Runway Safety Team Handbook: Public Authority For Civil Aviation
Runway Safety Team Handbook: Public Authority For Civil Aviation
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 2
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 3
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Table of Content
List of Effective Pages ............................................................................................................................. 3
FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Purpose of this Guidance Document .................................................................................................. 7
Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Runway Safety Team (RST)................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Goals and General Description of the RST Programme ............................................................. 11
3.2 Runway Safety Team Administrative Processes ........................................................................ 12
3.2.1 Terms of Reference ............................................................................................................ 12
3.2.2 Continuous improvement .................................................................................................. 13
3.3 RST Organizational Structure ..................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1 The RST Chairperson .......................................................................................................... 13
3.3.2 Role of RST Members ......................................................................................................... 14
3.3.3 Role of PACA ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 RST technical processes ............................................................................................................. 15
3.4.1 Meetings ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.4.2 Hazards and Associated Consequences ............................................................................. 15
3.4.3 Safety Risk Assessment ...................................................................................................... 16
3.4.4 Developing Recommendations and Action Plan ................................................................ 17
3.4.5 Record Keeping – Data Sharing .......................................................................................... 18
References ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 4
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
FOREWORD
ICAO Assembly resolution A37-6 urged States to enhance runway safety. ICAO promotes and supports
the establishment and enhancement of multi-disciplinary Runway Safety Teams at aerodromes. The
ICAO Runway Safety Programme (RSP) promotes the establishment of Runway Safety Teams (RSTs) at
airports as an effective means to reduce runway related accidents and serious incidents. The
requirement for airports to establish a Runway Safety Team (RST) is one of the main outcomes of the
ICAO Global Runway Safety Symposium held in Montreal, Canada, in May 2011.
RSTs have proven highly successful at mitigating the risks of runway incursions and excursions,
providing a collaborative solution which regulators, air navigation service providers, airline and airport
operators have all positively contributed to. The creation of Runway Safety Teams (RSTs) to prevent
and mitigate the effects of runway occurrences are also addressed in ICAO Doc 9870 - Manual on the
Prevention of Runway Incursions. The correct establishment of local RSTs at individual aerodromes is
key to the development and implementation of an effective action plan for runway safety and
recommend strategies for hazard removal and mitigation of residual risks.
This document provides some orientations to the aerodrome operator about the implementation of
the Airside Safety Committee / Runway Safety Team mentioned in the CAR139-PART1 “Aerodromes
Certification, Design and Operation”.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 5
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 6
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
A successful RST requires all key stakeholders to cooperate in a collaborative manner. This document,
therefore, is intended to serve as a reference for aerodrome operators, air traffic services
organizations, commercial air operators, organizations representing the general aviation community,
the regulatory authority, meteorological services and other stakeholders interested in improving
runway safety.
This document supports the development of a general understanding of the processes involved in
operating an effective Runway Safety Team and offers guidance in developing a “Terms of Reference”
document. It contains also a guidance material in assisting the verification of minimum requirements
for an operating Runway Safety Team.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 7
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 8
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Definitions
When the following terms are used in this DOCUMENT they have the following meanings:
Clearway. A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate
authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an airplane may make a portion of its
initial climb to a specified height.
Hazard. A condition or an object with the potential to cause death, injuries to personnel, damage to
equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.
Hot spot. A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or
runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots/drivers is necessary.
Risk mitigation. The process of incorporating defences or preventive controls to lower the severity
and/or likelihood of a hazard’s projected consequence.
Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of
aircraft.
Runway confusion. An error when an aircraft makes "unintentional use of a wrong runway or taxiway
for landing or take-off".
Runway end safety area (RESA). An area symmetrical about the extended runway centre line and
adjacent to the end of the strip primarily intended to reduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane
undershooting or overrunning the runway.
Runway Excursion. Any occurrence at any aerodrome involving the departure, wholly or partly, of an
aircraft from the runway in use during take-off, a landing run, taxiing or manoeuvring.
Runway Incursion. Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft,
vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
Runway Safety. The state in which risks associated with the operation of aircraft on runways are
reduced and controlled to an acceptable level.
Runway Safety Team. A team comprised of representatives from the aerodrome operator, air traffic
service providers, airlines or aircraft operators, pilot and air traffic controllers associations and any
other group with a direct involvement in runway operations [at a specific aerodrome,] that advise the
appropriate management on the potential runway [safety] issues and recommend mitigation
strategies.
Safety. The state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of
the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level.
