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Instruction Cycle

The document describes the basic instruction cycle of a computer, which consists of four phases: instruction fetch, decode the instruction, read the effective address from memory, and execute the instruction. It then provides details on the registers involved in each instruction cycle and the steps that occur in the fetch, decode, and execute cycles to complete an instruction. The instruction cycle is the process by which a processor executes the instructions of a program stored in memory.

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250 views4 pages

Instruction Cycle

The document describes the basic instruction cycle of a computer, which consists of four phases: instruction fetch, decode the instruction, read the effective address from memory, and execute the instruction. It then provides details on the registers involved in each instruction cycle and the steps that occur in the fetch, decode, and execute cycles to complete an instruction. The instruction cycle is the process by which a processor executes the instructions of a program stored in memory.

Uploaded by

pawan pratap
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Instruction Cycle

Er. Anshu Singh


Assistant Professor
Computer Science & Engineering Department
University of Lucknow
Lucknow

Branch: BCA
Semester: 3
Subject: Computer Architecture

Disclaimer: The e-content is exclusively meant for academic purposes and for
enhancing teaching and learning. Any other use for economic/commercial
purpose is strictly prohibited. The users of the content shall not distribute,
disseminate or share it with anyone else and its use is restricted to advancement
of individual knowledge. The information provided in this e-content is
developed from authentic references, to the best of my knowledge.
Instruction Cycle
A program that exists inside a computer's memory unit consists of a series of instructions. The
processor executes these instructions through a cycle for each instruction.
In a basic computer, each instruction cycle consists of the following phases:
Instruction fetch: fetch instruction from memory
Decode the instruction: what operation to be performed.
Read the effective address from memory
Execute the instruction

Instruction
fetch

Decode
Execute instruction
instruction

Read EA from
memory

Registers Involved In Each Instruction Cycle:


Memory address registers(MAR) : It is connected to System Bus address lines. It specifies the
address of a read or write operation in memory.
Memory Buffer Register(MBR) : It is connected to the data lines of the system bus. : It is
connected to the system bus Data Lines. It holds the memory value to be stored, or the last
value read from the memory.
Program Counter(PC) : Holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
Instruction Register(IR) : Holds the last instruction fetched.
Fetch cycle
The address of the next instruction to execute is in the Program Counter(PC) at the beginning
of the fetch cycle.
Step 1: The address in the program counter is transferred to the Memory Address
Register(MAR), as this is the only register that is connected to the system bus address lines.

Step 2: The address in MAR is put on the address bus, now a Read order is provided by the
control unit on the control bus, and the result appears on the data bus and is then copied into
the memory buffer register. Program counter is incremented by one, to get ready for the next
instruction. These two acts can be carried out concurrently to save time.
Step 3: The content of the MBR is moved to the instruction register(IR).

Instruction fetch cycle consist of four micro operation:


T1: MAR PC
T2: MBR memory
PC PC + stepsize or length of instruction
T3: IR MBR

Decode instruction cycle


The next move is to fetch source operands once an instruction is fetched. Indirect addressing
(it can be obtained by any addressing mode, here it is done by indirect addressing) is obtained
by Source Operand. You don't need to fetch register-based operands. If the opcode is
executed, it will require a similar process to store the result in main memory. Micro-
operations take place:
T1: MAR IR(address)
T2: MBR Memory
T3: IR(address) (MBR(Address))
Step 1: The instruction address field is passed to the MAR. This is used to fetch the operand
's address.
Step 2: The address field of the IR is updated from the MBR.
Step 3: The IR is now in the state. Now IR is ready for the execute cycle.
Execute instruction Cycle
The initial three cycles (Fetch, Indirect, and Interrupt) are predictable and quick. Each requires
simple , small, and fixed micro-operation sequences. The same micro-operation is repeated
every time around in each event. Execute instruction cycle is different from them. Like, there
is N different series of micro-operations that can occur for a computer with different N
opcodes.
Example
ADD R , X
T1: MAR (IR(address))
T2: MBR Memory
T3: R (R) + (MBR)
Step 1: The address portion of IR is loaded into the MAR.
Step 2: The address field of the IR is updated from the MBR, so the reference memory
location is read.
Step 3: Now, the contents of R and MBR are added by the ALU.

References:
1. John P Hayes “Computer Architecture and organization” McGraw Hill
2. Dezso Sima,Terence Fountain and Peter Kacsuk “ Advanced Computer
Architecture” Pearson Education
3. Kai Hwang “ Advanced Computer Architecture” TMH
4. Linda Null, Julia Lobur- The Essentials of Computer Organization and
Architecture, 2014, 4th Edition.

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