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Numerical Study of Motion of a Cylinder Filled with Water on an Inclined

Plane using Scilab

Article  in  Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya · December 2021

DOI: 10.12962/j24604682.v17i3.8853

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 JFA (J URNAL F ISIKA DAN A PLIKASINYA ) VOLUME 17, N UMBER 3, O CTOBER 2021

Numerical Study of Motion of a Cylinder Filled with

Water on an Inclined Plane using Scilab
Marini Amalia Ocvianti, Yudhiakto Pramudya*, and Moh Irma Sukarelawan
Physics Education Master Program, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jalan Pramuka 42, Sidik, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta 55161, Indonesia

Abstract: The velocity of the rolling motion is influenced by the shape of the object and its rotating axis.
The cylinder motion on inclined plane has been investigated by number of research. However, the water filled
cylinder need to be investigated further especially on the possibility moving sliding and rolling. Numerical study
has been carried out on water filled cylinder modelling of frictionless sliding motion of point object, frictionless
rolling motion, and rolling motion with friction on an inclined plane. By using the Euler method, data processing
is carried out with the Scilab application. The resulting graph from running Scilab coding is a graph of v vs t
and x vs t. We found the frictionless sliding motion produces the greatest velocity and distance because it is
not influenced by friction and the object’s moment of inertia. Solid cylinder rolling with friction on an inclined
plane produces the smallest velocity and distance due to the influence of friction and the moment of inertia of
the object. These results indicate that a water filled cylinder can be considered a solid cylinder if ignoring all
internal motion of water inside the cylinder.
Keywords: Cylinder; Rolling; Inclined plane; Scilab

*Corresponding author: yudhiakto.pramudya@pfis.uad.ac.id

Article history: Received 4 Maret 2021, Accepted 19 Agustus 2021, Published October 2021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24604682.v17i3.8853
2460-4682 Departemen
c Fisika, FSAD-ITS

I. INTRODUCTION ing on an inclined plane. The water filled bottle is modeled

as body moving without any internal motion. This first model
is known as frictionless rolling motion of rigid solid cylinder
If we observe the motion of the object, there is rotation
model. The frictionless state prevent the turbulence and any
and translation motion. Hence, the motion is a combination
internal drag between water and inner surface of cylinder. An-
of translational and rotational motion. An object at rest will
other model is the model sliding motion without friction. The
move only if a force acts on it. An object that is moving will
third model is the rolling motion with friction.
experience a change in velocity when the object is also sub-
jected to a force. This is an expression of Newton’s second
law. The same applies to rotational motion. An object at rest
will rotate if the object works a quantity called the moment of II. METHOD
force or torque. An object that is rotating will experience a
change in angular velocity if the force moment is also applied A. Cylindrical Motion on Inclined Plane
to it.
Rolling motion is a combination of translational and rota- Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the force on a cylinder filled with
tional motion. Translational motion shows the change in the water rolling on an inclined plane. In translational motion, for
position of an object from its original position, while rota- cylinder that move on an inclined plane based on Newton’s
tional motion shows the rotation of an object about the ro- Second Law as described in Eqs. 1 and 2.
tating axis. This combination of translational and rotational X
motion can be used to determine various variables in rolling F = ma (1)
motion.
Experiments were carried out to determine the moment of
inertia of a solid cylinder with an experiment of rolling motion mg sin θ − f = ma (2)
on an inclined plane [1], a simple model of a cylinder filled
with water rolling on an inclined plane [2], determining the where m is the mass of the cylinder, g is the acceleration due
motion of a solid cylinder on an inclined plane using Arduino to gravity of the earth, a is the acceleration of the motion of
[3], and analyzing a solid ball rolling on an inclined plane in the cylinder, θ is the inclined plane angle of the path, and f is
liquid [4]. The flow characteristics and fluid forces experi- the friction force between the plane and the cylinder.
enced by a body rolling down an inclined plane under gravity Rotational motion occurs when a working object has a
are examined through numerical modelling [5]. In this re- quantity called the moment of force or torque (τ ). Torque
search, modeling is used for a cylinder filled with water mov- produces rotational acceleration. For a rotational motion to
Marini Amalia Ocvianti / J.Fis. dan Apl., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 84-88, 2021 85

where m is the object’s mass, v is the object’s velocity when

it arrives underneath, and h is the initial height of the object.
The h is expressed as Eq. 11.

h = l sin θ (11)

where l is the length of the object’s path. Then, by substituting

Eq. 11 to Eq. 10, we obtained Eq. 12.