Safety management system (SMS). A systematic approach to managing safety, including the
necessary organizational structures, accountability, responsibilities, policies and procedures.
Safety risk. The predicted probability and severity of the consequences or outcomes of a hazard.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 9
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Safety risk probability. The likelihood or frequency that a safety consequence or outcome might
occur.
Safety risk severity. The extent of harm that might reasonably occur as a consequence or outcome of
the identified hazard.
Stopway. A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of take-off run available prepared as a
suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 10
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
The RST shall implement an action plan for runway safety, advise management as appropriate on
potential runway safety issues and recommend strategies for hazard removal and mitigation of the
residual risk. These strategies may be developed based on local occurrences or combined with
information collected elsewhere.
Although not considered a regulatory authority or intended to replace any required component of a
Safety Management System (SMS), the RST is aimed to improve and support runway safety by
integrating the safety systems of the participating organizations (stakeholders). Interfacing service
providers should document the interface between the SMS and the RST, where RSTs are available.
RSTs can serve as an excellent tool for managing runways safety related risk identified by the service
provider programs. In addition, the service provider SMS process should be used to evaluate possible
risk posed by operational changes resulting from RST proposed corrective actions.
The RST’s meeting schedule depends on the situation and environment of the aerodrome. For
example, if major works are proposed, or runway hazards and incidents are increasing, then the RST
may need to meet more frequently. However, if operations are stable, with few hazards identified,
then the meetings may be less frequent.
The RST is built on the principles of a formal Hazard Identification and Risk Management (HIRM)
process, in accordance with ICAO Annex 19 and ICAO Doc 9859— Safety Management Manual (SMM).
The RST should be able to capture the HIRM results from its members, as most of them will have their
own SMS’s with differing HIRM processes.
The RST shall cover a wide range of issues related to runway safety, including but not limited to, the
following ICAO occurrence categories:
Abnormal runway contact;
Bird strike;
Ground collision;
Ground handling;
Runway excursion;
Runway incursion;
Loss of control on ground;
Collision with obstacle(s);
Undershoot / overshoot, aerodrome
Use of the wrong runway (runway confusion)
High Speed Rejected Take-Off
Wildlife Event
Damage from Foreign Object Debris (FOD )
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 11
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
ICAO Doc 9870 – Manual on the Prevention of Runway Safety Incursions, provides specific guidance
on the establishment and objectives of a runway incursion programme.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 12
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
b) External reviews:
At least once per calendar year, the RST documentation should be audited and at least one
meeting observed by PACA. The results of this appraisal will be recorded and maintained
as part of the safety library for a period described in the SMS of the aerodrome operator.
Irrespective of the final RST set up, the team will require the designation of leadership and
administration. One or more members of the RST; e.g. one Chairperson and one Rapporteur may carry
out these tasks.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 13
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Note: A tour of the airport during different times of the day and varying environmental
conditions should be considered to allow identification of hazards specific to certain light
and adverse weather conditions. The tour is for the identification of safety issues only
and should not be used by any person external to the RST nor cause disruption to current
operations.
b) Meeting participation:
RST members will openly share information and strive to achieve consensus during
decision-making activities. They will constantly strive to enhance the programme by
engaging in continuous improvement activities.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 14
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
interface with other government agencies (e.g. land use authorities) on behalf of the RST when
appropriate.
3.4.1 Meetings
The RST meeting is the most important component of the programme as it is the forum in which
hazards are discussed, consequences determined, risks assessed, priorities determined, and
recommendations developed. This type of face-to-face interaction leads to improved collaboration,
problem-solving and risk management because the team members benefit from information sharing
and the perspectives of representatives from other groups.
Given the RSTs operational focus, it shall include representatives from the following groups:
(a) aerodrome operators;
(b) air traffic services;
(c) commercial air operators;
(d) representatives of flight crew familiar with the aerodrome;
(e) members from the general aviation community (if applicable);
(f) technical experts of controller associations; and
(g) technical experts of pilots associations.
In addition to the normal RST members, service providers operating at the aerodrome may participate
in the RST process to address operational hazards identified by their internal SMS. In this regard, the
service providers will interface with the RST as needed to address the specify concern.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 15
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
etc.) and solicit input especially from organizations without formal representation at the meeting.
These may include corporate operators, flight schools, industry organizations, ground services and
others. By casting a wide net, the RST will develop a deeper understanding of the operational
complexity associated with the airport environment and, therefore, be better able to identify hazards
and determine operational risks.
