradiction.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Contradiction(Example)

p -p -p ∧ -p

T F F Contradiction

F T F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Contingency

A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor

a contradiction is called a contingency.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Contingency(Example)
p q p⊕q
T T F
T F T Contingency

F T T
F F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Truth Tables
Creating Truth tables
Practice…

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila
Create the Truth Table for [(p ⇒ q) ∧ p] ⇒ q.

p q p ⇒ q (p ⇒ q) ∧ p [(p ⇒ q) ∧ p] ⇒ q

T T

T F

F T

F F
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Logical equivalence
Do they mean the same thing?

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Logical Equivalence

The propositions p and q are called logically equivalent if

𝑝⇔𝑞 is a tautology.

We use the notation 𝑝⟺𝑞 to denote that p and q are

logically equivalent.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Logical Equivalence

An implication is always logically equivalent to its own

contrapositive.
(𝑝⇒𝑞)⟺(-𝑞⇒-𝑝)

The converse and inverse of an implication are logically

equivalent.
(𝑞⇒𝑝)⟺(-𝑝⇒-𝑞)

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Logical Equivalence
Practice…

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Logical Equivalence (Practice)

Prove that the following are logically equivalent.

-(𝑝∧𝑞) and -𝑝∨-𝑞
𝑝⇒𝑞 and -𝑝∨𝑞

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Some Important Logical

Equivalences

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Some Important Logical Equivalences

DOUBLE NEGATION
-(-𝑝)⟺𝑝
COMMUTATIVE LAWS
𝑝∨𝑞⟺𝑞∨𝑝
𝑝∧𝑞⟺𝑞∧𝑝

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Some Important Logical Equivalences

IDEMPOTENT LAWS
𝑝∧𝑝⟺𝑝
𝑝∨𝑝⟺𝑝

DE MORGAN’S LAWS
-(𝑝∨𝑞)⟺(-𝑝∧-𝑞)
-(𝑝∧𝑞)⟺(-𝑝∨-𝑞)
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Some Important Logical Equivalences

ASSOCIATIVE LAWS
(𝑝∧𝑞)∧𝑟⟺𝑝∧(𝑞∧𝑟)
(𝑝∨𝑞)∨𝑟⟺𝑝∨(𝑞∨𝑟)

DISTRIBUTIVE LAWS
𝑝∧(𝑞∨𝑟)⟺(𝑝∧𝑞)∨(𝑝∧𝑟)
𝑝∨(𝑞∧𝑟)⟺(𝑝∨𝑞)∧(𝑝∨𝑟)
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Functions

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Function

A propositional function (or predicate) is a complete

declarative sentence 𝑃(𝑥) that makes a statement about
the variable 𝑥. We call 𝑥 the argument of 𝑃(𝑥). If 𝑥 is
assigned a particular value, then 𝑃(𝑥) becomes a
proposition with a definite truth value.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Propositional Function (Example)

𝑃(𝑥): The number 𝑥 is greater than 100.

What is the truth value of 𝑃(50)? 𝑃(500)?
𝑃(50) is the proposition “The number 50 is
greater than 100.”
𝑃(500) is the proposition “The number 500 is
greater than 100.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Universe of Discourse
The collection of all possible value considered in a
propositional function is called the universe of discourse. It is
denoted by 𝑈.

If 𝑥 is a number being referred to in a formula 𝑃(𝑥), we usually

consider the universe of discourse to be the set of real
numbers. That is, 𝑈=ℝ.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers

Two Types:

1. Universal Quantification: ∀𝑥 P(x)

2. Existential Quantification: ∃𝑥P(𝑥)

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers
The phrase "for every 𝑥” (sometimes "for all 𝑥”) is called
a universal quantifier and is denoted by ∀𝑥.

Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑃(𝑥):=𝑥 2 is nonnegative. Then the statement

∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) is true and it can be read as:
“For every real number 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥
2 0.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers

Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑄(𝑥): = 𝑥 2 is positive. Then the statement

∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) is false. In order to prove that it is false, we have
to find a real number whose square is not positive.

Can you give one?

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers

Let 𝑈:=all students in this masterclass and 𝑅(𝑥):=𝑥 is

enrolled in the GEMATMW course. Then the statement
∀𝑥𝑅(𝑥) is true and it can be read as:

“All students in this masterclass are enrolled in the

GEMATMW course.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers
The phrase "there exists a/an - such that” is called an existential
quantifier and is denoted by ∃𝑥.

Let 𝑈:=all students in this masterclass and 𝑅(𝑥):=𝑥 has seen a

Harry Potter movie. Then the statement ∃𝑥𝑅(𝑥) is true if indeed
there is at least one of you who saw a Harry Potter movie. This
symbol can be read as:
“There is someone in this masterclass who has seen a Harry
Potter movie.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Quantifiers

Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑆(𝑥): = 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1. What is the truth value

of the statement ∃𝑥𝑆(𝑥)?

Remember ∃𝑥𝑆(𝑥) means “There is a real number 𝑥 such

that 𝑥= 𝑥+1.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Negating a Universal Statement

If we want to deny the statement ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) then we have

-∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟺∃𝑥-𝑃(𝑥).

This means that the negation of “For all 𝑥, 𝑃(𝑥) is true.” is

“There is an 𝑥 such that 𝑃(𝑥) is false.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Negating a Universal Statement

Let ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) be the statement “Everyone in this class

speaks Japanese.” Then to negate this statement, we say
“There is someone in this class who does not speak
Japanese.”

𝑈:=students in this class; 𝑃(𝑥):=𝑥 speaks Japanese

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Negating an Existential Statement

If we want to deny the statement ∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥) then we have

-∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟺∀𝑥-𝑃(𝑥).

This means that the negation of “There exists an 𝑥 such that

𝑃(𝑥) is true.” is “All 𝑥 is such that 𝑃(𝑥) is false.”

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Task:
Create a mind map that
shows a summary of all
that you have learned in
this lesson.

Already part of the

collaborative work…
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Async Next meeting…

No Zoom session…

June 8, 2022

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Thank you!

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
June 5, 2022 De La Salle University
Taft Avenue, Manila

Religio * Mores * Cultura

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.