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1 Unit 2 Flip Flops

The document discusses sequential logic circuits and flip-flops. It describes the basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT. It then covers sequential circuits which require a clock signal to change state. The core components discussed are the SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops. Their internal structure and characteristic tables are presented to explain how they work and can be used to store state in digital circuits.

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Shivangi Sharma
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65 views23 pages

1 Unit 2 Flip Flops

The document discusses sequential logic circuits and flip-flops. It describes the basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT. It then covers sequential circuits which require a clock signal to change state. The core components discussed are the SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops. Their internal structure and characteristic tables are presented to explain how they work and can be used to store state in digital circuits.

Uploaded by

Shivangi Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Electronics

BEC-104
B.Tech, II Sem. First Year (ECE-AI)

Sequential Logic Circuits

Dr. Brijesh Kumar


Professor, IT Deptt.
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women Delhi
brijeshkr@igdtuw.ac.in & +91-9997972815
Unit-II
Sequential Circuits
Flip Flops:
S-R, J-K, D & T Flip-flops, excitation table of a flip-flop,
race around condition.
Shift Registers and Counters:
Shift registers, Ripple counter, Design of Synchronous
counters and sequence detectors, sequence
generators.
Logic Gates
• We have looked at Boolean functions in abstract
terms.
• In this section, we see that Boolean functions are
implemented in digital computer circuits called
gates.

• A gate is an electronic device that produces a result


based on two or more input values.
– In reality, gates consist of one to six transistors, but
digital designers think of them as a single unit.
– Integrated circuits contain collections of gates suited to a
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particular purpose.
Logic Gates

❖ The three simplest gates are the AND, OR, and NOT gates.

❖ They correspond directly to their respective Boolean


operations, as you can see by their truth tables.
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Logic Gates
❖ Another very useful gate is the exclusive OR (XOR) gate.

❖ Output of the XOR operation is true only when the values


of the inputs differ.

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Logic Gates
❖NAND and NOR are two very important gates. Their
symbols and truth tables are shown at the right.

6
Realization of Basic Gates with Universal Gates
• NAND and NOR are known as universal gates
because they are inexpensive to manufacture and
any Boolean function can be constructed using only
NAND or only NOR gates.

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Logic Gates
• Gates can have multiple inputs and more than one
output.
– A second output can be provided for the complement of
the operation.
– We’ll see more of this later.

8
Sequential Circuits
❖Combinational logic circuits are perfect for situations
when we require the immediate application of a
Boolean function to a set of inputs.
❖ There are other times, however, when we need a
circuit to change its value with consideration to its
current state as well as its inputs.
❖These circuits have to “remember” their
current state.
❖Sequential logic circuits provide this functionality for
us.
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Sequential Circuits
• As the name implies, sequential logic circuits
require a means by which events can be
sequenced.
• State changes are controlled by clocks.
– A “clock” is a special circuit that sends electrical
pulses through a circuit.
• Clocks produce electrical waveforms such as
the one shown below.

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Sequential Circuits
❖State changes occur in sequential circuits only
when the clock ticks.
❖Circuits can change state on the rising edge,
falling edge, or when the clock pulse reaches its
highest voltage.

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Sequential Circuits
• Circuits that change state on the rising edge, or
falling edge of the clock pulse are called edge-
triggered.
• Level-triggered circuits change state when
the clock voltage reaches its highest or lowest
level.

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Sequential Circuits
❖To retain their state values, sequential circuits
rely on feedback.
❖Feedback in digital circuits occurs when an
output is looped back to the input.
❖A simple example of this concept is shown
below.
▪ If Q is 0 it will always be 0, if it is 1, it will
always be 1. Why?

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Sequential Circuits
❖You can see how feedback works by examining
the most basic sequential logic components,
the SR flip-flop.
❖S R stands for S=SET & R=Reset.
❖Internals of an SR flip-flop are shown below,
along with its block diagram.

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Sequential Circuits
❖Behavior of an SR flip-flop is described by a
characteristic table.
❖Q(t) means the value of the output at time t.
Q(t+1) is the value of Q after the next clock
pulse.

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SR Flip Flop
Sequential Circuits
❖SR flip-flop actually has
three inputs: S, R, and its
current output, Q.
❖Construct a truth table for
this circuit.
❖Notice the two undefined
values. When both S
and R are 1, the SR flip-
flop is unstable.

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Sequential Circuits
❖If we can be sure that the inputs to an SR flip-flop will
never both be 1, we will never have an unstable
circuit. This may not always be the case.

❖SR flip-flop can be modified to provide a stable state


when both inputs are 1.

❖ • Modified flip-flop is called a JK flip-flop, shown at the


right.
- J K is in honor of Jack Kilby.

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Sequential Circuits
❖ At the right, we see how an SR flip-flop can be modified
to create a JK flip-flop.
❖ The characteristic table indicates that the flip-flop is
stable for all inputs.

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JK Flip Flop
Qt J K Qt+1
0 0 0 0
0 01 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Sequential Circuits
• Another modification of the SR flip-flop is the D flip-
flop, shown below with its characteristic table.
• You will notice that the output of the flip-flop remains
the same during subsequent clock pulses. The output
changes only when the value of D changes.

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D Flip Flop

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T Flip Flop

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