As the team discusses the destructive potential of the hazard, it is important to keep in mind that
these “consequences” shall be framed in realistic operational outcomes, as opposed to extremely
remote and unlikely outcomes. A useful technique is to identify the top-level (or generic) hazard, then
to list the related specific hazards and associated consequences. For example, a generic hazard
category might be “airport construction.” The specific hazards associated with a construction project
at the airport might be “the presence of construction equipment” and “the closure of taxiways.”
These, in turn, may result in the RST identifying the potential consequences of these specific hazards
as “an aircraft colliding with the construction equipment” and “an aircraft taxiing onto a closed
taxiway.” By correctly identifying (and documenting) the hazard and defining the associated
consequences in operational terms, the RST is able to assess the safety risk.
Hazardous conditions can sometimes combine, resulting in an even greater severity and/or probability
of outcome. For example, the hazards associated with airport construction, coupled with the hazards
of low visibility and night operations, may result in a greater risk than just the airport construction
hazard alone (in this situation, the probability of the risk would likely be increased).
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 16
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
b) Control strategies:
Safety risk is controlled by addressing either:
(1) the probability of the consequences occurring;
(2) the severity level of the consequences; or
(3) both simultaneously.
However, just because a solution is easy to implement, cost effective and acceptable to all
stakeholders, it does not mean that it will reduce the risk level. The effectiveness of the
strategy in reducing the risk is measured by the residual or remaining risk once the strategy
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 17
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
has been activated. A risk assessment shall determine if the remaining (residual) risk is
acceptable, or if more solutions and mitigations are required.
d) Notification to Affected Stakeholder:
If the RST determines that either a mitigation strategy is required or part of the operation
should be modified or suspended, it should make a formal recommendation to the
organization responsible for that part of the operation and include the rationale and risk
assessment.
A summary of the entire process should include a master register of the hazards identified, current
controls and defences, risk analysis and outcome, additional controls and mitigations, action plan for
implementation (owner and timelines), and residual risk.
Appendix A contains the RSM Form, which can serve as the tool to accomplish the recording of hazard
and associated mitigation processes.
Data exchange and sharing amongst RST members enhances the effectiveness of the RST. RSTs from
different airports are encouraged to set a protocol in place that could allow for data sharing across
various locations and will support the teams in identifying proper mitigation strategies.
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 18
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
References
Civil Aviation Regulation CAR-139
Civil Aviation Regulation CAR-100
ICAO Annex 14 – Volume 1- Aerodrome Design and Operations
ICAO Annex 19, Safety Management
PACA DOC N°8002, Manual on safety risk assessment / aeronautical study
ICAO Runway Safety Team Handbook
Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (ICAO
Doc 9830)
Aerodrome Design Manual (ICAO Doc 9157)
Airport Services Manual (ICAO Doc 9137)
Manual on Certification of Aerodromes (Doc 9774)
Safety Management Manual (SMM) (Doc 9859)
Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aerodromes (PANS-AERODROMES) (Doc 9981)
Manual on Certification of Aerodromes (ICAO Doc 9774)
Manual on ICAO Bird Strike Information Systems (IBIS) (ICAO Doc 9332)
Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions (ICAO Doc 9870)
Reducing the Risk of Runway Incursions (Flight Safety Foundation, May 2009)
Safety Management Manual (ICAO Doc 9859, 3rd edition)
-- End ---
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 19
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 20
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
Appendix A
Supporting Document Type : ☐ Accident Report ☐ Incident Report ☐ Audit Report ☐ Other (Specify)
Safety Issue
☐ Navigation Aids ☐ Meteorological ☐ Approach vectoring ☐ other
Once you have completed the identification of safety issues – please submit the form of to log this report.
During the runway safety team meeting you should address each of the reports as an item on the agenda.
The following sections are provided as a tool to manage the outcomes of the meeting.
Risk Assessment
The risk assessment portion will be completed as part as Runway safety team meeting
What is the Severity of occurrence: ☐ Catastrophic ☐ Hazardous ☐ Major ☐ Minor ☐ Negligible
What is the Likelihood of occurrence: ☐ Frequent ☐Occasional ☐ Remote ☐Improbable ☐ Extremely Improbable
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 21
Runway Safety Team Handbook Rev: 01
(the Correcting Action Plan is based on the recommendation of the Runway Safety Team and is completed as part of the Runway Safety Team
meeting)
Action description :
Date of Issue: 10 October 2018 | Public Authority for Civil Aviation Page 22