1 2
v = gl sin θ (12)
2
As it is known that the acceleration of an object moving on
FIG. 1: The forces on the rolling cylinder on an inclined plane. an inclined plane is constant, so the kinematic equation that
describes the acceleration of an object moving from rest in
the constant acceleration approach is describes as Eq. 13.
the center of mass of a cylinder, the torque whose direction is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation is expressed as Eq. 3. v2
al = (13)
τ = rf (3) 2

Newton’s second law of rotational motion is expressed by Eq. When combined with Eq. 12, it leads to the following expres-
4. sion for linear acceleration of the sliding point

τ = Iα (4) a = g sin θ (14)

The angular acceleration (α) in the rotational motion of an
Eq. 14 can be expressed as
object with radius r is given by Eq. 5.
a dv
α= (5) = g sin θ (15)
r dt
The moment of inertia of an object with mass m and radius r The motion of cylinder on inclined plane can be studied
is generally expressed as more detail involving the density and the friction force. For
I = kmr2 (6) the solid cylinder rolling on an inclined plane in the liquid as
shown in Fig. 1, it is stated by Verekar [4] as
with k is the moment of inertia coefficient, for the solid cylin-
der is 12 . By substituting Eqs. 5 and 6 into Eq. 4, then con- dv 3 v2
(1.4ρ + Ca ) = (ρ − 1) g sin θ − Cd (16)
necting with Eq. 3, we get Eq. 7. dt 4D
1 The equation is basically the equation of motion as described
f= ma (7)
2 by Newton Law. It consist of gravity force acting on mass of
Eq. 7 is substituted into Eq. 2, then it will be obtained Eq. 8. cylinder and the drag force. The ρ is the ratio between the
density of the cylinder and the density of the liquid, Ca is the
2 coefficient of added mass, Cd is the coefficient of drag, and D
a= g sin θ (8)
3 is the diameter of the cylinder. For a cylinder filled with water
rolling in the air, the equation of motion is Eq. 17. Hence,
Since acceleration a is the derivative of velocity to time, Eq.
the ρ is the ratio between the density of the cylinder and the
8 can be expressed as Eq. 9.
density of air.
dv 2
= g sin θ (9) dv
dt 3 (1.4ρ) = (ρ − 1) g sin θ (17)
dt
Another approach to study the motion, the energy conser-
vation analysis can be performed. This is the model of fric-
tionless sliding motion. Based on the law of conservation of dv (ρ − 1) g sin θ
mechanical energy on the motion of an object on an inclined = (18)
dt 1.4ρ
plane, the object that is moving with an initial velocity equal
to zero will satisfy energy conservation as described in Eq. The assuming condition is that there is no frictional force be-
10. tween the water and the cylinder wall. This means that water
1 does not rotate. Cylinders are considered solid with water as
mv 2 = mgh (10) the filling material.
2
86 Marini Amalia Ocvianti / J.Fis. dan Apl., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 84-88, 2021

FIG. 2: Flow chart of numerical data processing for the motion of a

frictionless rolling solid cylinder and frictionless sliding point object.

B. Numerical Study Using Scilab FIG. 3: Flow chart of numerical data processing of rolling motion of
a cylinder with friction.

Scilab is a software developed for numerical computation

and data visualization needed in the field of science and engi-
So that the gradient in Eq. 19 can be written as
neering. The main advantage of Scilab is that it can be down-
loaded for free (freeware) under the CeCILL license, and is
yi+1 = yi + f (xi , yi ) h (21)
available for various operating systems such as Windows, Mac
OS/X, Unix and Linux. Scilab is available on GNU/Linux,
So the new y-value is estimated based on the slope of the
Mac OS X and Windows operating systems. Scilab provides
curve, equal to the first derivative at point x, to extrapolate
hundreds of mathematical functions. This software has a high
the old y-value linearly over the interval h to the new y-value.
level programming language and can access data structures,
2D plots, 3D plots and graphical functions. Based on Eqs. 9, 15, and 18 which will be analyzed nu-
Numeric is a symbol or a collection of symbols that repre- merically in the Scilab program using the Euler method, the
sent a number. By using Eqs. 9, 15, and 18, analysis is carried obtained equation is
out in the Scilab program using the Euler method of first order 2
differential equation models. Eq. 9 is used for modelling the vi+1 = vi + g sin θ∆t (22)
rolling cylinder motion on an inclined plane, Eq. 15 is used 3
for linear acceleration of sliding point, and Eq. 18 is used for
rolling motion of cylinder filled with water. vi+1 = vi + g sin θ∆t (23)
Numerical data processing requires the support of a com-
puter with specifications that match the program used, namely
Scilab. There are several choices of types of Scilab programs (ρ − 1) g sin θ
that can be downloaded, namely 32 bit and 64 bit types. vi+1 = vi + ∆t (24)
1.4ρ
Numerical completion method Using Euler’s method. Eu-
ler’s method is a method used to solve ordinary differential From Eqs. 22, 23, and 24, the results will be compared based
equations. This method also known as the one-step method on the graph analysis of velocity versus time obtained. Eq.
and mathematically is represented as 22 is Euler’s approximation for the motion of a frictionless
yi+1 = yi + mh (19) rolling solid cylinder, Eq. 23 is an approximation for the mo-
tion of a frictionless sliding point object, while Eq. 24 is an
The slope m is used to extrapolate the old value yi to the new approximation for a rolling cylinder motion with friction. To
value y(i+1) in the interval h. The gradient is graph distance versus time, we use Eq. 25.

m = f (xi , yi ) (20) xi+1 = xi + vi ∆t (25)

Marini Amalia Ocvianti / J.Fis. dan Apl., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 84-88, 2021 87

obtained from Ariefka’s research in 2019. The flow chart of

numerical data processing is shown in Fig. 2 and 3. After
running Scilab coding, the graph of v versus t is obtained as
shown in Fig. 4.
The velocity of cylinder of three different approach are
shown in Fig. 4. From these results, it can be seen that for
a frictionless sliding point object on an inclined plane has a
greater speed than others because it is unaffected by friction
and moment of inertia of the object. Meanwhile, motion of
a frictionless rolling solid cylinder that rolls on an inclined
plane produces a smaller velocity and the moment of inertia of
the object. Furthermore, for a cylinder rolling on an inclined
plane with friction produces the lowest speed compared to the
other two motion objects. This is due to the friction factor
and density of the cylinder. The graphical profile of x versus
t from running Scilab coding is shown in Fig. 5.
FIG. 4: The graph of v-t, for rolling motion of a frictionless solid The position as function time can be graphed as shown in
cylinder, frictionless sliding point object, and rolling motion of a Fig. 5. From these results, it is known that there are similari-
cylinder with friction. ties in the results regarding the velocity and distance obtained
from the three conditions being modeled. Since there is no
friction and no rolling motion, the point object sliding on an
inclined plane has a greater distance than others. The rolling
cylinder model generates result of position less than the posi-
tion of frictionless sliding motion model. This is due to the
moment of inertia of cylinder. The involvement of friction
on the model produce the least distance compared to the oth-
ers model. Hence, the water filled cylinder can be modeled
by frictionless sliding point object motion, frictionless rolling
solid cylinder motion, and the rolling solid cylinder motion
with friction. The energy consumed by friction and rolling
motion play important role in acceleration. The velocity and
the position are determined by the behavior of the acceleration
of each model. However, the profile of velocity and position
need to be verified by experimental results.

FIG. 5: The graph of x-t, for rolling motion of a frictionless solid IV. SUMMARY
cylinder, frictionless sliding point object, and rolling motion of a
cylinder with friction. Based on the results of a numerical study using a Scilab, it
is found that the water filled cylinder can be modeled by fric-
tionless sliding point object motion, frictionless rolling solid
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cylinder motion, and the rolling solid cylinder motion with
friction. The frictionless sliding cylinder on an inclined plane
Numerical data processing uses the Euler method in the has a greatest velocity and distance because they are unaf-
Scilab program for modeling data. Motion of a cylinder filled fected by friction and moment of inertia. These results indi-
with water on an inclined plane uses the data for Earth’s grav- cate that the water filled cylinder can be considered a solid
ity g = 9.807 m.s−2 , angle θ = 15o , initial velocity v0 = 0.1 cylinder if we neglecting all internal motion of water inside
ms−1 , = 0.1 s, ρ = 2.5568, and l = 1 m. The value of ρ was the cylinder.

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